• Korean Security Journal
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• no.12
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• pp.291-308
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• 2006

A regular aperture occurs between persons controlled and a person governing the society according to national formation and development. A ruler is subdivided into a king, the President, or the highest controller who can feel the uncertainty of ruler's position. To protect those people, it is called guard that used all possible means and ways to protect those people or remove the danger. An opening of guard was related to enhancement of royal authority or centralism. Firstly a military organization had acted for this, but the organization gradually became independent according to it's subdivision and systematization. During the period of the Three States and Unified Silla, the guard was needed new management system by enhancement of royal authority, expansion of the territory, and establishment of centralism. The new management system that organized the group of vassal and Siweebu take charge of guarding the king or serving as private soldiers. In the end of Silla, as a wide range of reformation of government organization, the organization of vassal like Jungsasung and Sunkyosung that developed as not only guard the king and prince but also hold the business writing.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.265-272
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• 2008

Among calves' diseases, digestive diseases most frequently occur in Korea, and especially viral diarrhea is one of the most important diseases. This study was conducted to get some basic information for the control of the viral diarrhea in calves. The samples were obtained from 319 calves with clinical diarrhea from 195 farms in Gyeongnam south area (Gosung, Tongyung, Hadong) from June 2005 to August 2006, Viral detection was examined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Etiological viruses were detected from 171(53,6%) of 319 calves, and bovine rotavirus (BRV) were 130 (40,8%) and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) 41 (12,9%), and no coronavirus was confirmed, Statistical difference was found in BRV detection between summer (32.6%) and winter (57.7%). However there was no seasonal difference in BVDV. In detection rate of the calves under 19days, BRV was highest (55.1%), but BVDV lowest (5.1%). No big difference was in rate among herd size. However, BRV was lowest (26.8%) in the group over 51 heads, but BVDV was highest (19.5%) in the same.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.53 no.5
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• pp.752-760
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• 2020

Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND), previously known as early mortality syndrome (EMS), is an emerging disease in shrimp caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Some V. parahaemolyticus strains are associated with foodborne diseases in humans. To date, studies on the relationship between AHPND and pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus are very limited. In this study, we monitored the thermostable direct hemolysin-related hemolysin (trh) gene and AHPND-related genes, such as Photorhabdus insect-related (pir) genes, in 892 strains of V. parahaemolyticus isolated and identified in 24 areas of the West Coast of Korea from May to October 2019. The trh gene was detected in 9.6% of the isolates from short neck clam samples. However, the pirA and pirB genes related to AHPND were not found in any of the isolates despite using both duplex and nested PCR assays, suggesting that AHPND-related genes were nonexistent in the V. parahaemolyticus strains isolated. This study contributes to the current understanding of the relationship between AHPND and V. parahaemolyticus in Korea, as well as provides data on spatial and seasonal distributions of V. parahaemolyticus.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.463-466
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• 2009

A swine farm located in the Kyungpook province (designated as farm D that have been suffering from PED for several years was selected to study the etiology and the outbreak pattern of PED by clinical and laboratory examinations. Clinical examination indicated that sows exhibited signs of mastitis resulting in an inadequate transfer of lactogenic immunity against PEDV to newborn piglets. Furthermore, serological tests revealed that all sow groups and their piglets had low levels of anti-PEDV antibody. These data suggest that improper vaccination program has been indeed performed in this farm. Remarkably, despite no symptoms of PED in weaners, the presence of PEDV was identified by RT-PCR from fecal samples of weaning piglets, indicating persistent PEDV circulation in the herd. Based on these results, the following basic control schemes were executed for the control of PEDV circulation in the farm; a) A quick removal of affected pigs and disinfection of affected sheds. b) restructuring of vaccination program and employment of consultant. c) prompt treatment of mastitis and removal of poor lactogenic sows, and d) enhancement of biosecurity of farrowing house by acquisition of additional space. We evaluated risk factors and implementation of control measures in two months and were unable to found any case related to PEDV infection. Taken together, our data indicate that the method described above is effective for the control of PED outbreak in farm persistently suffering from PEDV infection.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2015

In 2009 outbreaks of an emerging disease in shrimp farms were first reported in China. The disease was known as early mortality syndrome (EMS), or acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND). Since 2009, the disease has been spread to Vietnam, Malaysia, Thailand and Mexico. The causative agent of the disease was identified as Vibrio parahaemolyticus. It is a common seawater inhabitant bacterium, and the pathogen can sometimes contaminate seafood. The disease has caused mass mortality of cultivated shrimp, and huge economic losses in the countries named above. In order to prevent the introduction and establishment of AHPND, emergency measures, such as strengthening of import conditions and even import bans, were put in place by many other countries. In Korea, on the other hand, there are large quantities of shrimp imports from countries, such as Thailand and Vietnam. Transportation of live and fresh dead shrimp is highly likely, and could be a transmission pathway if the shrimp are sourced from populations in AHPND endemic areas. It is important to recognize that importing countries may provisionally adopt sanitary or phytosanitary measures on the basis of available pertinent information, including that from the relevant international organizations, as well as from sanitary or phytosanitary measures applied by other countries based on "Agreement on Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures". It is pertinent that Korea also takes proper emergent measures to keep out diseases and provide safe seafood.

• Proceedings of the KOR-BRONCHOESO Conference
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• 1987.05a
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• pp.10.2-10
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• 1987

최근 사회구조의 발달로 우리주변에는 뜻하지 않은 청력장애를 일으키는 경우가 많고 의료보험 실시와 더불어 생활수준의 향상으로 이비인후과 외래를 찾는 청력장애자들이 많아지고 있다. 또한 청력장애를 호소하여 청각검사를 의뢰하는 타과 입원환자도 점차적으로 증가하고 있는 실정이다. 이에 저자들은 1985년 1월 1일부터 1986년 12월 31일까지 만2 년간 연세대학교 원주의과대학부속 원주기독병원 이비인후과로 의뢰된 타과 입원환자 1063예중 청각검사를 시행한 182예를 대상으로 임상청각학적 고찰을 하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1) 의뢰한 과별로는 신경외과(50.5%)가 제일 많았고 다음 내과(23.6%)의 순이었다. 2) 원래질환과 청력장애사이에 연관관계가 있는 경우는 102예 (56.0%)이었으며 이중 외상이 87예(86.2%)로 제일 많았다. 3)외상의 경우 폭발사고가 35예 (40.2%)로 제일 많았고 다음 교통사고 28예(32.1%)의 순이었다. 이 중 계속적인 추적치료를 시행한 경우가 9예 (10.3%)에 불과하였다. 4) 외상의 경우 청력손실의 형태별로는 전음성이 41예 (47.1%), 감음신경성이 30예(34.4%), 혼합성이 7예 (8.2%) 였으며, 사병자(malingerer)가 9예 (10.3%) 였다. 결론적으로 강원도의 지역적 특성상 탄광폭발 사고로 인한 외상후 이차적으로 청력손실을 호소하는 환자가 많은 편으로 이에 대한 적극적인 진단 및 추적치료를 위하여 특히 신경외과와 상호협조 체제가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• Convergence Security Journal
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• v.16 no.3_2
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• pp.65-74
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• 2016

Questionnaires were deployed total of 320 and the recovered 259 questionnaires were used in the analysis. The collected questionnaires were analyzed by using SPSS21.0, Amos21.0. Statistical analysis was to test the hypothesis through reliability analysis, factor analysis, and structural equation modeling analysis. Statistical significance level was set at .05. These results obtained in this study according to the method and procedure is as follows. Safety needs has a significant impact on job satisfaction and organizational commitment and organizational commitment has a significant impact on job satisfaction. And organizational commitment was investigated as part of a mediating role in the relationship between job satisfaction and safety needs.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.79-88
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• 1986

In an attempt to observe the effects obtained by the regular physical training, nine soldiers performed regularly the rope-skipping for nine weeks. All subjects were healthy and did not experience any special military training Programs. During the course of the training, their cardiopulmonary functions were measured in the resting and the Post-exercise recovery periods, and the values were compared with ones of the pre-trained. The test exercises loaded to the subjects were rope-skipping and step-rising & falling. The results obtained were as follows: 1) By the training, heart rates decreased very significantly in the resting and post-exercise recovery periods. And the effects began to bring out at the early stage, about the 7th day. 2) As the duration of the training increased, the systolic blood pressures decreased meaningfully in the resting and recovery periods. 3) Only in the early recovery phase after the exercise of the rope·skipping, the respiration rates decreased significantly by the training. 4) The lighter the intensity of the test exercise loaded was, the more prominent the effect of the physical training on the cardiopulmonary functions was. The above results suggest that the 9 week training of the rope-skipping would bring about the enhancement of the cardiopulmonary functions.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.54 no.5
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• pp.691-697
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• 2021

Vibrio parahaemolyticus associated with acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (Vp_AHPND) and Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) are the two most important pathogens in shrimp aquaculture and they have caused enormous losses to the shrimp industry worldwide. In ponds, the major target organ for the two pathogens is the hepatopancreas, and infection with EHP is a known potential risk factor for Vp_AHPND infection. This study aimed to develop a PCR (polymerase chain reaction)-based diagnostic method for simultaneously detecting Vp_AHPND and EHP. The newly developed PCR diagnostic method could be used to test various samples, such as seawater, shrimp, and feces. The diagnostic method exhibited high sensitivity and specificity for both pathogens. This will help reduce the potential economic losses that may have been caused by the two major shrimp pathogens, Vp_AHPND and EHP, and will allow for the efforts and time spent combatting them to be dedicated elsewhere.

• Progress in Superconductivity and Cryogenics
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.37-40
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• 2007

Large critical current is one of the prerequisites for the design of superconducting electrical equipments with large power capacity. To enlarge the critical current. multiple parallel connection is inevitable. In multiple parallel superconducting coils. the difference in normal resistance of each shunt leads to unequal current distribution. which may yield burnout. Therefore. uniform current distribution is required for a stable operation of multiple parallel superconducting coils. In this paper, Rogowski coils were fabricated to measure each shunt current of a 4-parallel superconducting coil. Four Rogowski coils were installed at the copper bars, which are used as current leads in superconducting coils. As a result, linearity of the Rogowski coils was ascertained and coefficients of each coil, the ratio of voltage and current, were derived. The coefficients were compared with theoretically calculated values. Based on the coefficients, each shunt current was calculated in a 4-parallel superconducting coil, where uniform current. distribution was confirmed. This paper verified the feasibility of the fabricated Rogowski coils as well as operational stability of the 4-parallel superconducting coil in 77K.