• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.22-34
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to analyze commemoration characteristics of fifty-nine Vietnam war memorials in Korea(VWMK) including monuments and national cemeteries from landscape architectural point of view such as location, spacial characteristic, landscape detail, sculpture, and interpretive text. Based on the commemoration characteristics of the analysis, the commemoration culture among Vietnam, the U.S.A., and Korea were studied and differences compared. The results are as follows. First, monuments were mainly located in public open space such as national cemeteries, parks, and plaza, and some of them were elected along with Korea war memorials to honor Vietnam war veterans at the national level. Second, because the monuments were relatively small and memorial towers were conventionally built on a square platform, the memorial style had been simply standardized to stereotype the commemoration characteristics. Third, outmoded memorial towers, stone plates, emblems, and memorial walls were used as main landscape details and standardized facilities were considered from an artistic and social point of view. Fourth, realistic soldier statues to show heroic and humanitarian image were in majority, while symbolic and abstract sculpture were small in number, they were mostly conventional and unexpressive. Fifth, the causes of participation in the Vietnam War were predominantly expressed as 'defending freedom', 'keeping world peace', and 'national economic development' based on anti-communism and patriotism, and also the collectivity of Vietnam War veterans by troop and local level was emphasized through engraving each veterans's name on towers, plates, and walls. VWMK are mostly conventional and stereotyped in style and show strongly national official memory and the collectivity of veterans from a sociopolitical perspective, and aim for anti-communistic patriotism ideologically. Further study and projects will be required to make creative and innovative memorials and to study how to rethink sublime fundamental themes like war, death, and the individual veteran's experience in VWMK.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.55-65
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• 2002

The eighteenth century in Great Britain was the period of transformation, Great Britain externally experienced several wars intermittently mid internally transformed into the industrial country in the course of the 18th century. British shipowners were faced with short of seamen mainly due to several wars and expansion of shipping tonnage British shipowners tried to solve the mooing problem by decreasing the number of seamen from 22-23 sailors per ship of 100 tonnage in 1710's to 5 in 1810 and increasing seamen's wage from shillings per common seaman per month in the 17th century to 25 shillings in the middle of the 18th century and equation omitted during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. What caused and resulted by specialized shipowners to cope with changeable market situation with flexibility was decrease of the number of seamen per ship and increase of wage.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.407-412
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• 2023

When a traumatic subject experiences extreme stress, various psychiatric problems, including PTSD, can occur if they do not respond appropriately. In addition, non-war soldiers who experience life-threatening events while serving in the military may experience severe and chronic PTSD symptoms. However, there are still insufficient domestic studies on what traumatic events soldiers are exposed to and how much PTSD symptoms they experience. Therefore, this study provides a method that can be used as basic data for PTSD and psychological support of military service personnel by identifying trends in domestic research. Furthermore, it studies PTSD not only of soldiers but also of 'civilians' who have experienced combat, and provides symptomatic treatment and relief programs to civilians according to the difference in PTSD between general trauma and war trauma. It is expected that these studies will increase military confidence and enable the military to play a leading role in war trauma PTSD research and prevention, treatment and mitigation.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.795-799
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• 2023

The Canadian military participated in World War I and felt the limitations of the recruitment system through the continuous shortage of troops caused by the prolonged war, therefore expanded the role and scope of female manpower. The use of female manpower, which began with medical support for the first time, increased its necessity and importance as medical support personnel were dispatched overseas and women's manpower was expanded to combat support missions for the Army, Navy, and Air Force. Since then, the proportion of female manpower has been limited to 1.5% of the total number of employees at the end of the Second World War and the reduction of troops and the dismantling of the women's unit. In this situation, the Austrian Defence Force gradually accepts the recommendation of the Royal Canadian Women's Status Committee to improve the service conditions of women, marking a turning point in expanding the role of women in the Canadian military. The the Austrian Defence Force conducted long-term combat experiments to increase the proportion and role of female manpower, increasing reliability through observation and analysis to prove whether female manpower is suitable for combat troops. Korea also wants to draw implications for the future direction by comparing the history and current appearance of the Canadian military's use of female manpower with the Korean military at a time when the problem of a shortage of troops is emerging due to the recent decline in fertility and low birth rates.

• Digital Contents
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• no.12 s.127
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• pp.154-159
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• 2003

반지를 지키고자 하는 미들 사이즈의 난쟁이족인 호빗족과 반지를 손에 쥐어 제왕이 되고자 하는 여타의 부족간의 전쟁을 그린 비벤디유니버셜게임(Vivendi Universal Games)의 ' 반지의 제왕' 타이틀(Middle-Earth Online 포함) 제작에서 고심한 부분은‘원작자인 톨킨의 컨셉을 어떻게 기술로 표현할 수 있느냐’였다. 특히 그의 책에서 증거로 제시된 무자비한 야망 추구를 어떻게 나타내고 여러 개발자와 작자, 플랫폼과 게임의 전체 시리즈를 묶을 수 있는 음악을 만드는 것은 타이틀 제작에 있어 가장 큰 문제였다. 이번호에는 이 반지의 제왕 타이틀에서 출판사와 개발자 모두가 원하는 수준의 혁신적인 음악 구현을 어떻게 했는지 살펴본 후 혁신적인 음악 구현 시스템을 유지할 수 있는 프랜차이즈를 위한 진정한 음악 스타일 가이드를 제시한다.

• Maritime Security
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.85-112
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• 2022

The maritime blockade has long been used as a means of war in that it serves as a bridge for economic warfare by paralyzing enemy maritime transport, although it is not a decisive battle, and in the Korean War, U.N. forces have achieved significant results in the war with limited maritime blockade through the Clark Line. However, with China emerging as a maritime powers based on its strong naval power, there is a lack of consideration on how to set up a blockade to block maritime activities and how to respond neutral ships or carrying wartime contraband products if war breaks out again on the Korean Peninsula, In addition, since maritime blockade should be used as a sensitive and flexible naval force projection in that it has interests with neutral countries, it should be carefully reviewed in that it can be used only through careful and reasonable judgment considering the principle of ensuring the legality of maritime blockade Therefore, in this study, Reexamine the process of change in the application of the International Law of Blockade, and through this, Derive the basic principle of ensuring the legitimacy of maritime blockade. In addition, by reviewing the application of these basic principles in the waters off the Korean Peninsula at wartime, we presented answers to research questions by reviewing what needs to be done to neutral ships and ships carrying wartime contraband products, and considered the implications for us

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.116-124
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• 2010

The future warfare is changing to the NCW(Network Centric Warfare) from the platform-based warfare. Korea navy has been developing the KNCCS (Korea Naval Command and Control System) and the KNTDS (Korea Naval Tactical Data System) to prepare the NCW. Also, Korea navy has been using the ICS (Integraed Communication System) to transfer the command, control and tactical information on the naval ship. There is a lack of a systematic research and a reference material, although the ICS is a very important network on the naval ship. This paper is described the naval ICS. Also, a direction of the next Korea naval ICS is proposed.

• Convergence Security Journal
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.101-109
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• 2013

Problem Based Learning(PBL) is one of effective teaching-learning strategy for enhancing military students' motivation, comparing with the other study method. After monitoring military student classes, we conclude that PBL can enhance the effectiveness of learning in War history case study education and finds merits; PBL assists students to play a more active role in the class, induces students to solve problems independently, and makes the learning military situation real case study. The case study is common in social sciences and life sciences. Case studies may be descriptive or explanatory. It is good for War history education. The demerit of PBL is a costly method as students should spend more time and institutions should provide more manpower and materials. This study suggests that more empirical researches on alternative teaching methods, including PBL, to a lecture in War history education.

• Water for future
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.61-69
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• 2000

물은 인간생활에 가장 필수적인 재화이며, 모든 산업의 기본이다. 더욱이 다른 재화와는 달리 대체재가 없다는 것에 그 심각성이 있다. 인구의 폭발적인 증가와 급격한 산업화로 지구촌의 물 부족 현상은 이미 어제 오늘의 일이 아니다. 최근 일부지역에서는 물전쟁 시나리오까지 등장하고 있다. 최근 40년간 세계의 물 소비량은 3배나 증가하였으며, 국가간 물 분쟁도 증가 추세를 보이고 있다. 우리 나라의 경우도 연평균강수량(1.27mm)이 세계평균(973mm)의 1.3배에 이르고는 있지만, 높은 인구 밀도 때문에 1인당 연간 평균강수량은 세계평균의 12.5%에 불과한 실정이다. 또한, 실질적으로 사용 가능한 자원량을 생각하면 문제는 더욱 심각하다. UN의 국제인구행동연구소(PAI:Population Action International)의 발표에 따르면, 우리 나라의 활용 가능한 자원량은 661억$m^3$으로 이를 국민 한사람당으로 환산해 보면 1.472$m^3$으로 물 부족 국가군에 해당한다. 현재 건설교통부의 수자원장기종합계획에 의하면, 우리 나라는 2006년부터 연간 4억$m^3$, 2011년부터 연간 20억$m^3$의 물이 부족할 것으로 전망하고 있다. 우리 나라 수자원 특성상 물을 확보하는데는 댐 건설 등 수자원시설이 적기에 건설되어야 하지만, 공기가 길고(10년 이상 소요), 엄청난 투자비(약 24조원), 수몰지 발생, 환경변화 등 많은 문제점들이 도출되고 있다. 그러나 미래의 물 부족에 대응하기 위해서 댐 건설(상수원전용 댐)은 불가피한 대안 중의 하나이다. 또 다른 대안으로는 교육이나 홍보를 통하여 수돗물 사용자로 하여금 자발적으로 물 사용량을 줄이도록 권고하는 방법이 있다. 또한 수도요금체계를 현실화시키거나 법규를 통하여 절수를 의무화하는 등의 방법을 통하여 물 수요를 관리하여 댐 건설이나 상수도시설 확장 등 많은 예산이 소요되는 공사를 실시하지 않고서도 급수관리와 비슷한 효과를 가질 수도 있다. 따라서 물 절약 등 수요관리를 통하여 용수수요를 줄여 나가는 방안 마련이 시급하다. 그리고 물은 한정된 자원이자 우리의 생명수이다. 이제는 수요가 증가한다고 해서 무턱대고 공급을 늘이기 위한 정책 방향으로만 갈 수는 없는 실정이다 보니 물 수요관리를 더 한층 중요하게 다루어야 할 적기가 바로 오늘이 시점부터라고 할 수 있다.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.247-276
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• 2017

The protection of space asset has been new major cause of space militarization. For such purpose, it has been officially announced that a policy of deterring and denying any adversaries from accessing the outer space. Space militarization is to be conversed into a new concept of space weaponization. The USA has announced its policy of space weaponization, while China and Russia have not revealed their plan or policy. Latter States, however, have proposed a draft treaty limiting the deployment of warfare in the outer space. The terms of the Outer Space Treaty, reflecting three significant United Nations General Assembly resolutions from the 1960s, support the position that ground rules must be observed in the exploration and the use of outer space, particularly in the absence of specific space law rules. Yet the combination (and culmination) of these two approaches to the legal regulation of outer space-specific rules as and when agreed by the international community and the translation of principles developed for terrestrial regulation to outer space-still leaves much room for uncertainty and exploitation for military and strategic purposes. As space weaponization may contribute to deterring the use of weapon, it may be not against the UN Charter Article 2(4). If space weaponization might generate the space debris such that the outer space is no more available for exploration and use, it is against the proportionality principle and discrimination principle enshrined in the laws of the war. But, if the limitation upon the kind and use of space weaponization is agreed among the States, then the space weaponization may not be against the laws of the war, and be considered permissible within the rationale of limited war.