• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.1-24
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• 2013

As image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT) has been commonly used for more accurate patient setup and monitoring tumor movement during radiation therapy, the necessity for management of imaging dose is increased. However, it has not been an interest issue to radiation therapy communities because the imaging dose is much lower than the therapeutic dose. However, since the cumulative dose from 4DCT and repeated imaging for daily setup verificationin would not be ignorable, appropriate dose management based on ALARA (As Low As Reasonably Achievable) principle is required. In this study, we aimed that (1) survey on imaging equipments and modalities used for IGRT, (2) estimation of IGRT imaging dose depending on treatment types and equipments, (3) collecting data of effective dose on treatment sites from each equipment and imaging protocol, and thus finally provide guideline for imaging dose reduction and optimization.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartD
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• v.10D no.7
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• pp.1149-1154
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• 2003

Due to various requirements for the user access control to large databases in the hospitals and the banks, database security has been emphasized. There are many security models for database systems using wide variety of policy-based access control methods. However, they are not functionally enough to meet the requirements for the complicated and various types of access control. In this paper, we propose a database security system that can individually control user access to data groups of various sites and is suitable for the situation where the user's access privilege to arbitrary data is changed frequently. Data group(s) in different sixes d is defined by the table name(s), attribute(s) and/or record key(s), and the access privilege is defined by security levels, roles and polices. The proposed system operates in two phases. The first phase is composed of a modified MAC (Mandatory Access Control) model and RBAC (Role-Based Access Control) model. A user can access any data that has lower or equal security levels, and that is accessible by the roles to which the user is assigned. All types of access mode are controlled in this phase. In the second phase, a modified DAC(Discretionary Access Control) model is applied to re-control the 'read' mode by filtering out the non-accessible data from the result obtained at the first phase. For this purpose, we also defined the user group s that can be characterized by security levels, roles or any partition of users. The policies represented in the form of Block(s, d, r) were also defined and used to control access to any data or data group(s) that is not permitted in 'read ' mode. With this proposed security system, more complicated 'read' access to various data sizes for individual users can be flexibly controlled, while other access mode can be controlled as usual. An implementation example for a database system that manages specimen and clinical information is presented.

• Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.8-16
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• 2013

Currently, global warming has advanced by the usage of fossil fuels such as coal and petroleum. and the atmosphere temperature in the world of 100 years(1906~2005) has been risen $0.74^{\circ}C{\pm}0.18^{\circ}C$, IPCC announced that the global warming effect of last decade was nearly doubled compared to the changes($0.07^{\circ}C{\pm}0.02^{\circ}C$/10year) in the past 100 years. Moreover, due to the global warming, heat wave, heavy snow, heavy rain, super typhoon, were caused and are increasing to happen in the world continuously causing damages and destruction of social infrastructures, where concrete structures are suffering deterioration by long-term extreme climate changes. to solve these problems, the new construction technology and codes are necessary. In this study, to solve these problems, experiments on a variety of cases considering the temperature and humidity, the main factors of climate factors, were performed, and the cases are decided by temperature and humidity. The specimens were tested in compressive strength test and split tensile test by the curing age(3,7,28 days) morever, performance based design(PBD) method was applied by using the satisfaction curve developed from the experiment date. PBD is the design method that gathers the current experimental analysis and past experimental analysis and develops the material properties required for the structure, and carries out the design of concrete mix, and it is recently studied actively worldwide. Also, it is the ultimate goal of PBD to design and perform on structures have sufficient performance during usage and to provide the problem solving for various situations, Also, it can achieve maximum effect in terms of functionality and economy.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.147-154
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• 2019

Objectives : Cognitive dysfunction, including inattention, is often observed in patients with depression. Inattentive symptoms in patients with depression is similar to those among attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) patients. It is important to diagnose the two diseases accurately, because the treatment varies depending on the cause of inattention. This study aimed to investigate the coexistence rate of ADHD and the correlation between ADHD symptoms and depression in patients with depression. Methods : Participants in this study were 158 outpatients presenting with depression, who visited the psychiatric department from March 2015 to July 2018. Participants divided into a depression and a non-depression group according to the Korean version of the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D) score and were administered the following : a sociodemographic variables form (age, sex, academic background, occupation), the self-reporting test for adult ADHD (Adult Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder self-report scale-V 1.1; ASRS V1.1), and the Korean version of the Connors adult ADHD rating scale (K-CAARS). Descriptive statistical analysis, crossover analysis, t-tests, and Pearson's correlation coefficient were conducted on the data. Results : The coexistence rate of adult ADHD symptom was as high as 36.7% in patients with depression (p<0.001). In K-CAARS, the depression group (Inattention=1.80, Hyperactivity=1.92, Impulsivity=1.56, Self-concept=2.06) showed higher average scores on ADHD symptoms than the non-depressive group (Inattention=1.28, Hyperactivity=1.25, Impulsivity=1.09, Self-concept=1.42, p<0.001). Conclusions : This study confirmed that ADHD symptoms coexist in the depression group. When evaluating the symptoms of patients who complain of depression, it is suggested that they should be accurately diagnosed and appropriately treated with interest to the coexistence of ADHD symptoms and the possibility for ADHD diagnosis.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.26
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• pp.29-58
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• 2011

Since 11 September 2001, warnings of risk in the nexus of terrorism and nuclear weapons and materials which poses one of the gravest threats to the international community have continued. The purpose of this study is to analyze the aim, principles, characteristics, activities, impediments to progress and developmental recommendation of the Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism(GICNT). In addition, it suggests implications of the GICNT for the ROK policy. International community will need a comprehensive strategy with four key elements to accomplish the GICNT: (1) securing and reducing nuclear stockpiles around the world, (2) countering terrorist nuclear plots, (3) preventing and deterring state transfers of nuclear weapons or materials to terrorists, (4) interdicting nuclear smuggling. Moreover, other steps should be taken to build the needed sense of urgency, including: (1) analysis and assessment through joint threat briefing for real nuclear threat possibility, (2) nuclear terrorism exercises, (3) fast-paced nuclear security reviews, (4) realistic testing of nuclear security performance to defeat insider or outsider threats, (5) preparing shared database of threats and incidents. As for the ROK, main concerns are transfer of North Korea's nuclear weapons, materials and technology to international terror groups and attacks on nuclear facilities and uses of nuclear devices. As the 5th nuclear country, the ROK has strengthened systems of physical protection and nuclear counterterrorism based on the international conventions. In order to comprehensive and effective prevention of nuclear terrorism, the ROK has to strengthen nuclear detection instruments and mobile radiation monitoring system in airports, ports, road networks, and national critical infrastructures. Furthermore, it has to draw up effective crisis management manual and prepare nuclear counterterrorism exercises and operational postures. The fundamental key to the prevention, detection and response to nuclear terrorism which leads to catastrophic impacts is to establish not only domestic law, institution and systems, but also strengthen international cooperation.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.887-900
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• 2014

This study was conducted to provide a job analysis for, and assess the job performance of horticultural therapists, as well as examine future educational needs. To this end, a chart developed using the DACUM method was chosen as the appropriate tool for the job analysis of horticultural therapists (Study 1). Based on the chart, a survey using an evaluation form was produced to investigate the current level of job performance and future required level of horticultural therapists (Study 2). A total of 8 duties and 45 tasks were classified to examine job performance, based on analysis of the DACUM Council (Study 1). These duties include A. Decide execution organization for horticultural therapy (HT) program, B. Diagnose and assess clients before starting the HT program, C. Plan HT program, D. Develop HT program, E. Prepare to implement HT program for each session, F. Implement HT program for each session, G. Implement overall assessment for HT program, and H. Develop oneself as a horticultural therapist. Their duties were broken down further into five to eight tasks per duty, totaling 45 tasks. Based on the horticultural therapist job performance sheet developed through this process, an assessment of the current job level of horticultural therapists was performed and future required level were examined (Study 2). The evaluation forms were sent to 779 horticultural therapists with level 1 or 2 certification via email or mail delivery. The analysis of 242 questionnaires (31.1%) revealed that horticultural therapists with level 1 certificates have a significantly higher job performance level for 34 of the 45 tasks. Regarding future required level, 20 out of 45 tasks were assessed as higher for level 1 horticultural therapists than level 2. In addition, a Borich formula was utilized to identify the priority of educational needs for the 45 horticultural therapist tasks. The results revealed the following top three tasks: H1. Receive feedback from the supervisor for the horticultural therapy program; A1. Distribute promotional materials about the horticultural therapy program; and H2. Submit a grant proposal for horticultural therapy program to organizations such as welfare foundations. The results of this study are anticipated to facilitate understanding and improve work conditions for current horticultural therapists or horticultural therapists-in-training. In addition, institutions that train horticultural therapists will be able to use this as basic research to develop a practical training curriculum.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.411-422
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• 2012

To investigate the possibility of sustainable agriculture in no-tillage pepper this study was carried out in vinyl greenhouse with organic cultivation having no pesticide certification. 1. Growth and yield in pepper cultivation General growth in pepper was suppressed with decreasing hill spacing, primary branch length, and stem width. Fruit diameter and fruit weight in no-tillage increased significantly, and yield of pepper increased by 10% compared with conventional tillage. From results organic cultivation in no-tillage improved a quality of pepper compared with conventional tillage. 2. Production cost of conventional tillage and no-tillage Production cost of conventional tillage and no-tillage was not different in seed cost, inorganic fertilizer cost, pesticide cost, repair cost, light agricultural tool cost, agriculture facilities depreciation cost and so on. Intermediary goods cost in no-tillage was decreased by 11% for organic fertilizer cost, light and heat expenses and power rate, heavy agricultural tool cost, and repairing expenses compare with conventional tillage. Employment effort cost and work effort cost were decreased, and farm income and farm income rate were increased by 11% and 5%, respectively, in no-tillage. In this work, yield and gross income were increased by 10% and 25%, respectively, in no-tillage. Therefore material cost, intermediary goods cost, working expensive, farm income, and income rate were increased by 34%, 3%, 2%, 52% and 22%, respectively.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.67-76
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• 2018

This study reviews three eco-friendly energy towns with hybrid thermal energy supply systems and borehole thermal energy storage (BTES) in Canada and Denmark. The district heating and cooling systems were designed by using multi-source energy for the higher efficiency and reliability as well as environment. ADEU (Alexandra District Energy Utility) located at the developing area in the city of Richmond, Canada was designed to supply district energy with the installation of 726 borehole heat exchangers (BHEs) and a backup boiler using natural gas. DLSC (Drake Landing Solar Community) located in the town of Okotoks, Canada is a district system to store solar thermal energy underground during the summer season by seasonal BTES with 144 BHEs. Brædstrup Solpark district heating system located in Denmark has been conducted energy supply from multiple energy sources of solar thermal, heat pump, boiler plants and seasonal BTES with 48 BHEs. These systems are designed based on social and economic benefits as well as nature-friendly living space according to the city based energy perspective. Each system has the energy center which distribute the stored thermal energy to each house for heating during the winter season. The BHE depth and ground thermal storage volume are designed by the heating and cooling load as well as the condition of ground water flow and thermophysical properties of the ground. These systems have been proved the reliance and economic benefits by providing consistent energy supply with competitive energy price for many years. In addition, the several expansions of the service area in ADEU and Brædstrup Solpark have been processed based on energy supply master plan. In order to implement this kind of project in our country, the regulation and policy support of government or related federal organization are required. As well as the government have to make a energy management agency associated with long-term supply energy plan.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.185-197
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• 2019

Purpose: Hospice volunteers are serving an invisible yet pivotal role in the hospice and palliative care team. This study investigated how effectively a continuing education program could enhance hospice volunteers' competency. Methods: A total of 20 hours (four hours per week) of training was provided to 30 hospice volunteers who participated in the continuing education for hospice volunteers. Efficiency of the education was analyzed with an exploratory mixed-methods design. For quantitative analysis, the volunteers were asked, before and after the training, about their attitudes towards hospice care, what makes a meaningful life, self-efficacy and satisfaction with their volunteer service. Descriptive statistics, paired t-tests, and Wilcoxon signed-rank test were performed using SPSS Window 20.0. For qualitative research, participants were placed in three groups for a focus group interview, and data were analyzed by content analysis. Results: A quantitative study result shows that this training can significantly affect hospice volunteers' attitudes and improve their self-efficacy. A qualitative study result shows that participants wanted to receive continuous education from the physical/psychosocial/spiritual aspects to better serve end-of-life patients and their family members even though they have to spare significant time for the volunteer service. They wanted to know how to take good care of patients without getting themselves injured and how to provide spiritual care. Conclusion: The continuing education program reflecting volunteers' requests is strongly needed to improve their competency. An effective continuing education requires continuous training and support in areas where hospice volunteers are interested in. A good alternative is to combine web-based and hands-on training, thereby allowing hospice volunteers freely take training that suits their interest.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.449-462
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• 2012

The objectives of this study were to measure the range of motion for joints and muscle activation of upper limb for flower arrangement tasks for physical rehabilitation and to test horticultural therapy programs using flower arrangement tasks for improving upper limb function of the patients with stroke. Major flower arrangement tasks were classified with eight tasks (cutting 1, thick stem; cutting 2, thin stem; fixing 1, long stem; fixing 2, short stem; rolling a leaf; bending 1, thick stem; bending 2, thin stem; and winding, using a wire) based on the occupational analysis. When eight male university students (mean age $24.1{\pm}2.5$ years) conducted the eight flower arrangement tasks, range of motion for joints and muscle activation of upper limb were measured by a 3D motion analyzer and electromyography, respectively. Based on the results of the range of motion and muscle activation of upper limb, horticultural therapy programs using flower arrangement tasks (total 33 sessions) for improving upper limb function of the patients with stroke was conducted at a rehabilitation hospital, Seoul, South Korea and then the range of motion, grip strength, and upper limb function of the patients were tested. Among the eight flower arrangement tasks, cutting 1, winding, and bending 1 induced the highest value for the range of motion in joints of shoulder, elbow, and wrist, respectively (P < 0.001). In terms of muscle activation, eight flower arrangement tasks performed in this study showed various patterns of muscle activation and several muscles were simultaneously used for each task (P < 0.001). In addition, thickness and length of the materials used in a task had a prominent effect on the range of motion for joints and muscle activation of upper limb (P < 0.001). The stroke patients had positive effects for their range of motion of upper limb (shoulder, forearm, and elbow), grip strength, and overall upper limb function through the horticultural therapy program. Thus, this study suggested that flower arrangement tasks would be a potential horticultural activity for physical rehabilitation program. It would be interesting to apply a customized horticultural therapy program using flower arrangement tasks according to the symptoms of patient for physical rehabilitation.