• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.39-50
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• 2005

Objectives: This investigation was carried out to explore the source and the mode of transmission of the diarrhea outbreak in Seongju-gun, Gyeongbuk, 2004 Methods: The authors conducted a questionnaire survey among the 275 persons (students, staff members and cooks) who ingested the possibly contaminated foods. We also investigated the drinking water and the dining facility, and we reviewed the process of cooking the salad, which was the presumed cause of the Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli(EPEC) diarrhea. The confirmed EPEC diarrheal case was defined as culture positive for EPEC, and the suspicious case was defined as diarrheal case with symptoms more than one of fever, vomiting and tenesmus. Results: The attack rate of EPEC diarrhea was 36.7%, and there were 8 confirmed cases. The possibility of the drinking being a source of the infection was very low, for chlorine was detected in all the drinking water via reviewing the past records and using a portable detector. The foods that were significantly associated with diarrhea were found. The relative risk (RR) for the lunch served Jul 7 was 4.12 (95% CI: 1.39-12.20). Among the non-boiled foods that were finally served, the RR for the salad was 1.66 (95% CI: 1.07-2.57). The cause of this outbreak was presumed to be the contaminated foods that were prepared by cooks using rubber glove with holes, and especially the salad and foods that were served sans boiling on Jul 7. Conclusions: Though this EPEC infection was not so clinically important, if a larger outbreak occurred, it might severely affect the public health. It is recommended to develop the more safe methods for cooking foods, and to strengthen the sanitary processing foods.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.61 no.1
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• pp.26-33
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• 2006

Background: Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation(NPPV) has been increasingly used over the past decade in the management of acute or chronic respiratory failure and weaning of mechanical ventilation. We performed this clinical study to evaluate the usefulness of NPPV in patients who developed acute respiratory failure or post-extubation respiratory failure. Methods: We analysed thirty four patients(sixteen males and eighteen females, mean ages 58 years) who applied NPPV(BIPAP S/T, Respironics co., USA) for respiratory failure or weaning difficulty at medical intensive care unit(MICU), emergency room and general ward of a tertiary hospital. We evaluated the underlying causes of respiratory failure, duration of treatment, the degree of adaptation, complication and predictive parameters of successful outcome. Results: The overall success rate of NPPV was seventy-one percent. The duration of NPPV applying time, baseline blood pressure, pulse rate, respiration rate, $PaO_2$, $PaCO_2$, $SaO_2$ were not different between success group and failure group. But, the baseline pH was higher in the success group. Predictors of success were higher baseline pH, patients with underlying disease of COPD, improvement of vital sign and arterial blood gas value after NPPV application. The success rate in patients with post-extubation respiratory failure was eighty percent. There were no serious complication on applying NPPV except minor complications such as facial skin erythema, abdominal distension & dry mouth. Conclusion: NPPV may be effective treatment in patients with acute respiratory failure or post-extubation respiratory failure in selected cases.

• CRM연구
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.1-19
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• 2009

In an attempt to explore the consumption behaviors of customers regarding ethnic food restaurants the present study examined the effects of consumer characteristics, accessibility of ethnic food restaurants, product characteristics, and social factors on the customer behavior towards ethnic food restaurants, and further investigated the causal relationship between the customer behavior and his or her intent to reuse. A questionnaire survey was conducted approximately for a month with domestic consumers who had tried foreign cuisines. A total of 230 questionnaires were distributed and 215 questionnaires were collected, of which 210 were used in the final analysis excluding five due to inadequate responses. The finding of the study were as follows. First, of the consumers' lifestyles category the gourmet oriented did not yield significant effect on subjective norm or other consumption behavior, whereas the trend oriented had noticeable influence on both factors. Second, while consumers' diversity-seeking characteristic did not affect subjective norm, it affected consumption behavior of ethic food restaurants. The results seem to indicate that the diversity-seeking characteristic is more to one's individual attributes, rather than being influenced by others. Third, ethnic food restaurant's consumption accessibilities strongly influenced the subjective norm, suggesting that in using the ethnic food restaurants, the more convenient the accessibility is, the higher the possibility of use from influenced reference group. However, when consumers previously had not been exposed to ethnic cuisines, convenient accessibility was not able to overcome the barriers of consumer reluctance, nor directly shape positive behaviors. Fourth, while national uniqueness of ethnic food did not affect subjective norm, the uniqueness did have positive impact on consumption behavior of foreign ethnic food restaurants. Fifth, consumer's subjective norm positively influenced both consumption behavior of ethnic food restaurants and their intent for future use. Lastly, consumption behavior toward foreign ethnic food restaurants positively influenced consumer's intent for future use, indicating that it would be most imperative and effective to first help reinforce positive attitude in oder to encourage a more use of ethnic food restaurants.

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.21-29
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• 2016

In this paper, we developed a flexible transparent capacitive pressure sensor which can recognize X and Y coordinates and the size of force simultaneously by sensing a change in electrical capacitance. The flexible transparent capacitive pressure sensor was composed of 3 layers which were top electrode, pressure sensing layer, and bottom electrode. Silver nanowire(Ag NW)/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) hybrid film was used for top and bottom flexible transparent electrode. The fabricated capacitive pressure sensor had a total size of 5 inch, and was composed of 11 driving line and 19 sensing line channels. The electrical, optical properties of the Ag NW/PEDOT:PSS and capacitive pressure sensor were investigated respectively. The mechanical flexibility was also investigated by bending tests. Ag NW/PEDOT:PSS exhibited the sheet resistance of $44.1{\Omega}/square$, transmittance of 91.1%, and haze of 1.35%. Notably, the Ag NW/PEDOT:PSS hybrid electrode had a constant resistance change within a bending radius of 3 mm. The bending fatigue tests showed that the Ag NW/PEDOT:PSS could withstand 200,000 bending cycles which indicated the superior flexibility and durability of the hybrid electrode. The flexible transparent capacitive pressure sensor showed the transmittance of 84.1%, and haze of 3.56%. When the capacitive pressure sensor was pressed with the multiple 2 mm-diameter tips, it can well detect the force depending on the applied pressure. This indicated that the capacitive pressure sensor is a promising scheme for next generation flexible transparent touch screens which can provide multi-tasking capabilities through simultaneous multi-touch and multi-force sensing.

• KIPS Transactions on Computer and Communication Systems
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• v.1 no.3
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• pp.143-150
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• 2012

A simulation methodology and corresponding program based on it is to be discussed for analyzing the effects of the networking operation of existing DHC system in connection with CHP system on-site. The practical simulation for arbitrary areas with various building compositions is carried out for the analysis of operational features in both systems, and the various aspects of thermal energy grids with connecting operation are highlighted through the detailed assessment of predicted results. The intrinsic operational features of CHP prime movers, gas engine, gas turbine etc., are effectively implemented by realizing the performance data, i.e. actual operation efficiency in the full and part loads range. For the sake of simplicity, a simple mathematical correlation model is proposed for simulating various aspects of change effectively on the existing DHC system side due to the connecting operation, instead of performing cycle simulations separately. The empirical correlations are developed using the hourly based annual operation data for a branch of the Korean District Heating Corporation (KDHC) and are implicit in relation between main operation parameters such as fuel consumption by use, heat and power production. In the simulation, a variety of system configurations are able to be considered according to any combination of the probable CHP prime-movers, absorption or turbo type cooling chillers of every kind and capacity. From the analysis of the thermal network operation simulations, it is found that the newly proposed methodology of mathematical correlation for modelling of the existing DHC system functions effectively in reflecting the operational variations due to thermal energy grids with connecting operation. The effects of intrinsic features of CHP prime-movers, e.g. the different ratio of heat and power production, various combinations of different types of chillers (i.e. absorption and turbo types) on the overall system operation are discussed in detail with the consideration of operation schemes and corresponding simulation algorithms.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.39
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• pp.59-83
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• 2015

Magical realism, blooming and improving in Latin America, opened the new vision about reality and rationalism, coming out from the out-styled frame of past. While having common points with unrealistic literature, which uses fantastical components, magical realism is different from Surrealism and fantasy literature that is focusing on reality and realizing reality intensely. In the early stage of this research, magical realism was restricted by the characteristics of literature of Latin America, but the research of magical realism is expanding in planning Post-Modernism nowadays. Lately, the influence of magical realism is identified in literatures, arts, films, and animations over the world; according to the research, however, research about magical realism in animations was not done in Korea before. A Korean independent animation "A coffee vending machine and its sword" was evaluated positively in many international film festivals is valuable as the research of magical realism. Throughout this study, this animation "A coffee vending machine and its sword" was analyzed by its narrative and images. The analysis of narrative consists two parts. One is about the form of narrative and the other is about contents through the story. Analysis of Image is also divided into two parts: background image and character image. In this animation, the protagonist is narrating about the fantastic accidents in his life and his own feelings towards it. The narration leads audience to understand his situation and feelings in meta-fiction. On the surface, audience watches the love story of a normal girl and coffee vending machine in this artwork, but deep inside the animation, it is visible that the directors tried to make audiences think about the life of 880,000-won Generation in Korea. The background image was represented as real places in Seoul including the landmark of Seoul, making mimesis of reality in Korea. The character image has two conflicting aspects with reincarnated warrior, Jinyoungyoung and a coffee vending machine. It is a hybrid-character transmogrifying between two characters. Likewise, "A coffee vending machine and its sword" has the characteristics of Korean magical realism through form, content and image. Through analyzing the Korean independent animation "A coffee vending machine and its sword", this research tried to find a way of using factors of fantasy, of representing reality as a dramatic device and of using magical realism of Korean animation for bond of sympathy with audience.

• Archives of design research
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.231-241
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• 1999

This study propose to analyze the design method and the form elements of museums, of works by Richard Meier, and through the analysis, spacial characteristics of museums will be understood. The museum works of Richard Meier, as an exhibition space, not only display the art works efficiently, but they also offer visitors the opportunity to experience the art of architecture, as a cultural space. Richard Meier, when working on the projects, has utilized the design methods and the architectural language, learned from Mies van der Rohe and Le Corbusier, resourcefully. Having the structural grid as basis, the rational rectangular forms were intended for exhibition space, while the circular and partial circular forms of geometry were utilized in formative space. This was able to maintain the balance between functional and formative space. In the museums of his works, the ramp and the glass wall separated from the structure become very important means of expression. The ramps, not only make people to enjoy the interior and exterior of museum, but also able them to see the works of art from different distances and angles repeatedly and the large glass wall reveals the various shapes of interior to exterior. In comparing with the design method and language of two masters mentioned, the design principles and elements, developed by Meier were applied to the site plans, exhibition space planning and elevations to manifest its originality. The design concept, derived from the urban fabric and historical buildings around, gave harmony to the museum with its surroundings, and employing the deformed axis brought variation and the effect of diversion to the site plan. The exhibition space is much vitalized by the well arrangement of various exhibition fixtures in the museum. The exhibion fixtures, which the partitions, shelves, miches, and stages were put together in flexibility, play multiple roles as partitions dividing spaces, as furniture displaying art works, and as elements creating forms. The systematically arranged fixtures, also produce several visual axes and centers, which have visitors appreciate the works of art in various perspectives, hence create a unique environment.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2006.05a
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• pp.855-858
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• 2006

First of all, Developing information technology makes it possible to change a paradigm of all kinds of areas, including an education. Students can choose learning goals and objects themselves and acquire not the accumulation of knowledge but the method of their learning. Moreover, Teachers get to be adviser, and students play a key role in teaming. That is, the subject of leaning is students. Constructivism emphasizes the student-oriented environment of education, which corresponds to the characteristics of hypeimedia. In addition, Internet allows us to make a practical plan for constructivism. Web Based Internet provides us with a proper environment to make constructivism practice md causes an education system to change. Sure Web Based Instruction makes them motivated to learn more, they can gain plenty of information regardless of places or time. Besides, they are able to consult more up-to-date information regarding their learning use hypermedia such as an image, audio, video, and test, and effectively communicate with their instructor through a board, an e-mail, a chatting etc. A school and instructors have been making effort to develop a new model of a teaching method to cope with a new environment change. In this thesis, with 'Design and Implementation of Web Based Instruction Based on Constructivism', providing online learner-oriented and indexed video lesson, learners can get chance of self-oriented learning. In addition, learners doesn't have to cover all contents of a lesson but can choose contents they want to have from a indexed list of a lesson, and they ran search contents they want to have with a 'Keyword Search' on a main page, which can make learners improve learner's achievement.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.416-422
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• 2004

Acute renal failure (ARF) is a common postoperative complication after the cardiac surgery. Postoperative ARF have various causes, and are combined with other complications rather than being the only a complication. It deteriorates the general condition of the patient, and makes it difficult to manage the combined complications by disturbing the adequate medication and fluid therapy. We have planned this study to evaluate the effects of postoperative ARF after the on-pump coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) on the recovery of patients and identify the risk factors. Method and Material: We reviewed the medical records of patients who underwent CABG with cardiopulmonary bypass by a single surgeon from Jan. 2000 to Dec. 2002, We checked the preoperative factors; sex, age, history of previous serum creationism over 2.0 mg/㎗, preoperatively last checked serum creatinine, diabetes, hypertension, left ventricular ejection fraction, intraoperative factors; whether the operation is an emergent case or not, cardiopulmonary bypass time, aortic cross clamp time, the number of distal anastomosis, postoperative factors: IABP. Then we have studied the relations of these factors and the cases of postoperative peak serum creatinine over 2.0 mg/㎗. Result: There were 19 cases with postoperative peak serum creatinine over 2.0 mg/㎗ in a total 97 cases. Dialysis were done in 3 cases for ARF with pulmonary edema and severely reduced urine output. There were 8 cases (42.1%) with combined complications among the 19 patients. This finding showed a significant difference from the 5 cases (6,4%) in the patients whose creatinine level have not increased over 2.0 mg/㎗. The mortalities are different as 1.3% to 10.5%. The risk factors that are related with postoperative serum creatinine increment over 2.0 mg/㎗ are diabetes, the history of previous serum creatinine over 2.0 mg/㎗ and left ventricular ejection fraction. Conclusion: Postoperative ARF after the on-pump CABG is related with preoperative diabetes, the history of previous serum creatinine over 2,0 mg/㎗ and left ventricular ejection fraction. Postoperative ARF could De the reason for increased rate of complications and mortality after on-pump CABG. Therefore, in the patients with these risk factors, the efforts to prevent postoperative ARF like off-pump CABG should be considered.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.247-257
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• 1989

Thirty patients with nonresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) due to either locally advanced lesion or association with liver cirrhosis, treated with combined radiotherapy and hyperthermia between April 1988 and July 1988, at Dept. of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei university College of medicine, were analysed. External radiotherapy of a total dose of 3060cGy/3.5 wks was given. Hyperthermia was given twice a week with a total of 6 treatment sessions using 8MHz radiofrequency capacitive type heating device, i.e., Thermotron RF-8 and Cancermia. In all cases hyperthermia was given within 30 minutes after radiotherapy for 30~60min. Temperature was measured by inserting thermocouple into the tumor mass under the ultrasonographic guidance only for those who had not bleeding tendency. As a result, partial response (PR) was achieved in 12 patients (40%), and symptomatic improvement was observed in 22 patients (78.6%) among 28 patients who had suffered from abdominal pain. The most significant factor affecting the tumor response rate was the type of tumor (single massive: 10/14, 71.4%; diffuse infiltrative: 2/10, 20%; multinodular:0/6, 0%; p<0.005). There were not any significant side effects relating to combined treatment. The overall 1 year survival rate was 34%, with 50% in the PR group and 22% in the no response group (NR), respectively. Median survival was 6.5 months and longer for those of PR than of NR (11 mos. vs 5, p<0.05). In conclusion, combined radiotherapy and hyperthermia appeared to be effective in local control and symptomatic palliation of HCC. Further study including a larger number of the patients to confirm its effect in survival and detrimental side effect should be urged.