• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.75-81
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• 2014

In this study, the biological activity of water and ethanol extracts from Saururus chinensis by ultra-fine grinding for functional food source are examined. It is more effective to use ethanol than water when extracting phenolic compounds. Approximately 2.5 times higher extraction yield were shown when it was ultra-fine grinded because the particle size decreases, thereby increasing the extraction yield. Normal grinded sample extracts showed 69.8% of DPPH inhibition effect, while fine grinded and ultra-fine grinded sample extracts showed 70.7% and 83.8% each, respectively. Normal extract, as well as fine grinded and ultra-fine grinded extracts, showed over 97% of ABTS inhibition effect, thereby indicating only a slight difference in the anti-oxidative activity with the grinding method. Higher PF was determined with fine grinded and ultra-fine grinded extracts than the normal grinded extract, while ultra-fine grinded 50% ethanol extracts showed the highest anti-oxidative activity value of 1.8 PF. The fine grinded and ultra-fine grinded particle sizes are smaller than the normal grinded particle size, thus increasing the inhibition rate of the TBARS. Furthermore, the ethanol extract was revealed to have a higher effect than the water extracts. The xanthin oxidase inhibition, on the other hand, was identified as ultra-fine grinded that led to the increase in the enzyme inhibition effect. In the angiotensin-converting enzyme, water extracts with normal grinding did not show inhibition activity, while 50% ethanol extracts showed 24% inhibition activity. Moreover, the ethanol extracts showed higher inhibition effect compared to the water extracts. Ultra-fine grinded 50% ethanol extracts showed a slight antibacterial effect on the Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, while the other extracts showed none. The result suggests that Saururus chinensis extracts by ultra-fine grinding may be more useful than normal grinding as potential sources due to anti-oxidation, angiotensin converting enzyme and xanthine oxidase inhibition.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery Conference
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• 2003.02a
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• pp.99-105
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• 2003

지방을 함유하고 있는 붉은자루 동충하초는 일반적으로 분쇄에 널리 사용되고 있는 핀밀이나 해머밀로 분쇄하기에는 어려움이 있다 핀밀이나 해머밀은 분쇄 로터날과 분쇄망사이의 갭사이에서 로터의 회전에 의하여 발생하는 원심력을 이용 충격과 마찰로 분쇄물을 분쇄망의 홀크기에 의존하여 분쇄를 하게된다. 이때 지방이 많은 분쇄물의 경우 로터와 망의 마찰로 인한 열방생으로 인하여 지방이 녹아 분쇄망의 홀을 매우는 눈막힘 현상이 발생하게 되어 분쇄를 더이상 할 수 없게 된다. (중략)

• Cement
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• s.60
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• pp.47-56
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• 1975

ball mill로 최적의 능률을 달성하고 생산의 최대 Blaine을 얻기 위하여 ball을 최적으로 배열 선택하여야 한다. 이 논문에서는 분쇄기 직경과 분쇄도를 고려하여 피분쇄 물질의 입도에 따르는 최적의 ball size 계산법이 전개되었다. 나아가 분쇄물의 Blaine으로부터 입도 계산에 대한 단순한 관계가 명시되었다. Blaine은 분쇄기의 길이를 직선적으로 증가시키기 때문에 chamber의 길이와 수 그리고 필요한 구의 직경이 graph의 방법으로 쉽게 규정된다. 보다 큰 구의 사용으로 손해는 분쇄기의 원료(피분쇄물)를 사전에 파쇄시킴으로써 제거될 수 있다. 그 발전 경향은 보다 작은 분쇄 매체(grinding media)의 사용에로 진전되었으며 그 이유는 다음과 같다. (1) 증대된 분쇄기 직경 (2) 피분쇄물의 사전 파쇄 (3) 분쇄 법칙에 대한 지식 향상

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.110-117
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• 2014

In this study, the biological activity of water and ethanol extracts from Chrysanthemum incidicum Linne by ultrafine grinding for functional food source are examined. The content of phenolic compounds from Chrysanthemum incidicum Linne were the highest when extracted for 6 hr with 70% ethanol. The extraction yield of water and ethanol extracts were $7.12{\pm}1.61$ mg/g and $7.51{\pm}2.14$ mg/g, respectively. With ultrafine grinding, water and ethanol extracts were $8.63{\pm}1.15$ mg/g and $9.33{\pm}1.35$ mg/g, respectively. In determining anti-oxidative activity of Chrysanthemum incidicum Linne extracts, DPPH of normal grinding extracts was 83.52% and ultrafine grinding was 92.37%. In ABTS radical cation decolorization, normal grinding, fine grinding, and ultrafine grinding extracts were 90% or higher. In antioxidant protection factor (PF), water and ethanol extracts of ultrafine grinding showed relatively high anti-oxidative activities of each 1.82 PF and 2.16 PF, respectively. The TBARS value of ultrafine grinding extracts were lower than normal grinding and fine grinding extracts. The inhibition activity on xanthin oxidase of Chrysanthemum incidicum Linne extracts was 67.53% in ultrafine grinded water extracts and 83.45% in ultrafine grinded ethanol extracts. Inhibition on xanthin oxidase of ethanol extracts showed a higher inhibition effect than water extracts, and ultrafine grinding was higher than normal grinding. In angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition activity, ultrafine grinding water extract was 24% or higher, and ethanol extract was 34% or higher. The elastase inhibition activity of ultrafine grinding extract was 25.56%, which was higher than 20.34% of fine grinding extracts. Water extracts did not show hyaluronidase inhibition activity but ethanol extracts showed 35% of hyaluronidase inhibition activity. The determining expression inhibition of iNOS and COX-2 protein in macrophage by Chrysanthemum incidicum Linne extracts with a Western blot analysis, iNOS and COX-2 protein expression inhibition by Chrysanthemum incidicum Linne ethanol extracts were 40% and 15%, respectively at 100 ${\mu}g/mL$ concentration. The inhibitory patterns of iNOS and COX-2 protein expression was concentration dependent. The result suggests that Chrysanthemum incidicum Linne extracts by ultrafine grinding may be more useful than normal grinding as potential sources due to anti-oxidation, angiotensin converting enzyme and xanthine oxidase inhibition, anti-inflammation effect.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.777-783
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to investigate the degree of tearing of the rubber when the spike of the syringe connector was connected to the bottle of the contrast medium composed of the rubber compound type and to investigate the presence of the synthetic rubber due to tearing and grinding and the size of the pulverized product when the pulverized matters rubber was detected. As a result, in the case of tearing degree, the front side of the first contact with the end of the syringe connector was torn more than the back side by about $3.14{\pm}0.04mm$, and the pulverized matters was detected on average 7 to 15 on the 10 contrast mediums. The average particle size was measured to be about $7.89{\pm}0.31{\mu}m$. In addition, it is necessary to develop a micro_filter type automatic injection system for blocking off the pulverized matters as well as additional experiments through various experiments and analysis methods, and it is considered that interest of related organizations will be needed in preparation of fatal accidents when pulverized matters is introduced.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.52-56
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• 1996

Fix crushing characteristics of construction concrete wastes wcrc rnvcstigatcd in order to scparate the natural aggregatcs. A roll crushcr and a hammcr crusher wcrc used to granulate pre-crushed concrete\ulcorner below 30 rnm The crushers pruducc finer sizes far ccmcnt concrete than for asphalt concrele, and the hammer crushing resulls in separating the aggregales from thc olhers better than thc roll crushing. The narural aggregatcs of orcr 70-90% by volume were obtained from the concretes by using a riffled shaking table.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.99-108
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• 2012

These days, spontaneous ignition phenomena by oxidizing heat frequently occur in the circumstances of processing and storing waste tires. Therefore, to examine the phenomena, in this work, this researcher conducted the tests of fires of fragmented waste tires (shredded tire), closely investigated components of the fire residual materials collected in the processing and storing place, and analyzed the temperature of the starting of the ignition, weight loss, and heat of reaction. For the study, this researcher conducted fire tests with fragmented waste tires in the range of 2.5 mm to 15 mm, whose heat could be easily accumulated, and performed heat analysis through DSC and TGA, DTA, DTG, and GC/MS to give scientific probability to the possibility of spontaneous ignition. According to the tests, at the 48-hour storage, rapid increase in temperature ($178^{\circ}C$), Graphite phenomenon, smoking were observed. And the result from the DTA and DTG analysis showed that at $166.15^{\circ}C$, the minimum weight loss occurred. And, the result from the test on the waste tire analysis material 1 (Unburnt) through DSC and TGA analysis revealed that at $180^{\circ}C$ or so, thermal decomposition started. As a result, the starting temperature of ignition was considered to be $160^{\circ}C$ to $180^{\circ}C$. And, at $305^{\circ}C$, 10 % of the initial weight of the material reduced, and at $416.12^{\circ}C$, 50 % of the intial weight of the material decreased. The result from the test on oxidation and self-reaction through GC/MS and DSC analysis presented that oxidized components like 1,3 cyclopentnadiene were detected a lot. But according to the result from the heat analysis test on standard materials and fragmented waste tires, their heat value was lower than the basis value so that self-reaction was not found. Therefore, to prevent spontaneous ignition by oxidizing heat of waste tires, it is necessary to convert the conventional process into Cryogenic Process that has no or few heat accumulation at the time of fragmentation. And the current storing method in which broken and fragmented materials are stored into large burlap bags (500 kg) should be changed to the method in which they are stored into small burlap bags in order to prevent heat accumulation.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.81-88
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• 1984

현재 축산농가에서 쉽게 구할 수 있는 곡류, 조사료 및 부산물을 활용하여 사료의 자급율을 높이는 것은 농가의 소득증대를 위하여 바람직한 일이다. 이러한 사료의 자급자족 체계를 위하여 소형이며 조작이 간편한 사료분쇄기가 요구된다. 따라서 농가에 많이 보급되어 있는 5~10 마력 (3.7-7.5 kw)의 동력경운기에 의하여 작동될 수 있는 소형 햄머타입의 사료분쇄기 시작기를 설계 제작하였다. 그리고 시작기의 성능을 분석하기 위하여 보리, 옥수수, 볏짚, 건초를 사료로 하여 시료의 공급율과 스크린의 구멍크기를 변화시켜가며 실험을 수행하였다. 이상과 같은 햄머 밀 시작기의 설계 및 성능시험을 통하여 얻어진 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 시작기의 평균분쇄능력은 보리의 경우 평균입자직경이 543 마이크론일 때 $82.7kg/kw{\cdot}h$였으며, 옥수수의 경우에는 평균입자직경이 408 마이크론일 때 $132.7kg/kw{\cdot}h$였다. 2. 최대 공급율로 분쇄할 때 소요동력은 보리의 경우 1.9kw, 옥수수의 경우 5.3kw, 볏짚의 경우 1.5kw, 건초의 경우 1.6kw을 필요로 하였으며, 5-10 마력(3.7-7.5kw)의 동력경운기로 개발된 햄머 밀을 작동함에는 별 문제가 없는 것으로 분석되었다. 3. 시작기로 시료를 분쇄할 때 곡류 분쇄는 물론 조사료 분쇄도 가능한 것으로 분석되었다. 4. 시작기에 의해 시료를 분쇄했을 때 분쇄물의 평균온도 상승폭은 $7.2-10.0^{\circ}C$였다. 이러한 온도는 분쇄물의 영양소 파괴및 저장상의 안정성을 고려할 때 안전한 범위의 온도상승으로 판단되었다. 5. 원료공급율과 스크린 구멍크기가 분쇄량과 분쇄정도에 5% 수준에서 유의성 있는 영향을 미쳤다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery Conference
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• 2002.02a
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• pp.263-268
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• 2002

본 연구는 고추분쇄용 세라믹 롤 분쇄기를 이용하여 고춧가루 생산시, 분쇄효율을 향상시키고자 기존의 롤 분쇄속도 40rpm(0.352m/s)에서 80rpm(0.704%)으로 증가시키고, 기존의 롤 회전비 2:1에서 5:1로 증가시켜 고추분쇄시 전단력 증가로 분쇄능을 향상시켰고, 연구 내용의 주요 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 세라믹치형롤 분쇄속도 40rpm(0.352m/s)에서는 롤 회전비 2:1에서 1,190$\mu\textrm{m}$ 입자가 32.7%, 590$\mu\textrm{m}$ 입자가 19.7%였고, 롤 회전비를 5:1로 증가시 590$\mu\textrm{m}$ 입자가 30.9%, 420$\mu\textrm{m}$ 입자가 17.2%로 중간 미분쇄 영역의 분포가 증가하여 미분쇄 효율이 향상됨을 알 수 있었다. 2. 분쇄물의 롤 통과횟수에 따른 분쇄능은 세라믹치형롤 모두 분쇄속도 80rpm(0.704m/s)에서 분쇄물의 미분쇄능이 향상되었고, 분쇄생성물의 임계처리 횟수가 3~4차임을 분석할 수 있었다. 3. 보통 고춧가루를 생산하는데 분쇄속도 40rpm(0.352m/s), 80rpm(0.704m/s), 두 롤의 회전비 2:1, 3:1, 4:1하에서는 생산되지 않았으나, 롤 회전비 5:1에서는 분쇄속도 40rpm(0.352m/s)일 경우 7차 분쇄후에, 분쇄속도 80rpm(0.704m/s)일 경우 5차분쇄후에 생성되어 분쇄처리횟수가 2회정도 단축되어 전단력 증가로 인하여 분쇄능이 향상된 것으로 분석되었다. 4. 기존의 고춧가루 분쇄조건인 분쇄속도 40rpm(0.352m/s), 롤 회전비 2:1보다 본 연구에서 개발한 분쇄속도 80rpm(0.704m/s), 롤 회전비 5:1인 분쇄조건이, 분쇄처리 횟수 단축 등이 분석됨으로서 섬유질이 많이 포함된 고춧가루 등의 재료가공 분쇄기술이 향상된 것으로 분석되었다.. 마늘재배 일관기계화에 의한 노동투하시간과 비용 -종자준비부터 통마늘선별까지의 일관기계화로 투입된 주요작업의 노력은 75∼76%가 절감되고, 재배규모 3ha기준시 비용은 44-53%절감되었음. the annealing texture. Observations by TEM and EBSD revealed the formation of very fine grains of ∼1.0$\mu\textrm{m}$ after CCSS.he dislocations form local defect arrangements at the grooves permitting the substantial reduction in defect density over the remainder of the interfacial area.한 최대의 감자 재배지역을 형성하였다. 제주도는 산지지형과 따뜻한 기온으로 2기작이 가능하고, 감자가공 공장설립과 교통발달에 따른 육지 시장과의 접근이 용이해졌기 때문에 남한에서 2번째로 큰 감자재배지역이 되었다.(요약 및 결론에서 발췌)그람양성균에서 효과적이었으며, 농도별 항균력시험 결과 농도가 증가할수록 비례하여 저해율도 증가함을 알 수 있었다. 첨가농도를 달리하여 미생물의 생육도를 측정한 결과, fraction II磎꼭\ulcorner경우 그람양성균에 대해 500 ppm 이상에서 뚜렷한 증식억제효과를 나타내었다.서 뚜렷한 증식억제효과를 나타내었다.min/+}$계 수컷 이형접합체 형질전환 마우스에 AIN-76A 정제사료만을 투여한 대조군은 1.40$\pm$0.24(100%)에 비하여 I3C 저농도 투여 실험군(Group 1; 0.85$\pm$0.23; 61%, P<0.01), 그리고 I3C 고농도 투여 실험군(Group 2 ; 1.32$\pm$0.29 ; 94%)의 순으로 감소하였다. 선종의 크기별 종양의 발생개수의

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.790-797
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• 2011

We evaluated the antioxidant compounds and activity of the methanolic extracts of foxtail millet (FM), proso millet (PM), and sorghum (SG) using different pulverizing methods (pin mill and ultra fine). The particle size of the FM, PM, and SG were 102.12, 89.52, and $102.25\;{\mu}m$, respectively, using the pin mill pulverizer. The sizes were 9.43, 9.52, and $10.18\;{\mu}m$, respectively, using the ultra fine pulverizer. There was no difference in moisture, crude fat, ash, or protein content between the two different pulverizing methods. The total ${\gamma}$-oryzanol content of the FM using the pin mill and ultra fine pulverizers was 116.07 and $145.30\;{\mu}g$/g, respectively. The total polyphenol content of the SG using the pin mill and ultra fine pulverizers was 14.58 and 15.03 mg/g extract residue, respectively. There was no difference in total flavonoid or tannin content of the methanol extracts between the two different pulverizing methods. The major phenolic compounds in FM were pyrogallol, gallic acid, (+)-catechin, salicylic acid, ferulic acid, and rutin; in PM, they were pyrogallol, rutin, gallic acid, kaempfrol, and salicylic acid; in SG, they were (+)-catechin, salicylic acid, pyrogallol, myricetin, hesperidin and chlorogenic acid. SG had a higher radical scavenging activity than FM or PM extracts. The DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities of the SG extracts using the ultra fine pulverizer were 178.10 and 251.56 mg TE/g extract residue, respectively. We noted a significant correlation between free radical scavenging activity and polyphenolic compound.