• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.242-254
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• 2015

Barley is a main food source, along with rice, in our dietary life that is easy to buy and process. It is required to develop a beverage base and barley syrup for desserts in order to raise utilization of barley beyond its present use in Sikhye (sweet fermented rice drink) and Jocheong (grain syrup) production. In pursuit of the goal to increase the usability of barley as an ingredient of processed food, this study examined the optimal preparation conditions of barley mash for barley syrup. In addition, the study prepared a barley syrup using saccharified barley liquid, analyzed quality characteristics, and conducted a sensory evaluation. Saccharified barley liquid(barley mash) was prepared with ratios of adding malt of unhulled barley germinated as 0 g(CON), 10 g(BM10), 20 g(BM20), and 30 g(BM30). The results of measuring pH under the varied conditions of saccharification temperatures from $50^{\circ}C$, $60^{\circ}C$, and $70^{\circ}C$, as well as time from 1 to 8 hours, treveal that the optimum condition for malt saccharification is $60^{\circ}C$ for 5 hours. By adding oligosaccharides and lemon juice to the saccharified barley liquid at the different ratios of added malt, this study measured quality characteristics(color value, viscosity, pH, sweetness) of barley syrup warmed up for 1 hour. As the result of measuring color in the barley syrup prepared by saccharified barley liquid, higher levels of added malt saw L-value decreased while a-value and b-value both increased. BMs30 showed the highest viscosity of $1,202.67{\pm}3.06$. As for pH, BMs30 was the highest at pH $3.57{\pm}0.02$. The result of the sensory evaluation of barley syrup showed the superior sensory characteristics of BMs20 in terms of color, flavor, sweetness, viscosity and overall quality.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2010

Few management studies have been conducted on late planting date for corn silage in paddy field as a barley-corn forage cropping system. Experiments were conducted during 2007 and 2008 at the Chungnam Agricultural Research & Extension Services. The objectives of this study were to determine relationships between planting date and com forage yield and to determine the best hybrid at the delayed planting after whole crop barley's harvest. The treatments consisted of 2 planting dates and 7 hybrids. Delayed planting considerately reduced stem diameter, individual ear size and weight. The ratio of dried leaf and culm in aerial plants was increased and that of ear was decreased. The coefficient of variation in fresh, dry matter (DM) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) yield was higher at delayed planting date on cropping system with whole crop barley than that of planting at optimum season. So, fresh weight was reduced by 91.8%, dry matter by 72.6%, grain yield by 51.0% and TDN yield by 68.1%. The appropriate hybrid for delayed planting after whole crop barley harvest in middle region was 'Gangdaok' as lower in the reduction of ear size and weight compared to that of planting at optimum season. Reduction in grain yield caused to decrease the DM and TDN yields. Therefore, to gain stable dry matter in silage corn by delayed planting date on cropping system with whole crop barley was necessary to select com hybrid on the minimum reduction in ear size and weight.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.317-323
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• 2004

This study was carried out to determine the effect of seed method and seeding rate on the desirable agronomic characteristics and yield of forage barley(Hordeum vuigare) at paddy field, National Livestock Research Institute, RDA, Suwon from October 2001 to May 2003. The experiment was arranged in a spilt plot design with three replications. Main plots consisted of tow seed method; Broadcasting and drilling, Sub-plots consisted of seeding rates; 130. 160, 190 and 220 kg/ha. The results obtained were summarized as fellows ; The resistance of cold, disease and lodging of barley for the seeding method and seed rate were not different. And dry matter percentage of barley for a seeding method of 130 kg/ha at the broadcasting was the lowest of $32.0\%$, and that for the drilling at 130 kg/ha was $32.7\%(P<0.05). Fresh yield of barley for a seeding method of drilling at 130 kg/ha was the highest of 32,073 kg/ha, and that for a seeding method of broadcasting at 130 kg/ha was the lowest of 20,944 kg/ha(P<0.05). Dry matter yield of barley for a seeding method of drilling at 160 and 130 kg/ha were the highest 9,170 and 9,138 kg/ha, and that fur a seeding method of broadcasting at 130 kg/ha was the lowest of 5,710 kg/ha(P<0.05). Based on the results of this experiment, it appears that the seeding method and rate of barley could be enhanced by drilling from 130 to 160 kg/ha, and broadcasting from 190 to 220 kg/ha. respectively.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.419-432
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• 2010

This study was conducted to determine effects of applying cattle slurry and mixed sowing with legumes such as hairy vetch or forage pea on productivity, feed values and organic stock carrying capacity of whole crop barley and rye as winter forage crops, and to obtain organic forages together with higher soil fertility. Experimental plots consisted of 7 treatments, which were non-fertilizer, chemical fertilizer (containing phosphate and potassium: P+K), chemical fertilizer (containing nitrogen, phosphate and potassium: N+P+K), organic fertilizer, cattle slurry, cattle slurry application (mixture with hairy vetch), and cattle slurry application (mixture with forage pea) plots. Each treatment was triplicates, and seven treatments were allocated in a completely randomized block design. For whole crop barley or its mixture crops, annual dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), and total digestible nutrients (TDN) yields of N+P+K plots were significantly (P<0.05) higher than other plots except for cattle slurry plots. The CP content of barley or its mixture crops was significantly higher tor N+P+K plot (9.8%) and mixture plots with legumes (8.6~9.7%) than those of other treatments. As 450 kg Hanwoo heifers were fed diets included 70% whole crop barley or 70% mixture crops with legumes, mixture plots are capable of raising average 1.7 to 1.8 heads/ha a year. For rye or its mixture crops, annual DM, CP, and TDN yields represented 6.9~7.1, 0.5~0.6 and 4.3~4.4 ton/ha, respectively. The N+P+K plot contained 10.8% CP, which was higher (P<0.05) than all other treatments. In case of 450 kg Hanwoo heifers fed diets included 70% rye or 70% mixture crops with legumes, mixture plots can rear average 1.9 heads/ha a year. When it was considered based on crop yields and organic stock carrying capacity, applying cattle slurry to whole crop barley or rye had the comparable yields and feed values to chemical fertilizer application. Moreover, whole crop barley and rye within cattle slurry plots had a greater combination with hairy vetch and forage pea, respectively, and their mixture crops with legumes had higher crude protein and TDN yields within cattle slurry plots. In conclusion, it would be expected that mixed sowing with legumes in the application of cattle slurry to grass crops could be substituted for imported organic grains as dietary protein sources in feeding organic livestock.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.159-166
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• 2011

This experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of top dressing of nitrogen and harvest time on the growth, feed value and anthocyanin content for developing functional feed of colored barley. A colored barley cultivar, Boanchalbori, was tested in this experiment. Top dressing was applied at seven separate growth stages, regeneration time (RT), and intervals of 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, and 70 days after RT, and harvested at different time from 20 days after heading (DAH) to 40 DAH with 10 days interval in split plot design with three replications. Plant height was increasing with earlier top dressing, but not affected by harvest time. Percent dry matter was increasing with earlier top dressing and later harvests. Protein content was increased with later top dressing and harvests, but percent NDF, ADF and TDN was not significant. Total anthocyanin content was increased with earlier top dressing, included increasing C3G (cyanidin-3-glucoside) and delphinidin. The C3G and delphinidin were detected from 25 DAH and P3G (pelargonidin-3-g1ucoside), cyanidin and perlagonidin from 30 DAH. Their contents were increased significantly as harvest was delayed. This experiment provides some interesting results with respects to optimum top dressing and harvest time for the functional feed production of the colored barley.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.143-150
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• 2005

These experiment was conducted to determine the effect of nitrogen fertilizer levels and mixture small grains on productivity and quality of spring forage rape at south region of Korea(Mokpo). The experiment was arranged in a split plot design with three replications. The main plots consisted of three different levels of nitrogen fertilizer(100, 150 and 200 kg/ha). The sub plots consisted of five kinds of mixed small grain species(Rye, Oat, Barley, Italian ryegrass, and Rape monoculture). The results obtained are summarized as follow. Dry matter(DM) content of Rye + Rape and Ba.ley + Rape mixtures were increased by $2\~3\%$ compared to Rape monoculture. The high level of nitrogen application increased the fresh matter yield, and yield of Rye + Rape and Rape monoculture were higher than that of others. Dry matter yield of Rye + Rape mixture and Rape monoculture with 200kg/ha of nitrogen application were higher by 9,449 and 9,227 kg/ha, respectively. The crude protein(CP) content of rape was high as $18.6\%$ while average CP content was $16\%$. The average total digestible nutrient(TDN) content showed high as $70\%$. It is suggested the Rye + Rape mixture or Rape monoculture would recommendable for spring usage of rape at south region of Korea.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.264-270
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• 2017

This study was carried out to investigate the optimal harvesting time, feed value and fermentation quality of barley and wheat for the making of chopped whole crop silage substitute for formula feed. As a result, the moisture content of barley and wheat decreased with a late harvest, and barley progressed faster than wheat. The plant height was similar with harvesting time, and the number of spikes decreased with prolonged period after heading. The dry matter yield and TDN yield of barley harvested at 35 and 40 days after heading were significantly higher than those at 30 days after heading and wheat was significantly higher at 40 and 45 days than at 35 day after heading(p<0.05). Crude protein content of barley and wheat were increased with later harvesting time, and crude fiber, crude fat and crude ash were slightly decreased, but not statistically significant. NDF and ADF content of barley decreased with later harvesting time, and those showed similar level in wheat. TDN content of barely was slightly increased but there was no difference in wheat. Comparing the effects of fermentation on feed value of chopped whole crop silage, the approximate compositions were slightly increased after fermentation, but the difference was not significant. Fermentations resulted in increasing the pH value of barley silage with late harvesting time, but decreasing the lactic acid content(p<0.05). A pH value of wheat silage showed similar level in different harvest time, and lactic acid content was decreased. Considering the quantity and quality of fermentation, barley and wheat can be used for making chopped silage of whole crop silage when they were harvested at 35 days and 40~45 days after heading, respectively.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2018.10a
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• pp.75-75
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• 2018

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.235-244
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• 2009

This experiment was conducted to develop a new silage inoculant for barley at forage analysis laboratory, Grassland and Forages Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA from 2000 to 2002. Barley is very important crop in Korea. The great part of them is utilized as forage. Generally, it contains a lot of grains that are feed of animal, especially whole crop silage in ruminant. Efficient lactic acid bacteria were isolated from good barley silage by plating MRS agar containing 0.02% sodium azide, and assessed by growing and acid producing ability in MRS broth. Four lactic acid bacteria were selected, and were found to be Gram positive, rods and catalase negative and were identified to be Lactobacillus plantarum on the basis of the biochemical characteristics and utilization of substrates. Barley was ensiled at dough stage following treatment with four lactic acid bacteria, commercial inoculant, and no additive (control). After 2 months, B2-2 bacteria inoculated silage was lower pH and higher lactic acid content than others treatments. The Flieg's score and grade of B2-2 bacteria treated silage were higher than commercial inoculant. According to this experiment, Lactobacillus plantarum B2-2 (NLRI 201) was recommendable for good silage inoculant of whole crop barley silage.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.19-24
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• 2011

It was identified as a sharp eyespot (Rhizoctonia cerealis) that the isolates from abnormal symptoms in wheat that showed yellowing leaves, necrotic spot on stem base and dead tillers. These isolates have slower growth property and fewer mycelia than Rhizoctonia solani AG-1(1A) (KACC 40106). They showed binuclear cell, same media cultural and DNA characteristics to R. cerealis. They caused same symptoms on leaves and stem base appeared in artificial inoculation test, comparing to diseased wheat fields and also affect to maturing of kernels. They have optimal growth temperature and acidity on the artificial media as $20{\sim}25^{\circ}C$ and pH 5~7, respectively. In the investigation of varietal resistance of Korean winter cereal crops to sharp eyespot, there was no resistant in wheat cultivars that all materials infected over 20% diseased ratio. 12 cultivars including 'Anbaekmil', however, considered to moderate resistance with 20 to 30% infection ratio. The others crops using in feeding, whole crop barley, oat, rye and triticale were resistant below 15% diseased degree except the rye that showed over 50% infection rate. It was the first evaluation to sharp eyespot resistance for the Korean feeding crop cultivars. Most tested Korean barley cultivars for malting and food were moderate and susceptible to the sharp eyespot. Only 3 hulled barley, 'Tapgolbori', 'Albori' and 'Seodunchalbori', showed resistance with less than 10% diseased ratio. All tested naked barley cultivars showed susceptible response to the disease.