• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.28 no.12
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• pp.1280-1286
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• 2006

Three different virgin activated carbons made of each coal(Calgon), coconut(Samchully) and wood(Picabiol) based activated carbon(AC) were tested for an adsorption performance of 1,4-dioxane in a continuous adsorption column. Breakthrough behavior was Investigated that the breakthrough points of coal, coconut and wood based AC were observed as 3600 bed volumn(BV), 1440 BV and 144 BV respectively. Adsorption capacity(X/M) of coal, coconut and wood based AC was observed. The reported results of adsorption capacity showed that coal based AC was highest(578.9 ${\mu}g/g$), coconut based AC was intermediate(142.3 ${\mu}g/g$) and wood based AC was lowest(7.4 ${\mu}g/g$) due to increasing specific surface area. Moreover, carbon usage rates(CURs) for coal, coconut and wood based AC had been shown as 0.48 g/day, 1.41 g/day and 6.9 g/day respectively. The constant characteristic of the system, k of coal based AC was found to be 91.5 and k of coconut based AC was found to be 17.9. Removal efficiencies of 1,4-dioxane with different ozonation dosages(2 and 5 mg/L) for 20 min ozonation had been shown 38% and 87% respectively. There was no observation for biological removal of 1.4-dioxane by attached micro-organisms when used(3.1 years and over 5 years) biological activated carbon(BAC) without pretreatment of oxidation were employed. When a combination of ozonation(2 mg/L and 5 mg/L) and BAC process for $10{\sim}30$ min was applied, removal efficiency for 1,4-dioxine increased only $2{\sim}6%$ compared to only applying ozonation. Therefore removal efficiency of BAC process prior to using oxidation was proven to negligible. Consequently, the results presented in this paper provide a better insight into the adsorption performance of 1,4-dioxane. This observation suggests that using virgin activated carbon made of coal is the best selection for removal of 1,4-dioxane in the water treatment for an advanced treatment. It is clear from this research that longer EBCT for ozonation or higher ozone concentration are more effective operation methods for removal of 1,4-dioxane than longer EBCT in the BAC process.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.415-422
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• 2010

Red ginseng(RG, steamed and dried root of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer, family Araliaceae) and fermented red ginseng(FRG, fermented red ginseng by yeast and lactic acid bacteria) are known to show different pharmacological effects by changed composition of saponins through fermentation. We examined the effects of RG and FRG on $\beta$-hexosaminidase secretion, ICAM-1 expression, the mitogen-induced proliferation of lymphocyte from mice in ex vivo systems and HaCaT cell(keratinocyte) proliferation to compare the anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory effects between both groups. RG groups showed inhibition of $\beta$-hexosaminidase secretion and ICAM-1 expression at $1{\mu}g/ml$, $10{\mu}g/ml$ and the same effects were observed at all concentrations in FRG groups. In our study, RG increased LPS-induced B cell proliferation at $1{\mu}g/ml$ and ConA-induced B cell proliferation at $100\;{\mu}g/ml$ but FRG decreased LPS- and ConA-induced lymphocytes at $100\;{\mu}g/ml$. We showed that FRG increased the proliferation of HaCaT at 1, $10{\mu}g/ml$ but not by RG. These findings suggest that RG and FRG might have anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic effects, which can be needed to proper clinical concentration to applied to various allergic diseases and inflammation.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.85-95
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• 1996

To examine the contamination in Ulsan coastal area, some heavy metal concentrations in sea water and Mytilus coruscus have been measured. Sea water samples were collected on April 6 in 1995 and Mytilus coruscus samples were collected on April 2 in 1995. Total number of sea water samples was 26 and that of Mytilus coruscus was 54. The sites where the samples collected were same in sea water and Mytilus coruscus. The method of analysis was atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results indicated that the heavy metal concentrations of sea water were varied according to the sampling stations. The concentrations of cadmium, manganese, zinc in sea water collected in the coastal area near Mipo complex were higher than those of other coastal areas, and the concentrations of lead in sea water collected in the coastal area near petrochemical complex were higher than those of others. In general the concentrations of lead, zinc, copper in sea water were proportionate to those in Mytilus coruscus. The mean concentration rates of lead, cadmium, manganese in Mytilus coruscus inhabiting in Ulsan coastal area were similar, 1070, 1370 and 1300, respectively. The concentration rate of mercury was 80, the lowest value of other heavy metals, and that of copper was 6940, the highest value. Consequently it seems to be more desirable to use Mytilus coruscus as a sample to examine the contamination of coastal area than sea water.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.31-66
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• 1991

This paper deals with the reproductive ecology e.g., number of the pre-spawning moults, morphological characteristics of the pre-spawning moult the common moult, daily ration druing a molting cycle mating behavior, structures of spermatozoa and spermatophore, structure of vas deferens, mechanisms of the oviposition and brooding into the egg-chambers, a suitable time for the artificial mating and fertilization, time sequence of the oviposition and brooding into egg-chambers from the copulation, responses to temperature and chlorinity on the egg development and hatching, effect of temperatures on duration of egg development, physical mechanism of the egg hatching, to make an attempt for the artificial spawning and brooding to establish a suitable system of the artificial seedling-production for the aquaculture. 1. Females molted commonly $8{\~}10$ times at an interval of $17{\~}18$ days at $28^{\circ}C,\;3.26\~4.35\%_{\circ}$ while the prespawning moltings were $4{\~}5$ times at an interval of $13{\~}14$ days. The suitable state for artificial copulation was within 14 hours elapsed from the prespawning moltings (most suitable state was within 8 hours). Males discharged a gelatinous spermatophore and placed it on the females sternum during copulation. Oviposition was seen $6{\~}17$ hours after copulation. External fertilization was considered to take place at oviposition. Fertilized eggs held in egg-chambers forming between pleopods were about $5000{\~}6000$ in females those sizes about 6.5 cm in body length. 2. Eggs immediately after oviposition were elliptic shape, measuring $0.58{\times}0.48$ mm up to hatching. Their sizes increased with egg development and finally reached $0.85{\times}0.54$ mm up to hatching. The relationship between the long axis of the egg(Y in U) and days elapsed(X) was expressed as Y= 5.60194 + 0.007358X. The eggs performed superficial cleavage and their cleavage furrows became visible at the 4-daughter-nucleus stage. The eggs showed normal development up to hatching at water temperature range of $22{\~}30^{\circ}C$ (optimum temperature : $26{\~}28^{\circ}C$) and at chlorinity range of $0.00\~6.64\%_{\circ}$ (optimun chlorinity : $2.21{\%}_{\circ}$). The relationship between incubation period (Y in days) and water temperature(X in $^{\circ}C$) could be expressed as Y= 50.803-1.3555X. The eggs hatched $12{\~}13$ days after oviposition at $28.0{\~}28.6^{\circ}C$ 3. The pre-spawning moltings were appreciably different in the morphologic structure from those of common moltings. Breeding setae and dresses were formed on the thoracic regions, abdominal epimerae and the bases of the first to fourth pleopods in order to prepare and support oviposition, transfering and supporting eggs in egg-chambers up to hatching. These supplementary breeding organs were observed only at reproductive seasons.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.875-880
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• 2012

This study was conducted to investigate the level of contamination of pathogenic Escherichia (E.) coli in 50 types of red pepper powders collected domestically. Pathogenic E. coli was confirmed using real-time PCR to confirm the 4 types of EAEC, EPEC, EHEC and ETEC. One sample out of 50 was contaminated with pathogenic E. coli. The type of pathogenic E. coli detected in the sample was EAEC. This study was also conducted to determine the effect of alcohol treatment on the reduction of E. coli populations in red pepper powder. The amount of E. coli in the control was $1.2{\times}10^6$ cfu/mL. The amount of E. coli in 10 minutes immersion treatment with 10% alcohol was $1.1{\times}10^6$ cfu/mL. In samples treated with over 20% alcohol, E. coli was not detected. This showed that 10 minutes of immersion in over 20% alcohol might be effective to reduce E. coli. This study was also conducted to determine the effect of UV irradiation on E. coli reduction. The number of E. coli in the control group was $5.0{\times}10^5$ cfu/mL. However, the number of E. coli in 45 min of the UV irradiated sample decreased to $1.0{\times}10^3$ cfu/mL, by $10^2$ cfu/mL. In contrast, E. coli was not detected in an over 60 min UV irradiated sample in $10^{-2}dilution$. This study showed that over 20% alcohol treatment and UV irradiation for 60 min was effective to control E. coli in red pepper powder.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.133-142
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• 2003

For the effective seedling production of flat oyster, Ostrea denselamellosa, dietary value of live food, densities, water temperature and salinity on growth and survival rate of the larvae were examined. In rearing larvae by feeding them phytoplankton diets, the optimal survival rate and growth rate of larvae were found using a mixed phytoplankton diet which was mixed with Isochrysis galbana, Chaetoceros calcitrans and Chlorella sp. The highest growth and survival rates of the larvae were 208.4% and 38.8% with the phytoplankton diet. In growth and survival rates of larvae with various rearing densities, the highest survival and growth rates were 228.1% and 29.0% at the density of 2 individuals/ml. In observing rearing experiments of the flat oyster larvae under various temperature conditions, average growth rates of the larvae in respect to shell length were 202.2%, 240.4%, 250.6% and 121.3% in natural water temperatures (18-22$^{\circ}C$), 24$^{\circ}C$, 28$^{\circ}C$ and 32 $^{\circ}C$, respectively. And average survival rates of the larvae were 16.0%, 32.0%, 13.0% and 0% in natural water temperatures (18-22$^{\circ}C$), 24$^{\circ}C$, 28$^{\circ}C$ and 32$^{\circ}C$, respectively. In rearing at various salinities, the highest growth rates of the larvae in shell length was 240.0% at 30.0 psu and the highest survival rate was 31.0% at 25 psu.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.55-66
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• 2002

Embryonic stem cells(ES cells) are derived from the inner cell mass(ICM) of blastocysts, which have the potentials to remain undifferentiated, to proliferate indefinitely in vitro, to differentiate into the derivates of three embryonic germ layers. ES cells are an attractive model system for studying the initial developmental decisions and their molecular mechanisms during embryogenesis. Additionally, ES cells of significant interest to those characterizing the various gene functions utilizing transgenic and gene targeting techniques. We investigated the effects of reproductive hormones, gonadotropins(GTH) and steroids on the induction of differentiation and expressions of their receptor genes using the newly established mouse ES cells. We collected the matured blastocysts of inbred mice C57BL/6J after superovulation and co-cultured with mitotically inactivated STO feeder cells. After 5 passages, we confirmed the expression alkaline phosphatase(Alk P) activity and SSEA-1, 3, 4 expressions. The protocol devised for inducing ES differentiation consisted of an aggregation steps, after 5 days as EBs in hormone treatments(FSH, LH, E$_2$, P$_4$, T) that allows complex signaling to occur between the cells and a dissociation step, induced differentiation through attachment culture during 7 days in hormone treatments. Hormone receptors were not increased in dose-dependent manner. All hormone receptors in ES cells treated reproductive hormones were expressed lower than those of undifferentiated ES cell except for LHR expression in E$_2$-treated ES cells group. After hormone induced differentiation, at least some of the cells are not terminally differentiated, as is evident from the expression of Oct-4, a marker of undifferentiated. To assess their differentiation by gene expression, we analyzed the expression of 7 tissue-specific markers from all three germ layers. Most of hormone-treated group increased in the expression of gata-4 and $\alpha$ -fetoprotein, suggesting reproductive hormone allowed or induced differentiation of endoderm.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.323-329
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• 2013

Strawberries are among the leading ready-to-eat agricultural products that have superior taste and nutrition. Thus, consumer concerns about the safety of eating strawberries are growing. To evaluate the contamination levels of strawberries according to their cultivation methods (nutriculture, pesticide-free culture and organic farming) and parts [fruit (flesh), stalk (pedunle) and leaf (calyx)], 1,020 parts of strawberry samples were collected at 12 farms in Nonsan-si and quantitatively or qualitatively examined for the indicators of food safety and food poisoning bacteria. The total aerobic bacteria count in the whole samples was 2.3~6.8 ${\log}_{10}$ CFU/g, and coliform bacteria were detected in 14.2% of the whole samples with a contamination level range of 2.1~4.5 log CFU/g. E. coli were detected in 0.9% of the whole samples with a contamination level range of 2.1~2.8 log CFU/g. The analysis of the bacterial levels according to the cultivation methods showed that the total aerobic bacteria and coliform counts were higher in the strawberries that were grown via organic farming than in those that were grown via nutriculture and pesticide-free culture. However, the E. coli counts of the strawberries that were grown via organic farming and via pesticide-free culture were similar and differed from that of the strawberries that were grown via nutriculture. The analysis of the contamination levels according to the parts of the strawberries showed that the total aerobic bacteria, coliform and E. coli counts of the fruits, stalks and leaves of the strawberries did not significantly differ. Staphylococcus aureus was detected in two organically grown strawberries, but Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes and E. coli O157:H7 were not detected in the whole samples. These results show that the bacterial contamination levels of the strawberries differed based on their cultivation methods. Thus, a suitable method of reducing the bacterial contamination levels of strawberries according to their farming methods is needed.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.52-56
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• 1985

For the fundamental studies of radiation breeding in edible marine algae, the biological effects on conchospores of Porphyra species by gamma-irradiation were examined. Two varieties, Keun-cham-gim (Porphyra tenera Kjell. form tamatsuensis Miura) and Saga No.5, were chosen for this study, and their conchospores after r-irradiation($5.0{\sim}20.0$ KR) were cultured for 50 days. The results obtained were summarized as follows. 1. Gamma-irradiation in less than the dose of 20KR did not affect germination of conchospores, and almost all spores grew into two cells germ in 24 hours after irradiation, but withering germs were gradually increased in number according to higher exposure within 5 days old culture. 2. High irradiation caused the induction of giant cells, abnormal useless growth of hold-fast, lumpish thalli and callus-like lumpy tissues. 3. The liberation of neutral spores from young germs and carpospores from mature thalli were observed on the frond exposed at $10{\sim}20$ KR irradiation. All spores were normal in division and its size. 4. The best irradiation effect on growth of Keun-cham-gim was observed at 10 KR dose, whose growth-rates were $140\%$ in wet weight and $108\%$ in mean frond area, but only $48\%$ was recorded in wet weight at 20 KR exposure. Saga No.5 were in contrast with Keun-cham-gim, and their most growth-rate was $400\%$ in wet weight ($258\%$ in frond area) at 10 KR irradiation and the worst was $20\%$ at the dose of 20 KR. 5. The withering phenomenon to death by treatment of gamma-ray presented substantial difference between two varieties. Survival rate compared with control in Keun-cham-gim was $70.7\%$ at 20 KR, but that in Saga No.5 recorded $47.0\%$ at same dose. 6. Synthesizing the results of high and low r-irradiation, it was suggested tat high r-irradiation in more than 5.0 KR inhibited conspicuously the growth of germs derived from conchospores, and about half of them withered at 15.0 KR dose or more.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.181-186
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• 1998

In order to obtain high-level production of recombinant human thrombopoietin (rhTPO) in insect cell line, HTI-TN-5B1-4 (TN5), conditions for optimal rhTPO expression such as multiplicity of infection (MOI), the cell density at infection, harvesting time and type of culture method as well as growth media were determined. When TN5 cells were cultured as anchorage-dependent state in 60-mm dish, cell density $2\times^6$ cells,MOI of 10 and Garvesting the culture media at 72 hr post-infection wrere the cinditions for highest rh TPO production. High production of rhTPO was also achieved by using EXPRESS FIVE serum free media rather than SF900II serum free media-1. Anchorage-dependent TN5 cells were adapted as a suspension culture when they were grown in the presence of heparin. TN5 cells were successfully cultured at 0.2 L scale in suspension culture without having aggregation. When TN5 cells were cultured as suspension state, cell density of $0.6\times10^6$ cells/mL, MOI of 1 and harvesting the culture media at 72 hr post-infection, gave the highest yield of rhTPO.