• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.386-398
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• 2016

To understand the vegetation structure in the ridgeline area of Nakdong-jeongmaek, six primary areas in Nakdong-jeongmaek were selected and their vegetation distribution was surveyed considering the environmental conditions and artificial influences. According to the results of community classification based on TWINSPAN, the vegetation in the surveyed region was categorized into 9 groups: Betula costata-Quercus mongolica community, Q. mongolica community, Pinus densiflora-Q. mongolica community, P. densiflora community, Deciduous oaks-P. densiflora community, Deciduous oaks community, P. thunbergii community, P. koraiensis-P. rigida community, and Chamaecyparis obtusa-Alnus firma community. In Baekbyeongsan(Mt.) located in Taebaek-si of Gangwon-do, Betula costata-Quercus mongolica community was found, reflecting the environmental characteristics of northern temperate climate. P. thunbergii community appeared in Gudeoksan(Mt.) of Busan metropolitan city, which is near the coast. Since Gudeoksan(Mt.) is near to the downtown and its altitude above the sea is relatively low, people visit the area often. Therefore, C. obtusa and P. thunbergii have been planted for producing forest trees and implementing anti-erosion afforestation. In the other primary survey areas, Q. mongolica-dominant communities, P. densiflora-dominant communities, and deciduous oak-dominant communities, which are representative forest vegetation types of Jeongmaeks in South Korea, were mainly distributed, showing no significant difference compared to the forest vegetation types of other Jeongmaeks. Since the Nakdong-jeongmaek from south to north, it shows clear characteristics of vegetation changes between the northern temperate climate and the warm temperate climate of the south.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.506-513
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• 2020

Due to climate change, there is an increasing risk of complex (hybrid) disasters, comprising rising sea-levels, typhoons, and torrential rains. This study focuses on Marine City, Busan, a new residential city built on a former landfill site in Suyeong Bay, which recently suffered massive flood damage following a combination of typhoons, storm surges, and wave overtopping and run-up. Preparations for similar complex disasters in future will depend on risk impact assessment and prioritization to establish appropriate countermeasures. A framework was first developed for this study, followed by the collection of data on flood prediction and socioeconomic risk factors. Five socioeconomic risk factors were identified: (1) population density, (2) basement accommodation, (3) building density and design, (4) design of sidewalks, and (5) design of roads. For each factor, absolute criteria were determined with which to assess their level of risk, while expert surveys were consulted to weight each factor. The results were classified into four levels and the risk level was calculated according to the sea-level rise predictions for the year 2100 and a 100-year return period for storm surge and rainfall: Attention 43 %, Caution 24 %, Alert 21 %, and Danger 11 %. Finally, each level, indicated by a different color, was depicted on a complex disaster risk map.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.51-61
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• 2019

Computing the sea level slope at the BM(Bench Mark) in the coast areas around the Korean Peninsula is important for establishing height of BM of the Korean geodetic leveling network. In this study, MSL(Mean Sea Level) was recalculated with the long-term tide observation data based on the IHO(International Hydrographic Organization) standard(18.6 years), and the BM height was reanalyzed by precision leveling. The sea surface topography was analyzed by leveling at Mokpo(Mokpo Starting Point), Busan (09-00-00) and Mukho(20-26-00) BMs, and the sea level slope was computed based on the Korean vertical origin point. As a result of this study, the sea level slope of the west and east coasts between Incheon(-2.27cm) and Mukho(17.56cm) located at $37.5^{\circ}N$ was analyzed as 19.83cm. Domestic geodesists and oceanologists have confronted each other with regard to the issue of latitudinal changes in long term MSL. In the west coast, the Mokpo is 1.12cm higher than Incheon, and the Busan is 2.18cm higher than Mukho. Therefore, the west and east coasts have been analyzed as sea level slope rising to the south. It can be used to solve the reestablishment of the Korean geodetic leveling network and the problem of the elevation discrepancy in the BM.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.34 no.7
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• pp.693-710
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• 2013

This study investigates the distribution of suspended particulates during the Asian dust period in Busan, Korea in the spring of 2009. Weather map and automatic weather system (AWS) data were used to analyze the synoptic weather conditions during the period. Particulate matter 10, laser particle counter data, satellite images and a backward trajectories model were used to analyze the aerosol particles distribution and their origins. In Case 1 (20 February 2009), when the $PM_{10}$ concentration increased, the aerosol volume distribution of small ($0.3-1.0{\mu}m$) particles decreased, while the concentration of large ($1.0-10.0{\mu}m$) particles increased. When the $PM_{10}$ concentration decreased, the aerosol volume distribution was observed to decrease as well. The prevailing winds changed from weak northerly winds to strong southwesterly winds when the concentration of the large particles increased. The correlation coefficient between the $PM_{10}$ concentration and aerosol volume distribution of large particles showed a high positive value of over 0.9. The results from the trajectory model show that the Asian dust originated in the Gobi desert and the Nei Mongol plateau. In Case 2 (25 April 2009), when the $PM_{10}$ concentration increased, the aerosol volume concentration of small ($0.3-0.5{\mu}m$) particles decreased, but the concentration of large ($0.5-10.0{\mu}m$) particles increased. The opposite was observed when the $PM_{10}$ concentration decreased. The prevailing winds changed from northeasterly winds to southwesterly and northeasterly winds. The correlation coefficient between the $PM_{10}$ concentration and aerosol volume distribution of large particles ($1.0-10.0{\mu}m$) showed a high positive value of about 0.9. The results from the trajectory model show that the Asian dust originated in Manchuria and the eastern coast of China.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.2372-2387
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• 1971

1. Being seen at the table (20), the number of days which monthy average air temperatures are three degrees of Celsius thermometer($3^{\circ}C$) or more, is the highest marks to be 365 days at Cheju, secondly, 334 days at Pusan, and, Ulsan, Pohang, Mokpo,Yosu and Ullung-Do which all are coastal region are all 306 days, besides, all north area of Taegu and Kwang ju have 275 days consquently, there are 90 days, differance between maximum and minimum. 2. Being seen at the table(22), freezing dates to be influenced upon earth works are obtained, if (1) item is subtracted from 365 days one year. 3. Being seen at the table(18), number of rainy days of which records are 1 millimeter and over to be influenced upon earth through works, days which monthly average air temperatures are $3^{\circ}$ or more, is the maximum to be 100 days at Cheju and its minimum is 60 days at Taegu. Every other region show 70 days or so. But Ullung-Do is 90 days. 4. Being seen at the table (26), the numbers of annual earth works possibility days(4) are obtained, if the values (3) which number of rainy days more than 1 millimeter during the same period are multiplied by 1.27(coefficient of hindrance to earth works) are subtracted from the number of days which monthly average air temperatures $3^{\circ}$ or more [(1)-(3)=(4)]. 5. The number of annual earth works possibility days by regional groups is the maximum to be 242 days at Pusan, and Cheju are 239 days. Other regions are from 218 days to 181 days, namely, they are about 200 days.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.69-93
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• 2014

The aim of this research was to develop a climate change vulnerability index at the district level (Si, Gun, Gu) with respect to the health care sector in Korea. The climate change vulnerability index was esimated based on the four major causes of climate-related illnesses : vector, flood, heat waves, and air pollution/allergies. The vulnerability assessment framework consists of six layers, all of which are based on the IPCC vulnerability concepts (exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity) and the pathway of direct and indirect impacts of climate change modulators on health. We collected proxy variables based on the conceptual framework of climate change vulnerability. Data were standardized using the min-max normalization method. We applied the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) weight and aggregated the variables using the non-compensatory multi-criteria approach. To verify the index, sensitivity analysis was conducted by using another aggregation method (geometric transformation method, which was applied to the index of multiple deprivation in the UK) and weight, calculated by the Budget Allocation method. The results showed that it would be possible to identify the vulnerable areas by applying the developed climate change vulnerability assessment index. The climate change vulnerability index could then be used as a valuable tool in setting climate change adaptation policies in the health care sector.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.377-384
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• 2011

The objective of this research is to observe and to analyze how the precipitation change can affect urban area and coastal area to groundwater recharge. The variation in the precipitation data of the regional groundwater basin, which includes Busan Metropolitan City Suyeong Gu area, was to estimate the change in the groundwater recharge and to analyze the characteristic changes. Research result reflects that as the precipitation varied, there was some difference in the groundwater recharge. However, differences in the precipitation ratio and the groundwater recharge ratio were consistent. Variation in the precipitation had less impact on the groundwater recharge ratio, and the groundwater recharge ratio decreased as timeline increased. When the precipitation increased by 10 %, groundwater recharge changed by 2.23 %. Accordingly, when it decreased by 10 %, groundwater recharge changed by 2.20 %. When it increased by 20 %, groundwater recharge changed by 4.39 %, and when it decreased by 20 %, groundwater recharge changed by 4.36 %. Despite the dramatic changes in the precipitation, the changes in the groundwater recharge were minimal. From the research, we can observe that the precipitation change had a significant impact on the ratio, but it doesn't really affect the groundwater recharge. Therefore, in urban area, the changes in groundwater recharge don't conform to the changes in the precipitation, and the effect of direct runoff can increase the possible occurrence of urban flooding.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.116-126
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• 1986

This study was designed to be a link in the chain of the investigation on daily life and consciousness of longevous people in Korea, and to investigate the regional feature of longevity areas. The daily life and consciousness were investigated on 379 subjects(male 121, female 258) of the aged who were above 80 years of age, from June to November in 1985. This paper is to report the results investigated the longevity rate, distribution, classification and weather of longevity districts, and also the actual conditions such as the functions of daily life and educational degree of longevous people. 1. The number of longevous people in Korea was 171,449 (male 42,842, female 128,607), and the average longevity rate was 0.46% against total population in Korea(male 0.23%, female 0.69%). 2. Of the longevity rates of shi and/or do in Korea, Cheju(1.03%) was the highest among these districts, and decreased in the order of Chonnam(0.79%), Chonbuk(0.66%), Kyongbuk(0.65%) and Kyongnam(0.61%), whereas the large cities such as Inchon(0.22%), Seoul(0.23%), Pusan(0.23%) and Taegu(0.28%) were remarkably lower than districts in seasides and mountains. 3. The districts above 1.0% of longevity rate in Korea showed 17-guns, and the distribution of these districts was 10-guns of Chonnam, 2-guns of Kyongbuk and Kyongnam, and 1-gun of Kyonggi, Cho-nbuk and Cheju, respectively. 4. Of these districts, Pukcheju(1.65%) was the highest, and decreased in the order of Namhae(1.56%), Sungju(1.24%), Posong(1.22%) and Koksong(1.20%). The highest figure(male 0.71%, female 2.51%) was observed in Pukcheju as contrasted with 0.23%(male) and 0.69%(female) of the average longevity rate in Korea. 5. The sex ratio of longevous people in Korea showed the female/male ratio of 3.0. It is, therefore, believed that the longevity rate of female was 3 times higher than that of male. 6. The longevity districts were classified into seven districts in seasides, three districts in isolated islands, and seven rural districts in mountains. 7. The situation of weather in longevity districts was in the range of 11.2 to $14.8^{\circ}C$ at annual average temperature, and 878.5 to 1585.9mm at annual average rainfall. 8. Of the educational degree of longevous people, uneducated(71.5%) was the highest, and followed by the order of village school(15.8%) and above elementary school(4.8%). 9. In the functions of daily life, the aged moving actively(53.0%) was the highest among these longevous people, followed by the aged moving a little(23.5%). Therefore, it is believed that health degree of these longevous peoples by the functions of daily life was very gratifying.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.215-225
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• 2015

We performed injection tests in a deep-seated confined aquifer to assess the potential of artificial recharge as a means of preventing saltwater contamination, thereby securing groundwater resources for the Nakdong Delta area of Busan City, Korea. The study area comprises a confined aquifer, in which a 10-21-m-thick clay layer overlies 31.5-36.5 m of sand and a 2.8-11-m-thick layer of gravel. EC logging of five monitoring wells yielded a value of 7-44 mS/cm, with the transition between saline and fresh water occurring at a depth of 15-38 m. Above 5 m depth, water temperature is 10-15.5℃, whereas between 5 and 50 m depth the temperature is 15.5-17℃. Approximately 950 m³ of fresh water was injected into the OW-5 injection well at a rate of 370 m³/day for 62 hours, after which the fresh water zone was detected by a CTD Diver installed at a depth of 40 m. The persistence of the fresh water zone was determined via EC and temperature logging at 24 hours after injection, and again 21 days after injection. We observed a second fresh water zone in the OW-2 well, where the first injection test was performed more than 20 days before the second injection test. The contact between fresh and saline water in the injection well is represented by a sharp boundary rather than a transitional boundary. We conclude that the injected fresh water occupied a specific space and served to maintain the original water quality throughout the observation period. Moreover, we suggest that artificial recharge via long-term injection could help secure a new alternative water resource in this saline coastal aquifer.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.38 no.5_1
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• pp.447-460
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• 2022

It is well known that satellite synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR) has been widely used for the observation of surface displacement owing to earthquakes, volcanoes, and subsidence very precisely. In wetlands where vegetation exists on the surface of the water, it is possible to create a water level change map with high spatial resolution over a wide area using the InSAR technique. Currently, a number of imaging radar satellites are in operation, and most of them support a ScanSAR mode observation to gather information over a large area at once. The Cienaga Grande de Santa Marta (CGSM) wetland, located in northern Colombia, is a vast wetland developed along the Caribbean coast. The CGSM wetlands face serious environmental threats from human activities such as reclamation for agricultural uses and residential purposes as well as natural causes such as sea level rise owing to climate change. Various restoration and protection plans have been conducted to conserve these invaluable environments in recognition of the ecological importance of the CGSM wetlands. Monitoring of water level changes in wetland is very important resources to understand the hydrologic characteristics and the in-situ water level gauge stations are usually utilized to measure the water level. Although it can provide very good temporal resolution of water level information, it is limited to fully understand flow pattern owing to its very coarse spatial resolution. In this study, we evaluate the L-band ALOS-2 PALSAR-2 ScanSAR mode to observe the water level change over the wide wetland area using the radar interferometric technique. In order to assess the quality of the interferometric product in the aspect of spatial resolution and coherence, we also utilized ALOS-2 PALSAR-2 stripmap high-resolution mode observations.