• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.56-67
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• 2019

In order to investigate the issue with the proper name of eshel(Tamarix aphylla) mentioned in the Bible, analysis of morphological taxonomy features of plants, studies on the symbolism of the Tamarix genus, analysis of examples in Korean classics and Chinese classics, and studies on the problems found in translations of Korean, Chinese and Japanese Bibles. The results are as follows. According to plant taxonomy, similar species of the Tamarix genus are differentiated by the leaf and flower, and because the size is very small about 2-4mm, it is difficult to differentiate by the naked eye. However, T. aphylla found in the plains of Israel and T. chinensis of China and Korea have distinctive differences in terms of the shape of the branch that droops and its blooming period. The Tamarix genus is a very precious tree that was planted in royal courtyards of ancient Mesopotamia and the Han(漢) Dynasty of China, and in ancient Egypt, it was said to be a tree that gave life to the dead. In the Bible, it was used as a sign of the covenant that God was with Abraham, and it also symbolized the prophet Samuel and the court of Samuel. When examining the example in Korean classics, the Tamarix genus was used as a common term in the Joseon Dynasty and it was often used as the medical term '$Ch{\bar{e}}ngli{\check{u}}$(檉柳)'. Meanwhile, the term 'wiseonglyu(渭城柳)' was used as a literary term. Upon researching the period and name of literature related to $Ch{\bar{e}}ngli{\check{u}}$(檉柳) among Chinese medicinal herb books, a total of 16 terms were used and among these terms, the term Chuísīliǔ(垂絲柳) used in the Chinese Bible cannot be found. There was no word called 'wiseonglyu(渭城柳)' that originated from the poem by Wang Wei(699-759) of Tang(唐) Dynasty and in fact, the word 'halyu(河柳)' that was related to Zhou(周) China. But when investigating the academic terms of China currently used, the words Chuísīliǔ(垂絲柳) and $Ch{\bar{e}}ngli{\check{u}}$(檉柳) are used equally, and therefore, it appears that the translation of eshel in the Chinese Bible as either Chuísīliǔ (垂絲柳) or $Ch{\bar{e}}ngli{\check{u}}$(檉柳) both appear to be of no issue. There were errors translating tamarix into 'やなぎ(willow)' in the Meiji Testaments(舊新約全書 1887), and translated correctly 'ぎょりゅう(檉柳)' since the Colloquial Japanese Bible(口語譯 聖書 1955). However, there are claims that 'gyoryu(ぎょりゅう 檉柳)' is not an indigenous species but an exotics species in the Edo Period, so it is necessary to reconsider the terminology. As apparent in the Korean classics examples analysis, there is high possibility that Korea's T. chinensis were grown in the Korean Peninsula for medicinal and gardening purposes. Therefore, the use of the medicinal term $Ch{\bar{e}}ngli{\check{u}}$(檉柳) or literary term 'wiseonglyu' in the Korean Bible may not be a big issue. However, the term 'wiseonglyu' is used very rarely even in China and as this may be connected to the admiration of China and Chinese things by literary persons of the Joseon Dynasty, so the use of this term should be reviewed carefully. Therefore, rather than using terms that may be of issue in the Bible, it is more feasible to transliterate the Hebrew word and call it eshel.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.87-100
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• 2014

Environmental problems and the shortage of natural resources are currently gathering more attention in Korea and international countries. With these problems, it is reported that most current domestic buildings are emitting approximately 138 million tons of greenhouse gas. According to a recent report from the investigation of Korean housing population, the total number of households is approximately 12.9 millions, and the apartments that were built more than 15 years ago amounted to 3.1 millions. This shows that the rates of old apartment housings are increasing. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the deteriorated facilities and environmental improvement. Also, the construction industry is benefited by improving these housings which may need either remodeling or reconstruction. Environmental friendly buildings are a rising consideration for remodeling and reconstruction projects; it helps to determine many business matters in construction. The main purpose of this research is to improve environmental condition in apartments with comparison analysis between remodeling and reconstruction alternatives. This research is focused on characteristics of remodeling and reconstruction and it sets up the same condition with each level in order to evaluate the value of environmental friendliness and analyze its definition. The result of this research provides a unique emitting rate at a novel framework and this will cause the reduction of $CO_2$. It is analyzed that the remodeling construction can reduce the great amount of $CO_2$. Therefore, it will be a good decision guideline in selecting the most eco-friendly alternative to improve environment for building construction. Although reconstruction is a popular alternative nowadays in Korea, this research can provide a reason why decision makers should put more emphasis on remodeling as an environment-friendly alternative.

• Journal of Korea Soil Environment Society
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.55-66
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• 2000

A U.S EPA Synthetic soil matrix was used for reference neat soil and pyrene contaminated soil. For the contaminated soil, 4.79 wt.% pyrene was dissolved completely into the djchlorornethane, and the soil was evenly soaked with the pyrene solution. The contaminated soil samples(50$\pm$0.5mg) were heated in a modified electrical screen heater reactor which consisted of a thin stainless foil (3.5cm$\times$13cm$\times$0.00254cm, 302 stainless steel shim), two electrodes, and a 20cm dia. $\times$30cm tall cylindrical Pyrex chamber sealed at both ends by aluminum flanges. The heating rate and time conditions were selected as $455^{\circ}C$ @ $1137^{\circ}C$ /s, $760^{\circ}C$ @ $950^{\circ}C$ /s and $977^{\circ}C$ @ $977^{\circ}C$/s. Tar samples after heating the soils were collected on the aluminum foil funnel and a glass filter paper (25mm dia. filter paper) The tar sample and remnant soil on the reactor were extracted with dichloromethane covering the filters, foils and soil by sonicating each in the waterbath for 10 minutes. The extractions were run on a HPLC. At the low peak temperature(about $455^{\circ}C$ @ $1137^{\circ}C$/s) the color of tar was "white", at the middle peak temperature (about 76$0^{\circ}C$ @ 95$0^{\circ}C$/s) the color of tar was "pink brown", at the high peak temperature (about 977$^{\circ}C$ @ 977$^{\circ}C$/s) the color of tar was "dark brown". Cyclopeta(cd)pyrene (CPEP) , which is an interesting species due to mutagenic effect on human cells, was detected in tar samples only above the middle peak temperature. This species was not detected at the low peak temperature. Six isomers of bipyrene were detected. Phenanthrene(C$_{14}$ $H_{10}$) and cyclopenta(def)phenanthrene(C$_{15}$ $H_{10}$) were also detected, but their content was very small relative to the other listed compounds.to the other listed compounds.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.22-27
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• 2007

Effects of prunella vulgaris L., chrysanthemum indicum L. and pueraria Radix on plasma lipid composition and histological consideration were investigated in hyperlipidemic rats. Concentration of plasma ${\beta},-lipoprotein$ showed a tendence to decrease in prunella vulgaris L., chrysanthemum indicum L. and pueraria Radix treatment groups. However these values were showed not significantly different from control group. Concentration of plasma FFA in prunella vulgaris L., chrysanthemum indicum L. and pueraria Radix treatment groups showed a lower values compared to control group and concentration of plasma FFA of prunella vulgaris L. and pueraria Radix treatment group showed a lower values than prunella vulgaris L. and chrysanthemum indicum L. treatment group. Concentration of plasma glucose and triglyceride showed a tendence to decrease in prunella vulgaris L., chrysanthemum indicum L. and pueraria Radix treatment groups. However plasma glucose values showed not significantly different from control group. Plasma total cholesterol concentration showed a low and HDL-cholesterol concentration showed a high in prunella vulgaris L. and pueraria Radix treatment group. However LDL-cholesterol concentrations were not significantly different in treatment groups. Histological consideration of heart, liver and kidney in prunella vulgaris L. and pueraria Radix treatment groups showed a good features in fat accumulation condition than those of other treatment groups. However in the condition of high fat accumulation in tissues, heart, liver and kidney were showed a slight congestion and a bashed cell nucleus.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.167-173
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• 2009

Capillaria hepatica is a parasitic nematode which causes hepatic capillariasis in rodents and other mammals, including man. Rat species of the genus Rattus are main primary host and rates of genus Rattus of up to 100% have been reported. Infection to reservoir and other mammalian hosts occur incidentally due to ingestion of water or food contaminated with C. hepatica embryonated eggs. The worms mature exclusively inside the liver, but they die and disassemble soon after egg spawning in rats. Dead worms and their eggs cause immune response of focal necrosis and inflammation within the liver. C. hepatica adult with a thin and long body is similar to capillary. The members of Order Trichurida are characterized by having a stichosome and the bacillary bands in front of the body. As already mentioned, the adult C. hepatica residesin the liver, where it deposits groups of eggs, and finally die in the encapsulated tissue of the liver. They produce eggs that elicit a marked granulomatous reaction that eventually destroy the worms. And the adult worms were mixed with eggs. So the complete isolation of the worm and observation of intact ultrastructure is very difficult. In this study, integument structure of C. hepatica isolated from the liver of mouse at 7 weeks after inoculation of embryonated eggs were observed with scanning and transmission electron microscopy. As a results, body length of isolated C. hepatica was about 99 mm. Cuticle, bacillary band and bacillary pore were obtained in the integument of worm. Bacillary pore across cuticular surface of the worm were observed. According to the existence of cap material, external forms of bacillary pore can be divided into three types such as flat, ingression, and ingression with the cap material type. The complete isolation of the worm and observation of ultrastructure of integument will provide the fundamental data which is important in the nematode research including C. hepatica.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.33 no.5_1
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• pp.559-570
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• 2017

A partial least squares regression (PLSR) model was developed to map the internal soluble solids content (SSC) of apples using a ground-based hyperspectral scanner that could simultaneously acquire outdoor data and capture images of large quantities of apples. We evaluated the applicability of various preprocessing techniques to construct an optimal prediction model and calculated the optimal band through a variable importance in projection (VIP)score. From the 515 bands of hyperspectral images extracted at wavelengths of 360-1019 nm, 70 reflectance spectra of apples were extracted, and the SSC ($^{\circ}Brix$) was measured using a digital photometer. The optimal prediction model wasselected considering the root-mean-square error of cross-validation (RMSECV), root-mean-square error of prediction (RMSEP) and coefficient of determination of prediction $r_p^2$. As a result, multiplicative scatter correction (MSC)-based preprocessing methods were better than others. For example, when a combination of MSC and standard normal variate (SNV) was used, RMSECV and RMSEP were the lowest at 0.8551 and 0.8561 and $r_c^2$ and $r_p^2$ were the highest at 0.8533 and 0.6546; wavelength ranges of 360-380, 546-690, 760, 915, 931-939, 942, 953, 971, 978, 981, 988, and 992-1019 nm were most influential for SSC determination. The PLSR model with the spectral value of the corresponding region confirmed that the RMSEP decreased to 0.6841 and $r_p^2$ increased to 0.7795 as compared to the values of the entire wavelength band. In this study, we confirmed the feasibility of using a hyperspectral scanner image obtained from outdoors for the SSC measurement of apples. These results indicate that the application of field data and sensors could possibly expand in the future.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.1203-1210
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• 2012

As the area of upland crops increase, it is become more important for farmers to understand status of soil water at their own fields due to key role of proper irrigation. In order to estimate daily water balance and soil water content with simple weather data and irrigation records, we have developed the model for estimating water balance and soil water content, called AFKAE0.5, and verified its simulated results comparing with daily change of soil water content observed by soil profile moisture sensors. AFKAE0.5 has two hypothesis before establishing its system. The first is the soil in the model has 300 mm in depth with soil texture. And the second is to simplify water movement between the subjected soil and beneath soil dividing 3 categories which is defined by soil water potential. AFKAE0.5 characterized with determining the amount of upward and downward water between the subjected soil and beneath soil. As a result of simulation of AFKAE0.5 at Gongju region with red pepper cultivation in 2005, the water balance with input minus output is recorded as - 88 mm. the amount of input water as precipitation, irrigation, and upward water is annually 1,043, 0, and 207 mm, on the other, output as evapotranspiration, run-off, and percolation is 831, 309, and 161 mm, respectively.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.355-362
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• 2016

The phosphomannomutase/phosphoglucomutase gene (pmm/pgm) of Vibrio anguillarum (the causative agent of fish vibriosis) was cloned, and the open reading frame corresponded to a protein with 446 amino acids. The pmm/pgm gene showed a significant degree of sequence homology with the previously reported genes from V. mimicus, V. vulnificus, V. splendidus, and V. harveyi, with 92.3%, 91.4%, 89.9%, and 89.9% amino acid identity, respectively. By reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, we found that the pmm/pgm gene was upregulated under cold stress condition. The PMM/PGM protein is known to catalyze the interconversion between mannose-1-phosphate and mannose-6-phosphate or glucose-1-phosphate and glucose-6-phosphate, which are important intermediates for lipopolysaccharide (LPS) biosynthesis. To confirm the role of PMM/PGM in the LPS biosynthetic pathway, we constructed a knock out mutant by homologous recombination. The respective LPSs were isolated from the V. anguillarum wild-type and mutant strains, and changes were compared by subjecting them to sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Based on the different patterns of the LPSs, we expect the pmm/pgm gene to have an important role in LPS biosynthesis. The pmm/pgm-deficient mutant of V. anguillarum will contribute to further studies about the role of LPS in V. anguillarum pathogenesis.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.156-163
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• 2002

In order to development the construction and dimension of fishing gear for gizzard shad coastal purse seine, first of all investigated to the sinking speed and underwater geometry of net, behaviour of fish school to the net during the fishing operation In the field. The results obtained are summarized as follows; 1. Average sinking speed of net was 13cm/sec in bunt, 9.0cm/sec and 9.5cm/sec in 170m and 280m of center, 4.9cm/sec in end wing side, therefore was fastest in start of shooting and decreased gradually during the shooting process. 2. The most of leadline was reached in bottom from the shooting immediately to hauling time and the mean depth of timber bar used equipment for the escaping prevention of fish school was within the 2.7m. 3. The fish school of gizzard shad was appearanced higher density and remained to the most time in bottom than the surface and repeated to vortical movement, and its tendency to distinct in rapid time of tide current. 4. Behaviour of fish school in the net was showed to the vortical movement by sinking and rising immediately with the shooting of net and then divide with the two shape to follow round the wall of net and no patterns straightly movement in the net, and tendency easily catched in fish school of the wall of net. 5. Escaping of fish school in the gap of wing side was to busy after that seting the timber bar, therefore its function for escaping prevention of fish school was very lowed. 6. Escaping behaviour of fish school was differenced with the depth of fishing ground, the above 20m escaped to busy through the below in ledline because the sinking speed of fish school is fast than the net.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.259-266
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• 1998

A study on the biological and chemical characteristics in the middle last Sea of Korea was carried out at 31 stations in October $11\~18$, 1995 on board the R/V Tam-Yang. The chlorophyll a concentration, new and regenerated production, and the vertical diffusion of nitrate from the thermocline structure were investigated. From the vertical distribution of chlorophyll a, subsurface maxima were observed near the thermorline at most stations including the frontal zone, except at the southern stations where the maximum chloropyll a concentration occurred at the surface, The nanophytoplankton was the most dominant fraction comprising $83.5\%$ of total phytoplankton cell numbers, but netphytoplankton were common at the southern stations where the dominant species were Rhizosolenia sp. Nitrogenous new production and regenerated productions were measured using the stable isotope $^{15}N$ nitrate and ammonia uptake method. The vertically integrated nitrogen production varied between 8.470 and $72.945\;mg\;N\;m^{-2}\;d^{-1}$. The f-ratio, which is the traction of new production from primary production, waried between 0.03 and 0.72, indicating that $3\%$ to $72\%$ of primary production was supported by the input of nutrients from below the euphotic zone and the rest are supported by ammonia recycled within the euphotic layer. This range of f-ratio encompasses from extremely oligotrophic to eutrophic area characteristics. The differences in productivity and f-ratio among stations were related to frontal structure and the bottom topography. The values were high near the frontal zone and low outside of it, and the station near Ulleng Island showed the highest f-ratio. Vertical diffusion coefficients were calculated from both the water column stability (Kz-1) of King and Devol's equation (1979) and new nitrogen requirement (Kz-2). The values of Kz-2 ($0.11\~0.55\;cm^2/s$) were relatively low compared to the values reported previously.