• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.144-149
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• 1971

The sensitive technique of activation analysis is well suited for this study since the elements such as As, Br, and Se in tobaccoes are expected to be high concentration. As, Br, and Hg were determined by Bethge destruction method and subsequent neutron activation analysis. $^{77m}Se$ was also by non-destruction activation analysis. The quantities of the element determined in Korean tobaccoes are given as follows in ppm: As, 0.65 ppm. Hg, 0.74 ppm. Se, 1.18 ppm. Br, 7.1 ppm. From the date given it seems that Korean tobaccoes and foreign tobaccoes contained considerably high concentration of selenium and mercury.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.66-72
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• 2008

Total metals, soluble metals, and bioavailable metals were monitored at the sediments of urban lakes located in Seoul, Korea during spring season 2006. The metals measured were zinc, arsenic, chromium, copper, nickel, and cadmium, which are known to be toxic to human health and ecosystems. The main sources of heavy metals in the lakes were urban runoff and atmospheric deposition associated with air pollution in urban areas. Extraction by using a weak electrolyte solution (0.1 M $Ca(NO_3)_2$) was used to predict bioavailability of the metals. Among the six heavy metals studied, copper was the most bioavailable, based the weak electrolyte extraction techniques. Since metal toxicity is related to metal bioavailability, the results were consistent with the high ecotoxicity of copper, compared to other heavy metals. Overall results suggest that there was no direct relationship between total and bioavailable metal concentration, although zinc, copper and cadmium show some relationships.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.816-822
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• 2015

The objective of this study was to evaluate the anticancer effects of gamma-irradiated apigenin against various human cancer cells. Structural changes were analyzed by high pressure liquid chromatography. Gamma-irradiated apigenin showed a new peak distinguished from the main peak of apigenin (non-irradiated). Cytotoxic effects in human normal cells (HS68) were not observed upon gamma-irradiated and non-irradiated apigenin treatment. However, gamma-irradiated apigenin treatment significantly increased cytotoxicity against non-small lung cancer cells. For apoptosis induction activity tested by Annexin V/PI staining, gamma-irradiated apigenin showed a stronger effect than non-irradiated apigenin, and the level of reactive oxygen species was apparently elevated by gamma-irradiated apigenin treatment. These results suggest that gamma irradiation could be an effective method for development of a new physiological compound from an original compound by inducing structural changes.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.776-784
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• 1997

Background : Various combinations of treatment modalities have been reported in stage III non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). however, the standard treatment modality has not established yet. Recently, the efficacy of concurrent chemotherapy and radiation therapy has been reported in locally advanced lung cancer. We evaluate the response rate, toxicity, and survival of concurrent chemotherapy with etoposide and cisplatin(EP) and radiation therapy for unresectable stage III NSCLC. Method : Between October 1995 and December 1996, 32 patients with histologically proven unresectable stage III NSCLC without malignant pleural effusion were entered into this study. Twenty-nine patients were eligible for the response, survival, and toxicity analysis. Induction was two cycles of chemotherapy with etoposide and cisplatin plus concurrent chest RT to 4500cGy. Resection was attempted if the clinical response offered surgical resectability. Boost radiation therapy upto 5940cGy and one cycle of EP were performed if the disease were stable or responsive but still unresectable. Results : Of 29 eligible patients, 22(75.9%) showed partial response(PR). The progression free interval was 6.3months(range 1.1 to 19.5months). Surgical resection was performed in one patient. The median survival was 12.1months and one-year survival rate was 50.6%. The major toxicity was leukopenia($\geq$ grade 3, 46%). Thrombocytopenia over grade 3 was found in 11%. Radiation pneumonitis occurred in 13 patients(46%). Conclusion : Concurrent chemotherapy(EP) plus radiotherapy was effective and tolerable in the treatment of unresectable stage III NSCLC.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.367-377
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• 1993

Background: The benefits of combination chemotherapy in unresectable non-small cell lung cancer remain uncertain. But, according to the recent reports, the response rates of cisplatin-based polychemotherapy regimens are higher than those of single agent. Also, the response rates of high-dose cisplatin group are higher than those of low-dose cisplatin group. In attemp to answer the question whether treatments, combination chemotherapy (high VPP) and combination chemotherapy with radiation therapy, improve survival in advanced non-small cell lung cancer, we begin to study. Method: Thirty-five patients above stage III, diagnosed histologically as non-small cell lung cancer, were enrolled. Among them, nineteen received a combination chemotherapy consisting of VP-16 & high-dose cisplatin (100 $mg/m^2$) and/or radiation therapy. The other group (16 subjects) received no therapy. To investigate the differences of survival and response rates between two groups and the side effects related to therapy, we reviewed patients' records. Results: 1) The overall objective response rate was 47%(9/19) with one complete remission. 2) In patients who received polychemotherapy and radiation therapy, the response rate was 60%(6/10) with one complete remission and survival rates of 3 months, 6 months and 12 months were 100%, 70% and 40%. 3) In patients who received polychemotherapy, the response rate was 33% (3/9) with no complete remission and survival rates of 3 months, 6 months and 12 months were 78%, 67% and 33%. 4) Overall, treated patients survived significantly longer (p<0.05) than non-treated patients (median survival 307 days versus 95 days). 5) Analysis of the various prognostic factors disclosed that good performance status, stage III and squamous cell type showed the good response rates. 6) The toxicities were nausea and/or vomiting (100%), alopecia (90%), anemia (79%), leukopenia (69%), thrombocytopenia (2%), increased creatinine (16%) and neurotoxicity (5%). Conclusion: According to above results, there are relatively good results that high VPP combination chemotherapy in advanced non-small cell lung cancer improves survival in the treated group than in the non-treated group. Thus, it is considerd that we select the patients with proper indications and treat them with effective chemotherpy and radiation therapy. But, because improvement related to high VPP ploychemotherapy is not marked in this study, it is necessary that we should investigate follow-up studies in many cases.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.60-67
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• 2010

Although several studies have reported that Cr, Cu and As can leach from CCA-treated woods, few studies have been conducted on this topic in Korea. Therefore, this study was conducted to monitor Cr, Cu and As leaching from CCA-treated wood products and to develop a rapid identification method for CCA-treated wood products by using indicators such as PAN stain. Soil samples were collected at depths of 0-70 cm and wood samples were collected by thickness of wood layer. The soil and wood samples were then digested and analyzed for Cr, Cu and As concentrations using an atomic absorption spectrometer. The As and Cu concentrations decreased sharply with depth from 34.38 and 33.65 mg $kg^{-1}$ at 0-1 cm to 1.72 and 7.84 mg $kg^{-1}$ at 70 cm, respectively. In general, As was more mobile than Cr and Cu in the soil. For wood samples, the Cr, Cu and As concentrations were higher in the outer layer (0-0.5cm) than the inner layers (0.6-4.5cm). Evaluation of rapid identification methods revealed that 100% acetone with 0.1% PAN indicator was the best combination for detection of CCA-treated wood in the field.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.447-453
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• 2019

In this study, the contamination of 4 types of heavy metals (lead, cadmium, arsenic, and mercury) was monitored in 80 seaweeds and their processed products, and a food safety assessment was also carried out for these heavy metals. Lead, cadmium and arsenic were analyzed by ICP-OES and mercury was analyzed by mercury analyzer. The detection ranges of heavy metals were found as follows: Pb (N.D-0.802 mg/kg), Cd (N.D-0.759 mg/kg), As (0.134-17.296 mg/kg), and Hg (0.0005-0.0331 mg/kg). Pb and Hg showed no significant differences among seaweeds whereas Cd and As were significantly higher in the species hizikia fusiforme (P<0.05). Food safety assessment from seaweed intake was measured by PTWI (Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake), PTMI (Provisional Tolerable Monthly Intake), and MADL (Maximum Allowable Daily Body Load) as set by JECFA (Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives). Pb and Hg were 0.197%, 0.036% of PTWI respectively, while Cd was 1.877% of PTMI and As was 0.619% of MADL. Therefore, it was found that heavy metal levels of seaweed were low and was considered to be safe for consumption.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.339-348
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• 2007

A laboratory experiment was conducted to study the characteristics of leaching of Cr, Cu, and As from chromated topper arsenate (CCA)-treated wood. The wood species tested was hemlock spruce ($10\;cm\;{\times}\;10\;cm\;{\times}\;10\;cm\;tube$). The leaching experiment was conducted over 60 days using I L of leachants whose pHs were adjusted to 2.0, 3.7, and 1.6, respectively with nitric acid, and also using lake water, according to the OECD guideline. Each leachate was analyzed for Cr and Cu using flame-AAS, and for As using vapor generation-AAS. Three metals were loathed at the highest levels at pH 2.0 but almost at similar levels at the other conditions. Cumulative quantifies over 60 days of a leaching period were in order of As>Cu>Cr. As was predicted to leach with an increase in flux over a 10 year period, while Cr and Cu fluxes were predicted to decrease with time. This result suggest that arsenic can pose a health risk to humans over a long period of time, when CCA-treated wood is used for building facilities (e.g., playgrounds, residential purposes, etc.) with which humans frequently contact.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.21 no.1 s.52
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• pp.1-11
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• 2006

Arsenic is a ubiquitous element found in several forms in environment. Although certain foods, such as marine fish, contain substantial levels of organic arsenic forms, they are relatively low in toxicity compared to inorganic forms. In contrast, arsenic in drinking water is predominantly inorganic and very toxic. Chronic ingestion of arsenic-contaminated drinking water is therefore the major pathway posing potential risk to human health. World populations are exposed to low to moderate levels of arsenic of parts per billion (ppb) to thousands of ppb. When exposed to human, it could metabolize into monomethylarsonous acid ($MMA^{III}$) and dimethylarsinous acid ($DMA^{III}$) which are highly toxic. Lots of stuides have been recently focused how $MMA^{III}\;and\;DMA^{III}$ induce toxic insults in various target tissues. Epidemiological studies revealed that chronic arsenic exposure caused cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes etc. In this review, the current understanding of arsenic on health effects will be discussed.

• Proceedings of the Materials Research Society of Korea Conference
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.48.1-48.1
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• 2009

Ti합금은 생체적합성이 우수하여 생체재료로 널리 사용되어 왔으며, 특히 Nitinol로 알려진 Ti-Ni합금은 형상기억특성 및 초탄성특성을 지녀 치열교정용 와이어나 혈관확장용 스텐트 등으로 사용되어 왔다. 최근 Ni과 같은 세포독성 합금원소의 용출가능성이 문제가 되어 Ni을 함유하지 않는 Ti합금이 주목받고 있다. 본 연구에서는 Ti-Nb-Ge 합금의 집합조직과 초탄성 및 기계적 특성의 관계를 고찰함으로써, 사용목적이나 요구특성에 부합되는 가공열처리방법을 도출하고자 하였다. 비소모전극식 진공아크용해장치를 이용하여 Ti-Nb-Ge 합금 버튼을 만들고, 이를 $1000^{\circ}C$에서 30분간 유지 후 얼음물에 급랭처리하였다. 이후 집합조직 제어를 위해 등속압연 및 이속압연의 두가지 방법으로 냉간압연한 후, $850^{\circ}C$에서 30분~2시간까지 열처리하였다. 광학현미경과 투과전자현미경을 이용하여 미세조직을 관찰하고, X-선 회절분석법을 이용하여 집합조직을 분석하였다. 또한 순환식 인장시험을 통해 시편의 초탄성 특성 및 기계적 성질을 평가하였다. 등속압연재는 {001}<110>에서 {111}<110>에 이르는 $\alpha$-fiber가 발달하는 한편, 이속압연재는 {001} 및 {111}가 발달하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 압연방향으로 <110>이 평행한 집합조직이 발달할수록 초탄성 특성이 높게 나타났다. 이는 응력유기 마르텐사이트 변태 시 $\beta$의 <110>방향이 $\alpha$" <010>방향으로 변할 때 길이가 증가하므로, 시편에 인장방향으로 <110>이 평행한 집합조직이 발달할수록 응력유기 마르텐사이트 변태가 용이해지기 때문인 것으로 사료된다.