• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.155-160
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• 2011

Purpose: This study was performed to evaluate the role of colonoscopy in children with hematochezia. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 277 children who underwent colonoscopy because of hematochezia between January, 2003 and July, 2010. Results: The mean age of the patients was $6.0{\pm}4.4$ (7 days~17.8 years) years. The male to female ratio was 2.2:1. The duration between the 1st episode of hematochezia and colonoscopy was $4.9{\pm}12.1$ months. Characteristics of hematochezia included red stool (65.1%), blood on wipe (12.8%), bloody toilet (11.9%), and blood dripping (10.2%). The most proximal region of colonoscopic approach was terminal ileum (84.5%), cecum (9.5%), hepatic flexure (2.8%), and splenic flexure (3.2%). Eighty five patients (30.6%) had no specific abnormal findings. Major causes of hematochezia were polyp (26.4%), food protein induced proctocolitis (6.9%), infectious colitis (5.4%), lymphofolliculitis (5.7%), non specific colitis (5.7%), and vascular ectasia (5.1%). The hemorrhagic sites included the rectum (24.0%), rectosigmoid junction (18.1%), sigmoid colon (13.5%), ascending colon (14.2%), transverse colon (11.3%), descending colon (7.8%), cecum (8.1%), and terminal ileum (3.1%). The recurrence rate of hematochezia after colonoscopy was 19.1%. Colonoscopy was performed in 262 patients (94.6%) with conscious sedation. Endoscopic hemostasis was performed in 5 patients. Complications of colonoscopy or sedation were not found. Conclusion: The causes and lesional localization of pediatric hematochezia were diverse. Colonoscopy has an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of hematochezia in children. Total colonoscopy is recommended to detect the cause of hematochezia.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.90-96
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• 1997

Purpose : Recently a shift in hepatitis A incidence from children to adults has been well noted. We experienced under 15-years old 31 patients who presented hepatitis A infection. In order to prepare for the prevention on hepatitis A outbreak in the future, we studied the clinical and epidemiologic manifestations of these patients. Methods : We enrolled patients from July to December in 1996 (6 months) and evaluated the monthly incidence, geographical distribution, age and sex, and clinical manfestations, including laboratory fadings. Results : Many cases of hepatitis A occured in the summer months, especially August (16/31 cases). Most of patients (87%) were living in the Seo-Ku area (northwest district of the city). In age distribution, there were no cases under 3 years of age, 3 cases from 4~5 years, 13 cases from 6~10 years, 15 cases from 11~15 years. Clinical profiles showed that dark urine, nausea and vomiting, anorexia, abdominal pain, fever, and fatigue were the common presenting symptoms. The initial presenting laboratory tests included total bilirubin 3.3mg/dl, alkaline phosphatase of 856units/L, and serum asparate aminotransferase and alanine aminolransferase levels of 910IU/L and 1239IU/L, respectively. No patient presented atypical clinical courses or complications. Conclusions : Hepatitis A in children shows benign clinical features. This study showed that the possibility of another outbreak of Hepatitis A in the TaeJon area or elsewhere in the near future Korea will be possible. To prevent an outbreak we will be concerned about the anti-HAV IgG prevalance rate in children and preventive modalities including vaccination against hepatitis A.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.49 no.12
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• pp.1348-1353
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• 2006

Purpose : The reticuloendothelial system is composed of sinusoidal capillaries, through which even large protein molecules are freely movable between plasma and interstitial space, including the lymphatic system. Therefore, high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) would cause a redistribution of proteins between two compartments. To investigate this hypothesis, we measured plasma protein and lipid levels in patients with Kawasaki disease before and after high-dose IVIG treatment. Methods : Thirty four children with Kawasaki disease who had complete responses to high-dose IVIG treatment (1 g/kg/day for two consecutive days), were analyzed. Before and after the administration of IVIG, serum analyses were performed for such parameters as total protein, albumin, ${\gamma}$-globulins (IgG, IgM, IgA), ${\alpha}1-$, ${\alpha}2-$, and ${\beta}-$ globulin fractions, and lipid profiles (total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and triglyceride). Results : The levels of ${\gamma}$-globulins including IgG, IgM, IgA were significantly increased, and IgG was increased by $1,779{\pm}304mg/dL$ after two-dose of IVIG infusion. The levels of albumin, ${\alpha}1-$, ${\alpha}2-$, and ${\beta}$ globulin fractions were significantly decreased by 18 percent, 24 percent, 19 percent and 12 percent, respectively. HDL-cholesterol level was significantly decreased by 20 percent, while LDL-cholesterol and triglyceride levels were significantly increased by 21 percent and 50 percent, respectively. The total cholesterol level was not changed. Conclusion : High-dose IVIG treatment decreased the levels of a variety of proteins except immunoglobulins, and the increase of IgG after IVIG treatment was lower than expected. Our results suggest that a part of infused IVIG and plasma proteins, including etiologic proteins for Kawasaki disease, may be distributed to the extravascular compartments. The rapid improvement of symptoms induced by IVIG in Kawasaki disease might be explained by this mode of action of IVIG.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.31 no.9
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• pp.1377-1384
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of H$_2$O fraction of Dioscorea japonica Thunb(DJT) with selenium(Se) treatment on blood glucose and lipid metabolism in streptozotocin(STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats(180-220g) weighing were divided into five groups, that is one normal group and four diabetic experimental groups : the STZ-control group, the DJT group, the DJT-Se group and the Se group. Diabetes mellitus was induced in the male rats by injection of STZ into the tail vein at a dose of 45mg/kg B.W. The H,0 fraction of DJT(500mg/kg) given orally were administered for 14 days. The Se treated group were fed a AIN-76 recommendation diet mixed with Na$_2$SeO$_3$(2mg/kg diet), which was prepared fresh daily. The body weight and food intake was monitored daily and plasma levels of glucose, insulin, hematocrit and protein were determined. The plasma concentrations of cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglyceride and fire fatty acid were measured. The activities of aminotrans ferase were analysed. The body weight gain was shown to be significantly higher in the normal group than all diabetic groups. The blood glucose levels of the DIT-Se group was significantly lower compared to those of the experimental groups. The administration of H$_2$O fraction of DJT and selenium showed an increase in plasma protein concentrations. The plasma cholesterol levels of all STZ-groups were not significantly different and HDL-cholesterol levels were increased in the diabetic experimental groups fed on H$_2$O fraction of DJT or Se supplementation. Plasma triglyceride levels were lower in the DJT-Se and Se group than in the STZ-control group. free fatty acid levels were not significantly differ among STZ-control groups. STZ treatment increased aminotransferase activity and that of DJT group was highest. In conclusion, the data from the present experiments indicate that the treatment of the H$_2$O fraction of DJT with selenium showed a synergistic effect and the two can have an influence on hyperg1ycemia and lipid metabolites when administered together. (Korean J Nutrition 31(9) : 1377-1384, 1998)

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.213-221
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• 1998

The effects of differen concentrations of Obosan as a feed additive dietary herb were examined on survival rate, growth, feed conversion ration and condition factor in olive flounder (paralichthys olivaceus). Effectiveness of dietary Obosan with optimized concentration for 48 weeks were also observed with regard to growth performances and yields. All groups fed diets containing 0.15, 0.3 and 0.6% of Obosan revealed significantly higher survival rate than control group (P<0.05). Growth, feed conversion ratio and condition factor of olive flounder fed diets containing Obosan were considerably improved when compared to those of controls (P<0.05). The 0.3% of dietary Obosan was proven to be the optimal concentration in all parameters tested. The dietary Obosan (0.3%) for 48 weeks showed significantly higher surval rate than control (P<0.05), and also improved yields in weight gain (19.0% improvement), specific growth rate (4.8%), feed conversion ratio(13.6%) and condition factor (10.8%), significantly (P<0.05).

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.35-41
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• 1992

Background: Massive hemoptysis is a major clinical and surgical problem related to high motality. Bronchial and nonbronchial systemic arteries are considered to be the main source of hemoptysis. Embolization of these arteries has become an accepted treatment in the management of massive hemoptysis. Herein we evaluate the effect of arterial embolization in immediate control of massive hemoptysis and investigate the clinical and angiographic characteristics and the course of patients with recurrent hemoptysis after initial successful embolization. Method: 21 patients (15 men & women, aged 21 to 74 years) underwent transcatheter arterial embolization for the treatment of life-threatening massive hemoptysis from Jan 1988 to July 1991. Seven patients had inactive residual pulmonary tuberculosis, 5 cases aspergilloma, 4 cases active pulmonary tuberculosis, 3 cases bronchiectasis and 2 case lung cancer. Arteriography was done by percutaneous catheterization via the femoral artery, and at the same time, arterial embolization was done with gelfoam particle. Result: Immediate control of massive hemoptysis was achieved in all 21 cases by arterial embolization. Hemoptysis recurred in nine of 21 patients. Four cases were aspergilloma, two inactive tuberculosis, two lung cancer, and one bronchiectasis. The initial angiographic findings revealed that nonbronchial systemic arterial supply, bronchial-pulmonary arterial shunt, and marked vascularity were more frequently, but statistically insignificant, in recurred patients. The following complications occured: fever, chest pain, cough, voiding difficulty, paralytic ileus, paraplegia, and splenic infarction. The course of the recurred patients was as follows: Three patients were died due to recurred massive hemoptysis. one was aspergilloma and two lung cancer. Surgical resection could be performed successfully in two patient with relatively good lung function, one aspergilloma and the other inactive tuberculosis. In 4 patients with poor lung function, repeated embolization or medical conservative treatment was continued. Conclusion: Arterial embolization as initial treatment of massive hemoptysis is most useful and relatively safe, although this is a palliative procedure and the potentiality for recurrence exists. Repeated embolization in inoperable patient with recurrent bleeding may improve the lengthening of life.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.89-96
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• 2017

The majority of freshwater ornamental fish are imported and distributed domestically, causing high risk of exposure to exotic pathogens and drug resistant bacteria in Korea. Aeromonas hydrophila is known as a common species of fresh water bacteria and opportunistic fish pathogen, as well as a species causing zoonotic infection. In this study, we isolated motile aeromonads from various imported freshwater ornamental fish and studied the characters of the isolates. Imported freshwater ornamental fish were purchased on day 1 after the fish were deposited in the aquarium. Bacteria were isolated from the liver, kidney and spleen of fish using 0.5% NaCl containing tryptic soy agar medium. Bacteria were grouped on the basis of their morphological characteristics. The colonies with clear zone on starch-ampicillin agar (SA agar) were tentatively identified as Aeromonas spp. Two hundred and twenty-six strains, about 70% of total isolates were assumed to be Aeromonas spp. Nine isolates were further identified based on the result of the API 20E test and PCR using primers specific for A. hydrophila 16S rRNA gene. The isolates were identified as A. hydrophila and the API 20E test showed differences in trisodium citrate, D-sucrose, D-melibiose, amygdalin and L-arabinose availability between the nine isolates and standard A. hydrophila. The susceptibilities of the isolated bacteria to 10 antibacterial agents were confirmed by the disk diffusion method. Isolated strains were found to be resistant to amoxicillin and ampicillin and sensitive to florfenicol. However, 7 isolates showed multiple drug resistances to erythromycin, oxytetracycline, nalidixic acid etc. Pathogenicity of the isolates was determined by the artificial challenge test on goldfish (Carassius auratus). Three isolates caused 60 ~ 80% mortality in goldfish within 5 days after the initiation of challenge. These results indicate that multiple drug resistant, highly pathogenic and exotic A. hydrophila can spread to domestic aquarium and the preventive treatment of fish before sale is necessary.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.553-561
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• 2020

In this study aims to investigate the radiation protection effect of avocado peel extracts on the Sprague-Dawely rats. 52 male rats were randomly classified into 4 groups. NC Group was a normal control group, PA Group was a group injected avocado peel extracts, IR Group was irradiated group, and lastly PA+IR Group was set as an irradiated group after injected of avocado peel extracts. Avocado peel extract was administered orally at 200 mg/kg once a day for 14 days before irradiation, and the radiation dose was systemically irradiated with 6 MV X-ray of 7 Gy. On the 4 and 21 days after irradiation, the experimental animals were sacrificed to evaluate the change in blood cell composition, spleen index, and histopathological evaluation of the liver and small intestine. As a result, the PA+IR Group showed a significantly greater recovery of lymphocytes(p<0.01), red blood cells(p<0.01), and platelets(p<0.05) than the IR Group. It was also confirmed that the activation of Superoxide Dismutase(SOD) was further increased. Histopathologically, observed that nuclei aggregation and cytoplasmic expansion were slightly reduced in the PA+IR Group in the liver. and the damage was significantly reduce(p<0.01) in the change of villi length due to damage to the small intestine cells. Based on the above results, avocado peel extract can be expected to act as a radiation protection agent that can reduce damage to blood cells and major organs caused by irradiation.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.213-221
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• 2005

Purpose: Hemophagocytic syndrome (HPS) is characterized by persistent high fever, hepatosplenomegaly, cytopenias, hypertriglyceridemia, and/or hypofibrinogenemia. Hepatic manifestations including overt hepatic failure and fulminant hepatitis are common in HPS. Liver transplantation (LT) should be considered in a case of fulminant hepatitis by other than HPS, but LT is contraindicated and complete cure is possible by chemotherapy in HPS. Therefore, we conducted this study to define the characteristics of HPS presenting as severe acute hepatitis. Methods: Among the total of 23 patients diagnosed as HPS by bone marrow examination between 1994 and 2005 in Asan Medical Center, 11 cases presented as severe acute hepatitis were enrolled in this study. We analyzed the clinical features, laboratory findings and outcome retrospectively. Results: Seven (64%) of the 11 children with HPS and hepatitis were referred to pediatric gastroenterologist at first. The mean age of onset was 50 months. There was no case with family history of primary HPS. Epstein-Barr virus was positive in 4, and herpes Simplex virus was positive simultaneously in 1 case. As the presenting symptoms and signs, fever was present in 10, hepatosplenomagaly was noted in all and jaundice in 10. Anemia was observed in 10, thrombocytopenia in 10, leukopenia in 8, hypertriglyceridemia in 9, hypofibrinogenemia in 8 and hyperferritinemia in 7 cases, respectively. Nine children received chemotherapy including etopside. The overall mortality rate was 72% (8/11). Conclusion: HPS, which needs chemotherapy, should be considered as a cause of severe acute hepatitis especially when accompanied with prolonged high fever and cytopenias.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.15-21
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• 2007

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary softwood by-products extract on growth performance, organ weight and intestinal microbes in organic broiler chicks. Five treatments were assigned to 200 broiler chicks with four replication, allocating 10 broiler chicks in each replication. Dietary treatments included control(Organic diet), +C(Organic diet + antibiotics), T1(Organic diet + softwood by-product powder 3.0%), T2(Organic diet + softwood by-product extract 0.05%) and T3(Organic diet + softwood by-product extract 0.1%). Body weight gain was higher in +C and T3 for overall period than control and T1. Feed efficiency of were slightly improved in +C and T3 groups compared with that of control and T1. The small intestine weight tended to be higher in control and +C, but it's length showed high in only T1 group. Gizzard weight was significantly higher in T2 compared with other treatments(P<0.05). In contrast, spleen weight was significantly lower in control group(P<0.05), whereas the weight of cecum and liver were not significantly different by dietary treatment. Intestinal microflora was significantly lower or/and seemed to be low in softwood by-products treatment groups than control. Digestibility of energy and protein were statistically lower in control and T1 than other treatments(P<0.05). The IgG concentration of birds fed antibiotics, softwood by-product extract was higher than control and T1, but was no significance. The results of this experiments indicated that softwood by-product extract would be possible to apply for the feed additive in organic broiler diets.