• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.143-152
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• 2017

Restriction of completely randomization within a block can be handled by a split plot factorial design splitted by several plots. $3{\times}3$ split plot factorial design with two fixed main factors and one fixed block shows that powers of the rank transformed statistic for testing whole plot factorial effect and split plot factorial effect are superior to those of the parametric statistic when existing effect size is small or the remaining effect size is relatively smaller than the testing factorial effect size. Powers of the rank transformed statistic show relatively high level for exponential and double exponential distributions, whereas powers of the parametric and rank transformed statistic maintain similar level for normal and uniform distributions. Powers of the parametric and rank transformed statistic with two fixed main factors and one random block are respectively lower than those with all fixed factors. Powers of the parametric andrank transformed statistic for testing split plot factorial effect with two fixed main factors and one random block are slightly lower than those for testing whole plot factorial effect, but powers of the rank transformed statistic show comparative advantage over those of the parametric statistic.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea CI
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• v.43 no.5 s.311
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• pp.29-37
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• 2006

Thresholding is a fundamental approach to segmentation that utilizes a significant degree of pixel popularity or intensity. Otsu's thresholding employed the normalized histogram as a discrete probability density function. Also it utilized a criterion that minimizes the between-class variance of pixel intensity to choose a threshold value for segmentation. However, the Otsu's method has a disadvantage of repeatedly searching optimal thresholds for the entire range. In this paper, a simple but fast multi-level thresholding approach is proposed by means of extending the Otsu's method. Rather than invoke the Otsu's method for the entire gray range, we advocate that the gray-level range of an image be first divided into smaller sub-ranges, and that the multi-level thresholds be achieved by iteratively invoking this dividing process. Initially, in the proposed method, the gray range of the object image is divided into 2 classes with a threshold value. Here, the threshold value for segmentation is selected by invoking the Otsu's method for the entire range. Following this, the two classes are divided into 4 classes again by applying the Otsu's method to each of the divided sub-ranges. This process is repeatedly performed until the required number of thresholds is obtained. Our experimental results for three benchmark images and fifty faces show a possibility that the proposed method could be used efficiently for pattern matching and face recognition.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SP
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.124-131
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• 2009

A reliable detection of regions in radiography is one of the most important task before the evaluation of defects on welded joints. The extracted features is to be classified into distinctive clusters for each segmented region. But conventional segmentation techniques give unsatisfactory results for this task due to the spatial superposition of intensity and low signal-to-ratio(SNR) in radiographic images. The usage of global or local processes not only provide the necessary noise resistance but also fail in classification of regions. In this paper, we presents an appropriate approach for segmentation of region-based indications in industrial Computed Radiography(CR) images. The geometric differences between welded and non-welded area which is generated on radiography as the representative regions(background, thickness, middle and welded region in steel tube image) have constructed the hierarchical structure. Although this structure is contaminated by noise, the scheme between regions can be selected by the help of local clustering based on distinctive geometric property of each region. Because of the geometric nature of the considered region and so that the region is selected layer by layer, and that the real class represents the boundary between regions, the vertical and horizontal clustering process in each layer must be judicious. In order to show the effectiveness of this approach, a comparative experiment of various segmentation method is performed on industrial steel tube CR images.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.9-20
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• 2007

This experiment was conducted to investigate effects of application of diluted and undiluted cattle slurry with water on seasonal and annual dry matter yields and feed values of tall fescue in the uncultivated rice paddy and it was compared with chemical fertilizer in order to determine optimal application season and dilution level of cattle slurry. When diluted or undiluted cattle slurry with water was applied to uncultivated rice paddy, annual dry matter yields showed 11.31 to 14.81 ton DM/ha (average 13.13 ton DM/ha) for diluted and 10.57 to 12.51 ton DM/ha (average 11.50 ton DM/ha) for undiluted cattle slurries, these had a higher dry matter yield than those of no fertilizer (9.21 ton DM/ha). Furthermore, separate application of early spring and summer (SA plots), separate application of early and late spring, and summer (SUA plots) fur undiluted cattle slurries, and whole application of spring (DS plots), separate application of early spring and summer (DSA plots), separate application of early and late spring, and summer (DSUA plots) for diluted cattle slurries were significantly (P<0.05) higher for annual dry matter yield than no fertilizer plots. Plots applied chemical fertilizer with nitrogen (N), phorphorus (P) and potassium (K) had 15.38 ton DM/ha annually, resulted in significantly (P<0.05) higher DM yield than chemical fertilizer containing P and K, and no fertilizer plots. Moreover, average annual DM yield for the chemical fertilizer with P and K was lower than that of cattle slurry applications. The efinciency of DM production for mineral nitrogen of chemical fertilizers was annually average 31.3 kg DM/kg N. In terms of cutting time of tall fescue, it was lowered in the order of 2nd growth followed by 1st and 3rd growth. However, efficiencies of annual DM production of nitrogen for diluted and undiluted cattle slurries were 26.1 and 15.3 kg DM/kg N, respectively, especially, highest in 2nd growth. While, efficiencies of DM production for cattle slurry versus for mineral nitrogen were 48.9 (undiluted) and 83.4% (diluted), respectively. For annual crude protein (CP) contents of tall fescue, aqueous cattle slurry applications showed 9,9 to 11.6%, which were significantly (P<0.05) higher than no fertilization (9.5%) and chemical fertilizer (9.0 to 9.8%), but annual average NDF and ADF contents were lowest in no fertilization. On the contrary, relative feed value (RFV) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) of no fertilizer plots were significantly (P<0.05) higher than the other plots. The application of cattle slurry and their dilution significantly increased yields of crude protein and total digestible nutrients compared with no and/or P and K fertilizers (P<0.05). These trends were much conspicuous in water-diluted cattle slurries applied in the early and late spring and summer, separately (DSUA plots).

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.857-871
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• 1994

In this paper, six kinds of spiral antenna, a combination of two types of spiral arm-width and three types of spiral curvature are analyzed by using moment method. Dividing spiral arms into N sections, the current distribution is calculated by Galerkin`s method. The radiation pattern and the antenna gain are derived from antenna currents. All os the six spiral antenna have amni-dirctional and wide-band characteristics, although the antenna gain changes within +_ 5dB bound for operating range(600MHz-2GHz). The variation of antenna`s gain is caused by the return loss in connection the Balun to the antenna. Simulation and experimental results on the radiation pattern also show spiral antennas have omni-directional and wide-band characteristics.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.333-339
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• 2011

The present study was performed to investigate the effects of pre- and post-weaning feeding programs on growth of pigs. A total of 24 litters (avg. 10.6 piglets/litter) born from multiparous (Yorkshire ${\times}$ Landrace) dams ${\times}$ Duroc sires were provided with neither creep feed (CF) nor milk replacer ("CON"), 200 gm CF/litter/d from the 15th day of lactation ("MIN"), or CF and milk replacer ad libitum for 7 h during the daytime from the 7th day ("MAX") through weaning at d 21 of age. Sixty-eight weanling pigs selected randomly from each of CON and MIN were provided with phases 1, 2 and 3 nursery diets for 7, 14, and 13 days, respectively, in two pens; an equal number of piglets from MAX received the same diets for 6, 10, and 18 days, respectively. Subsequently, all pigs were fed grower 1 and 2 diets sequentially up to d 95 and 135, respectively. The entire pre- and post-weaning feeding trial was repeated three times under a split-plot design of experiment. Initial and final weights and ADG of the suckling pigs did not differ between MAX/MIN and CON. However, final wt of MAX adjusted for initial wt, which was 0.17-kg less in MAX than in CON, was greater than that of CON by 0.31kg, whereas the difference between MIN and CON in final wt barely changed after the adjustment. Growth of the animals during the nursery and growing phases was not affected by the feeding program, whereas d 55 and 135 BW, as well as d 6 BW, were highly correlated with weaning weight (r=0.81, 0.57, and 0.76; P<0.001, <0.05, and <0.001, respectively). In conclusion, results suggest that provision of creep feed and milk replacer from early lactation may be effective for increasing weight gain of light piglets, but that limited provision of creep feed during late lactation or extension of the duration of phases 1 and 2 vs. 3 nursery diets for several days is unlikely to influence the growth of pigs during the corresponding and subsequent periods.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.249-256
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• 2011

Finding a new set of features representing textured images is one of the most important studies in textured image analysis. This is because it is impossible to construct a perfect set of features representing every textured image, and it is inevitable to choose some relevant features which are efficient to on-going image processing jobs. This paper intends to find relevant features which are efficient to textured image segmentation. In this regards, this paper presents a different method for the segmentation of textured images based on the Gabor filter. Gabor filter is known to be a very efficient and effective tool which represents human visual system for texture analysis. Filtering a real-valued input image by the Gabor filter results in complex-valued output data defined in the spatial frequency domain. This complex value, as usual, gives the module and the phase. This paper focused its attention on the phase information, rather than the module information. In fact, the module information is considered very useful at region analysis in texture, while the phase information was considered almost of no use. But this paper shows that the phase information can also be fully useful and effective at region analysis in texture, once a good method introduced. We now propose "phase derivated method", which is an efficient and effective way to compute the useful phase information directly from the filtered value. This new method reduces effectively computing burden and widen applicable textured images.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.9-21
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• 2014

In this paper, we propose the auto correction technique of photography composition by which the eye line is concentrated and the stable image of the structure can be obtained in case the general user takes a picture. Because the general user photographs in most case without background knowledge about the composition of the photo, the subject location is not appropriate and the unstable composition is contrasted with the stable composition of pictures which the experts take. Therefore, we provide not the method processing the image after photographing, but he method presenting automatically the stable composition when the general users take a photograph. The proposed method analyze the subject through Saliency Map, Image Segmentation, Edge Detection, etc. and outputs the subject at the location where the stable composition can be comprised along with the guideline of the Rule of Thirds. The experimental result shows that the good composition was presented to the user automatically.

• KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering
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• v.5 no.10
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• pp.483-488
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• 2016

In this paper, we propose a prototype-based classification learning by using the nearest-neighbor rule. The nearest-neighbor is applied to segment the class area of all the training data with hyperspheres, and a hypersphere must cover the data from the same class. The radius of a hypersphere is computed by the mid point of the two distances to the farthest same class point and the nearest other class point. And we transform the prototype selection problem into a set covering problem in order to determine the smallest set of prototypes that cover all the training data. The proposed prototype selection method is designed by a greedy algorithm and applicable to process a large-scale training set in parallel. The prediction rule is the nearest-neighbor rule and the new training data is the set of prototypes. In experiments, the generalization performance of the proposed method is superior to existing methods.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.267-275
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• 2019

Currently, due to the widespread use of a smartphone, QR codes allow users to access a variety of added services. However, the QR codes posted on curved surfaces tend to be non-uniformly illuminated and bring about the decline of recognition rate. So, in this paper, the block-adaptive binarization policy is adopted to find an optimal threshold appropriate for bimodal image like QR codes. For a large block, its histogram distribution is found to get an initial threshold and then the block is partitioned to reflect the local characteristics of small blocks. Also, morphological operation is applied to their neighboring boundary at the discontinuous at the QR code junction. This paper proposes an authentication method based on the color code, uniquely painted within QR code. Through a variety of practical experiments, it is shown that the proposed algorithm outperforms the conventional method in detecting QR code and also maintains good recognition rate up to 40 degrees on curved surfaces.