• Proceedings of the KSAR Conference
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• 2003.06a
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• pp.37-37
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• 2003

본 연구실에서는 체세포복제 수정란 이식우의 분만전후 태아와 모체 및 태반과의 내분비적인 관계를 검토하기 위해 복제수정란 이식우의 분만 전후에 있어서, 혈중progesterone 과 TGF-$\beta$$_1$ 수준을 분석한 결과 정상우의 분만직전과 달리 혈중progesterone 및 TGF-$\beta$$_1$ 농도는 감소되지 않고 높은 수준을 그대로 유지되어 복제수정란이식우의 경우 정상적인 분만 signal이 나타나지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 체세포 복제소 수정란 이식우에 있어서 태반조직의 특성을 정상우의 동일한 시기의 태반과 비교 검토하였으며 분만시기에 있어서 태반의 역할을 검토하였다. 태반은 복제란 이식우 및 정상우 임신우를 술을 실시하여 태반을 채취하여 실험에 공시하였다. 정상우의 임신기간중 혈중 progesterone 농도는 임신초기와 중기에 다소 증가되어 유지되다가 임신말기에는 급격한 progesterone의 감소현상과 더불어 분만이 유기되는 것으로 나타났으나 복제우의 경우 분만예정일 직전까지 progesterone의 급격한 감소는 일어나지 않고 높은 농도로 유지되는 현상을 보였다. 이때 제왕절제 수술중 제대근방에 있는 태반궁부를 적출하여 중량을 측정한 결과 정상우의 궁부에 비해 유의적으로 무거웠으며, 이것은 태아의 중량과 정의 상관관계가 있음이 확인되었으며 태아 및 궁부의 중량이 무거울수록 분만 전후의 태아사망율이 높은 것으로 나타났다 이때의 궁부를 조직학적으로 검토한 결과, 복제우의 태반궁부는 정상우의 궁부에 비해 cytotrophoblast 및 syncytiotrophoblast가 적었으며 치밀하지 못한 형태를 확인할 수 있었다. 이때의 태반조직를 이용하여 세포질을 추출하여 단백질양상을 검토한 결과, 정상태반에 비해 복제태반은분자량 90kd, 65kd 및 18kd의 특이단백질이 존재하고 있음을 확인할 수 있었으며 이들 단백질을 HPLC system에 의해 분리한 결과 fraction 2와 3에서 특이한 단백질을 분리하였다. 이와 같이, 복제우의 태반에는 정상적인 임신과 분만을 비롯하여 복제송아지의 생존에 중요한 인자가 관여하고 있을 확인할 수 있었다.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.168-173
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• 2015

This study estimated the degree of uterine inflammation and resumption of ovarian cyclicity in postpartum dairy cows. In addition, the prevalence of health problems during calving and the postpartum period was investigated. A total of 224 Holstein dairy cows from four dairy farms in Chungcheong Province were used for the study. Uterine discharge was scored on a 0 to 5 rank scale (metricheck score) using a metricheck instrument from 1 to 8 weeks postpartum and uterine cytology (neutrophil level) was examined at 4, 6 and 8 weeks postpartum to evaluate uterine inflammation. Resumption of ovarian cyclicity was evaluated based on progesterone analysis (${\geq}1ng/mL$) at 4, 6 and 8 weeks postpartum. Postpartum disorders were diagnosed by veterinarians in the research team. The metricheck score decreased linearly (p < 0.0001) from weeks 1 ($3.4{\pm}0.1$) to 4 ($2.0{\pm}0.1$) postpartum, and then remained at that level through week 8 postpartum ($1.6{\pm}0.1$, p > 0.05). The neutrophil levels determined by uterine cytology assays also decreased (p < 0.0001) from week 4 ($22.3{\pm}1.8%$) to 6 ($12.1{\pm}1.4%$) postpartum, and then remained at that level through week 8 postpartum ($9.2{\pm}1.4%$, p > 0.05). The proportion of cows exhibiting the ovarian cyclicity increased linearly (p < 0.0001) from weeks 2 (12.1%) to 8 (74.3%) postpartum. The prevalence of dystocia and retained placenta were 20.5% and 30.4%, respectively. The prevalence of ketosis, milk fever, abomasal displacement, septicemic metritis, endometritis, subclinical endometritis, pyometra, and ovarian cysts were 18.8%, 3.6%, 4.0%, 36.2%, 29.5%, 17.0%, 4.5%, and 14.7%, respectively. The prevalence of digestive problems and mastitis were 5.4% and 9.6%, respectively. The prevalence of culling and death were 4.0% and 3.6%, respectively. The prevalence of dystocia, retained placenta, septicemic metritis, endometritis, ovarian cysts, digestive problems, mastitis, and culling differed among farms (p < 0.05 to 0.01). In conclusion, proper examinations for uterine inflammation and ovarian cyclicity during 4 to 8 weeks postpartum are useful clinical tools to maintain herd reproductive health. Dystocia, retained placenta, septicemic metritis, and endometritis were predominant disorders in dairy cows of the survey area.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.177-184
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• 2005

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) injection on conception and parturition rates in normal or repeat breeding Hanwoo. We treated 462 cows containing 79 repeat-breeding cows of multiparous and allocating 5 treatment groups. Treatment 1 (T1) was injection of 2ml saline (for pseudo treatment), T2 was one injection of rbST 250mg into the tailhead region at the estrus, T3 was twice injection of rbST 250mg both at the time of insemination and again 10 to 14 day later, T4 was once injection of rbST 500mg at insemination and T5 was twice injection of 500mg rbST both at the time of insemination and again 10 to 14day later respectively. In rbST treated groups, timed artificial inseminations (TAI) were performed fellowing estrus synchronization. 100 us GnRH was injected into the scapula region on Day 0, 25mg $PGF_2{\alpha}$ was injected on Day 7 for degeneration of corpus luteum (CL) and 100ug GnRH was injected for inducing the synchronization. The results are as fellows; When normal Hanwoo were inseminated once with rbST administration, the pregnancy rate of T2 $(67.5\pm18.48\%)$ were higher than control $(52.4\pm9.72\%)$, while the pregnancy rate of T4 $(63.3\pm5.77\%)$ were significantly higher (p.<0.05) than control $(39.3\pm12.89\%)$ in repeat breeder Hanwoo. The parturition rates of normal Hanwoo were no differences among the treatments but were significant different in repeat breeder Hanwoo (p<0.05). When the estrous was induced by Ovsynch and inseminated once with rbST administration, the pregnancy rates of T2 was $12.5\%$ higher than control in normal Hanwoo, T4 $(80.0\%)$ was highest among the treatments (p<0.05) in repeat breeder Hanwoo. When normal Hanwoo were inseminated once with rbST administration, the pregnant period was $282.7\~284.8$ days and the body weight was $25.1\~25.9kg$, there were no difference among the treatments. The ratio of sex was almost same without T4 (male vs. female=18:9). In repeat breeder Hanwoo, pregnant period was 280.4~289.3 day and body weight was $23.0\~26.6kg$, it had no difference among the treatments. The sex ratio were similar to normal Hanwoo except T4 (M : F=2 : 8). In conclusion, the pregnancy and parturition rate by once insemination could be improved by the administration of rbST 250mg in normal Hanwoo or 500mg in repeat breeder Hawoo.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.319-326
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• 2013

In the present study, we investigated the effects of high forage diets on the volume of udder, hormone level in blood, and lactation characteristics in the Holstein dairy cow. We divided into two groups; high forage diet [HF, concentrate: forage=4:6 n=41] and low forage diet [LF, 6:4 n=21]. Five cows were selected from each group based on their age for measuring the udder volume and the serum levels of estradiol and progesterone. Lactation characteristics were compared between HF and LF. The udder volume was 2.5 fold larger in HF at early gestation (p<0.01), but no difference was noted afterward. For the hormone levels, no significant difference was found between the groups. In HF, milk yield was significantly increased and maintained high longer, while somatic cell count was approximately 50% lower. Meanwhile, the milk fat content was significantly lower in HF during early lactating phase (p<0.001), but there was no difference thereafter. For milk protein and solid content, and MUN, no differences were found between the groups during lactation. Our results indicated that feeding high forage diets to dairy cows can increase milk yield and quality without notable changes in the udder volume and hormone level.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.43-49
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• 2008

This study was carried out to examine the efficiency of biopsy methods, and the pregnancy rate, calving and abortion rates, gestation length and birth weight of Hanwoo calves following transfer of fresh, frozen and sexed Hanwoo embryos produced in vitro. The survivability of biopsied embryos was 80.0 and 90.0% using aspiration and punching methods at 24 h after culturing, respectively. The ratios of male and female embryos were 42.1 and 52.6%, respectively, and the percentage of sex unidentified was 5.3%. Pregnancy rates was not significantly different between hCG and control group (46.4 vs. 38.5%), fresh and frozen embryos (41.3 vs. 35.0%), and sexed and IVP embryos (27.5 vs. 41.2%) (p>0.05). Calving and abortion rates of IVP and sexed embryos were not significantly different in calving (85.0 vs. 87.0%) and in abortion (15.2 vs. 13.3%) (p<0.05). Gestation length of IVP and sexed calves were 281.3 and 288.2 days in female and 283.0 and 282.3 days in male, and the birth weight of IVP and sexed calves were 23.6 and 25.0 kg in female and 24.6 and 23.8 kg in male, respectively. There were no difference in gestation length and birth weight between IVP embryos and sexed embryos (p>0.05). Administration of hCG to recipients did not improve the pregnancy rate following transfer of Hanwoo embryos produced in vitro and sexed embryos. Although the production of calves derived from sexed Hanweoo embryos cultured in vitro can be obtained, the efficiency of sexed calves production need to be improved in biopsy methods and pregnancy rate. Further study should be focused on the improvement of pregnancy rates for commercial application of embryo transfer.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.61-65
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• 2007

This study was conducted to evaluate the response of CIDR-S on estrus synchronization of dairy goats and the effect of artificial insemination on conception rate. Estrus synchronization of sexually matured Saanen goats was induced with insertion of CIDR-S into vagina for 15 days and injection of 500 IU PMSG before removal of CIDR-S. Artificial insemination was conducted using liquid or frozen semen by intra-cervical insemination with synchronized does. Estrus synchronization was 90% using CIDR-S insertion for 15 days. Conception rate of inseminated does was 20% - 25%, while that of natural mated does was 100%. These results suggested that synchronization of dairy goats can be successfully induced and artificial insemination method has to be improved for the practical use in dairy goats.

• Proceedings of the KSAR Conference
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• 2001.10a
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• pp.66-67
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• 2001

사슴의 예정시각 인공수정기술을 개발하기 위해 엘크 93 두에 대해 CIDR(InterAG, New Zealand)의 질내 14 일간 삽입방법으로 발정동기화처리하고 배란을 유기하기 위하여 제거시 PMSG(Folligon, Intevet, Holland) 200 IU(T₁) 또는 250 IU(T₂) 를 근육주사 한 후 60시 간에 Conceral/sup R/ 2㎖를 주사하고 인공수정 하거나, CIDR제거 후 24시간 때에 hCG(Folligon, Intevet, Holland) 500IU를 근육주사하고 12시간 후 (CIDR제거 후 36h) Receptal/sup R/ 2㎖를 주사하고 CIDR 제거 후 60 시간 때에 인공수정 (T₃) 하였으며, 수정 후 40일경에 초음파진단 (Sonovet-600, 6.5㎒ probe)으로 수태율을 조사하였다. (중략)

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.197-205
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• 2007

Objective: This study evaluated the pregnancy and implantation rates in fresh IVF-ET cycles or frozen-thawed ET (F-ET) cycles based on serum estradiol concentrations of controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH). Methods: Clinical outcomes of 1,565 cycles of fresh IVF-ET with COH and 670 cycles of F-ET were retrospectively analyzed. Serum estradiol levels on the day of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) administration were categorized into Group-A (1,000$\sim$2,000 pg/ml), Group-B (2,000$\sim$3,000 pg/ml), Group-C (3,000$\sim$4,000 pg/ml) and Group-D (> 4,000 pg/ml). Clinical pregnancy (CPR), implantation (IR) and delivery rates (DR) were compared among four groups subdivided into younger (< 35 years) and older ($\geq$ 35 years) women. Statistical analysis was performed by Student's t-test and chi-square test. Results: Overall clinical outcomes with fresh IVF-ET and F-ET cycles were similar: 41.2% vs 44.8% of CPR, 18.8% vs 19.6% of JR, and 33.2% vs 34.5% of DR, respectively. There were no significant differences in the clinical outcomes of all four groups between fresh IVF-ET and F-ET cycles of younger women according to the estradiol levels. However, the clinical outcomes of F-ET cycles of older women in Group-D were significantly higher than those of fresh IVF-ET cycles (51.3% vs 25.0% of CPR*, 18.6% vs 9.9% of IR and 33.3% vs 19.4% of DR;* p<0.05). Conclusion: Our results demonstrated that supraphysiological levels of estradiol during COH in fresh IVF-ET cycles of older women ($\geq$ 35 years) may be detrimental to implantation environments of endometrium and clinical outcomes, which could be improved by F-ET cycles.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.23-28
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• 2015

This study was carried out to investigate the reproductive and growing performances in sow farms located in Chungnam. Data collected from a total of 15 sow farms divided into 3 farm groups for 1 year were analyzed. The results obtained were as follows; The average of sow at small and large farms were 114.25 and 487.88 heads, respectively. And then, the difference among 3 groups in sow farm was not found significantly in farrowing rate. The significant difference among 3 farm groups was significantly found(p<0.05) in total litter size. The litter size born alive at sucking in small sow farm and middle farms were 9.93, and 10.48 pigs. The difference between small and large farms in number of pigs at weaning were significantly shown 8.89, and 9.35 pigs(p<0.05), respectively. The difference among 3 sow farms for ages at weaning showed significantly (p<0.05). The cycles of farrowing rate per year in small, large and middle farms were 2.17, 2.23 and 2.32, respectively. The significant difference among 3 sow groups was found in farrowing rate(p<0.05). The growing rate up to weaning for middle farms was significantly the higher level(94.70%) than that for other farms(p<0.05). The differences among 3 farm groups for marketing weight were not significantly shown.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.285-291
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• 2007

Objective: To evaluate the outcomes of in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET) in women over 40 years of age. Methods: A total of 170 patients (271 cycles) over 40 years of age who underwent IVF-ET at Seoul Women's Hospital (Incheon, Korea) were analyzed in this study retrospectively. The patients were grouped into the women <44 years old group and the women $\geq$44 years old group. Statistical analysis was performed using Student's t-test and Fisher's exact test as appropriate. Results: An overall clinical pregnancy rate per retrieval was 11% (30/271). Of these, clinical miscarriage rate were 33% (10/30) and the overall delivery rate was 7.4% (20/271) per retrieval, respectively. The women $\geq$44 years old group had significantly higher cancellation rate (13% vs. 25%), lower number of retrieved oocytes (6.17$\times$4.62 vs. 4.13$\times$4.07), decreased number of 2PN (4.83$\times$3.61 vs. 3.46$\times$3.12), and reduced embryos for transfer (3.52$\times$1.72 vs. 2.81$\times$1.83) than the women <44 years old group. We found significantly lower clinical pregnancy rate (13.0% vs. 2.1%) and live birth rate (9.0% vs. 0.0%) in the women $\geq$44 years old group than the women <44 years old group. Conclusion: The present study has shown that IVF outcome is seriously impaired in the women $\geq$44 years old.