• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.109-116
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• 2000

This study was carried out to screen herbs among herbal plants showing antimicrobial activity against some food spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms. One hundred fifteen kinds of herbal plants were extracted by 70% ethanol, and then they have been screened for antimicroorganisms. Six herbal plants such as Salviae radix, Dryopteris rhizoma, Terminaliae fructus, Araliae radix, Psoraleae fructus and Schisandrae fructus showed strong antimicrobial activities against Bacillus subtilis. Antimicrobial activities were showed in Anemarrhena radix and Dryopteris rhizoma on Candida albicans, and in Anemarrhenae radix, Dryopteris rhizoma and Polygalae radix on Schizosaccharomyces sp. It was revealed that eight herbal plants such as Dryopteris rhizoma, Salviae radix, Sappan ligunum, Sinomeniae radix, Schisandrae fructus, Rhui fructus, Sophorae radix and Inulae radix also showed antimicrobial activities on Streptococcus mutans. In addition, Anemarrhena radix, Curcuma tuber, Inulae radix, Polygonum radix, Sanguisorbae radix, Scutellariae radix and Terminaliae fructus and showed antimicrobial activities on Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Four kinds of herbal plants such as Dropteris rhizoma, Salviae radix, Terminaliae fructus and Scutellariae radix which showed broad antimicrobial spectrums were mixed by 1 : 1 ratio with the other herbal paints showing relatively strong microbial activities such as Terminaliae fructus, Sinomeniae radix and Scutellariae radix etc. The extracts of mixed herbal paints showed higher antimicrobial activities than those of single herbal plant.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.181-185
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• 1982

Immature apple fruits of cultivars Fuji and Miller were completely resistant to Macrophoma sp. until 10 July. When inoculated on 31 July, apples became susceptible to this fungus, irrespective of cultivar. This fungus grew better on Fuji than Miller. Lesion enlargement on apple at $25^{\circ}C$ was remarkably pronounced relative to $20^{\circ}C$. In both cultivars, the amount of total soluble carbohydrates or reducing sugars in apple fruit flesh was gradually increased as apples became mature. The healthy apples of cultivar Fuji had a higher amount of carbohydrates than those of Miller. The infected apples contained more soluble carbohydrates in comparison to the healthy ones. In healthy apples, there were no consistent differences between Fuji and Miller in amount of total soluble amino acids. With increasing age of apples, the amount of soluble amino acids declined in the fruit flesh of both cultivars. Levels of carbohydrates and amino acids in apple fruits were discussed in association with the immature fruit resistance to Macrophoma sp.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.276-284
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• 2008

A lactic acid bacterium having antifungal activity was isolated from kimchi. It was identified as Lactobacillus plantarum based on its morphological and biochemical properties, and 16S rRNA sequence, and designated as Lb. plantarum AF1. This isolate inhibited the growth of Aspergillus flavus ATCC 22546, A. fumigatus ATCC 96918, A. petrakii PF-1, A. ochraceus PF-2, A. nidulans PF-3, Epicoccum nigrum KF-1, and Cladosporium gossypiicola KF-2 under a dual culture overlay assay. Also, the antimicrobial activity was found to be active against various species of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The antifungal activity was found to be stable after heat ($121^{\circ}C$, 15 min) and proteolytic enzyme treatment, but it was unstable over pH 5.0. The antifungal compound(s) was estimated to have a low molecular mass (below 3,000 Da).

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.740-747
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• 2014

Antifungal properties of clove(Eugenia caryophyllata) against food spoilage microorganism, Penicillium rugullosum IFO 4683 was investigated. Antifungal activity of the essential oil was as equivalent as potassium metabisulfite and myconazole. The clove extracts was fractionated to hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol and water fraction. Hexane fraction showed the highest inhibitory effect on the Penicillium rugullosum IFO 4683. Hexane fraction was further fractionated by silica gel column chromatography and thin layer chromatography(TLC). The antifungal compound was isolated from their fractions and their chemical structures were identified as eugenol, eugenol acetate and chavicol by EI-MS, $^1H$-NMR and $^{13}C$-NMR.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.277-281
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• 2000

Agar, one of the most abundant marine products has not been utilized extensively because of low level of processing technology in Korea. This research was carried out to improve the utilization of agar and consequent increase in profit. Antibacterial activity of agarooligosaccharides were evaluated against bacteria causing putrefaction and flood poisoning. Addition of 0.4% agarooligosaccharides showed antibacterial activity toward Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli O157:H7; furthermore, autoclave treatment of agarooligosaccharides solution enhanced the antibacterial activity. Agarooligosaccharides showed high stability against the pH change. Addition of amino acid(alanine, lysine, glycine, phenylalanine) in agarooligosaccharides solution enhanced antibacterial activity in E. coli O157:H7, Streptococcus mutans and Staphylococcus aureus.

• Korean Journal Plant Pathology
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• v.1 no.3
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• pp.173-177
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• 1985

The objective of the study is to determine differences between cucurbits in the pathogenicity of Didymella bryoniae isolated from the naturally infected seeds of cucumber and pumpkin. Primary seedling infection of cucumber(Cucumis sativus L.), oriental melon(Cucumis melo var. makuwa Makino), pumpkin(Cucurbita pepo L.) and watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris Shrad.) occurred on the radicle, hypocotyl and cotyledons and symptoms on each crop were very similar. Infection of the radicle generally caused pre-emergence rot, while infection on the hypocotyl and cotyledons provided further inoculum for infection of the first true leaves and the stem. In cross inoculation tests, all isolates of D. bryoniae could infect cucumber, oriental melon, pumpkin and watermelon at different growth stages and there were not much differences in pathogenicity or susceptibility between isolates of the pathogen and crops tested. The susceptibility of cucumber and pumpkin was markedly influenced by prevailing humid conditions.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.1208-1212
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• 1997

Isolation and identification of predominant microorganisms in fermented squid with low salt were carried out during fermentation at $10^{\circ}C$. Dominant strains were lactic acid bacteria(80%) including Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus brevis, Leuconostoc sp., Pediococcus sp. and Streptococcus sp. Leuconostoc, Pediococcus and Streptococcus were shown in the early stage of fermentation and gradually increased until optimum stage of squid fermentation, and then decreased rapidly. Lactobacillus grew lastingly during fermentation. Yeasts were detected in the middle stage of fermentation and shown rapid increase after the last stage of fermentation, suggesting that yeasts participate in putrefaction of fermented squid with low salt.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.957-963
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• 1998

Several medicinal herbs, which are nontoxic and have been used widely in traditional folk medicine, were extracted and antimicrobial activity of the extracts was investigated against various foodborne pathogens or food poisioning microorganisms. The ethanol extract of Sansa, Hwangryun, Cheukbaek, and Seokchangpo showed strong antimicrobial activities against Gram postive and Gram negative bacteria, whereas those of Sakunja, Sukjihwang and Baekji had little antimicrobial activities on microorganisms tested. Among medicinal herb extracts, ethanol extract of Coptis chinensis Franch (hwangryun) showed the strongest antimicrobial activity. Antimicrobial activity of ethanol extract of Coptis chinensis Franch was not destroyed by heating at $100^{\circ}C$ for 60 min and at $121^{\circ}C$ for 30 min, which is very stable over heat. The pH effect on minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the extract of Coptis chinensis Franch indicated that MIC was reduced with increasing the pH value of the medium. The inhibitory effect of partially purified substance from the ethanol extract of Coptis chinensis Franch on the growth of Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus was investigated. Growth of those strains occurred at the concentration of $100{\;}{\mu}g/mL$ and were inhibited at $500{\;}{\mu}g/mL$, whereas those strains was completely inactivated in the presence of $1000{\;}{\mu}g/mL$.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.871-874
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• 2001

Antimicrobal effects of Akebia quinata DECAISNE were studied. Their Stems and Fruits were extracted with ethanol and water. The ethanol extracts, boiling ethanol extracts, boiling water extracts were not showed the inhibitory effects. But water extracts of stems and fruits were showed inhibitory effects on the 2species.(Bacillus subtills KCTC 1021, Bacillus cereus KCTC 1012)

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.254-260
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• 1996

To investigate the effects of lactic acid bacteria administration on fecal microflora and putrefactive metabolites in human being, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium longum powder (1.5 $\times$ 10$^{9}$ cells, respectively) was administrated to six healthy volunteers (average 28 years old) twice a day for 2 weeks. During the administration of lactic acid bacteria, the numbers of bifidobacteria, lactobacilli, and enterococci in feces were increased significantly, whereas those of Staphylococcus and lecithinase-negative Clostridium were decreased considerably. In addition, a number of anaerobic Bacteroides were increased. However, the contents of fecal ammonia and putrefactive metabolites (indole, skatole, p-cresole) were not changed during the administration.