• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.374-381
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• 2015

Occurrences of coastal dredged materials are ever increasing due to port construction, navigational course maintenance and dredging of polluted coastal sediments. Ocean dumping of the coastal dredged materials has become virtually prohibited as London Treaty will be enacted as of the year 2012. It will be necessary to treat and recycle the dredged materials that may carry organic pollutants and heavy metals in a reasonable and effective process: collection of the dredged materials, liquid and solid separation, and treatment of organic compounds and heavy metals. In this study we have developed a continuous bioreactor system that can treat a mixture of silt and particulate organic matter using a microbial consortium (BM-S-1). The steady-state operation conditions were: pH (7.4-7.5), temperature ($16^{\circ}C$), DO (7.5-7.9), and salt concentration (3.4-3.7%). The treatment efficiencies of SCOD, T-N and T-P of the mixture were 95-96%, 92-99%, and 79-97%. The system was also effective in removal of heavy metals such as Zn, Ni, and Cr. Levels of MLSS during three months operation period were 11,000-19,000 mg/L. Interestingly, there was little sludge generated during this period of operation. The augmented microbial consortium seemed to be quite active in the removal of the organic component (30%) present in the dredged material in association with indigenous bacteria. The dominant phyla in the treatment processes were Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes while dominant genii were Marinobacterium, Flaviramulus, Formosa, Alteromonadaceae_uc, Flavobacteriaceae_uc. These results will contribute to a development of a successful bioremediation technology for various coastal and river sediments with a high content of organic matter, inorganic nutrients and heavy metals, leading to a successful reuse of the polluted dredged sediments.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.339-355
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• 2024

The pulmonary system is a highly complex system that can only be understood by integrating its functional and structural aspects. Hence, in vivo animal models are generally used for pathological studies of pulmonary diseases and the evaluation of inhalation toxicity. However, to reduce the number of animals used in experimentation and with the consideration of animal welfare, alternative methods have been extensively developed. Notably, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) have agreed to prohibit animal testing after 2030. Therefore, the latest advances in biotechnology are revolutionizing the approach to developing in vitro inhalation models. For example, lung organ-on-a-chip (OoC) and organoid models have been intensively studied alongside advancements in three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting and microfluidic systems. These modeling systems can more precisely imitate the complex biological environment compared to traditional in vivo animal experiments. This review paper addresses multiple aspects of the recent in vitro modeling systems of lung OoC and organoids. It includes discussions on the use of endothelial cells, epithelial cells, and fibroblasts composed of lung alveoli generated from pluripotent stem cells or cancer cells. Moreover, it covers lung air-liquid interface (ALI) systems, transwell membrane materials, and in silico models using artificial intelligence (AI) for the establishment and evaluation of in vitro pulmonary systems.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.21-29
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• 2023

In this study, the stress characteristics of temporary fixed steel rods were analyzed in the "temporary fixing system using internal prestressing tension", which is mainly applied to the construction of superstructures by FCM. It was difficult to confirm the changes in initial tensile force in this system because the steel rod was internally connected to the pier and the PSC BOX. Therefore, measurement was performed before and after the completion of each segment using an FBG sensor to measure the change in the micro length of the steel rod. The results of the analysis showed that 75% to 90% of the maximum vertical contraction of the steel rod that occurred until the completion of the cantilever segment occurred in the fixing ~ 1segment, and the maximum loss of initial prestressing force was 39%. Such excessive loss of tension force to 1 segment means that tension is needed to improve the precision of construction during the fixation, and re-tension is needed to secure stability for conduction of cantilever segments after the completion of 1segment. In the 2 ~ last segment, the stress of the steel rod decreased gradually, and in the summer, the decrease in stress tended to partially recover due to the increase in the length of the steel rod corresponding to the increase in the vertical volume of PSC BOX. The dominant factor in the stress change in 2~ last segment in this phenomenon is judged to be the change in the length of the steel rod according to the temperature. Unlike the change in length, the relaxation was 1.2-2.7%, which was mostly offset by the opposite stress corresponding to the temperature stress. Therefore, a plan was proposed to improve the internal stress, such as adjusting the fixation time.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.88-95
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• 2010

An airborne gravity survey using a helicopter was carried out in October 2008, offshore along the northern Noto Peninsula, to understand the shallow and regional underground structure. Eleven flight lines, including three tie lines, were arranged at 2 km spacing within 20 km of the coast. The total length of the flight lines was ~700 km. The Bouguer anomalies computed from the airborne gravimetry are consistent with those computed from land and shipborne gravimetry, which gradually decrease in the offshore direction. So, the accuracy of the airborne system is considered to be adequate. A local gravity low in Wajima Bay, which was already known from seafloor gravimetry, was also observed. This suggests that the airborne system has a structural resolution of ~2 km. Reduction of gravity data to a common datum was conducted by compiling the three kinds of gravity data, from airborne, shipborne, and land surveys. In the present study, we have used a solid angle numerical integration method and an iteration method. We finally calculated the gravity anomalies at 300 m above sea level. We needed to add corrections of 2.5 mGals in order to compile the airborne and shipborne gravity data smoothly, so the accuracy of the Bouguer anomaly map is considered to be nearly 2 mGal on the whole, and 5 mGals at worst in limited or local areas.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.80-87
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• 2006

SONY corporation preoccupies $80\%$ of a market of the CCD used in a CCTV system. The CCD of SONY have high duality which can not follow the progress of capability. But there are some problems which differ the clock frequency used in CCD from the frequency used in common video encoder. To get the result by using common video encoder, the system needs a scaler that could adjust image size and PLL that synchronizes CCD's with encoder's clock So, this paper proposes the video encoder that is activated at equal clock used in CCD without scaler and PLL. The encoder converts ITU-R BT.601 4:2:2 or ITU-R BT.656 inputs from various video sources into NTSC or PAL signals in CVBS. Due to variable clock, property of filters used in the encoder is automatically changed by clock and filters adopt multiplier-free structures to reduce hardware complexity. The hardware bit width of programmable digital filters for luminance and chrominance signals, along with other operating blocks, are carefully determined to produce hish-quality digital video signals of ${\pm}1$ LSB error or less. The proposed encoder is experimentally demonstrated by using the Altera Stratix EP1S80B953C6ES device.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.11 no.12
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• pp.709-723
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• 2013

This study aims to diagnose the present condition of the Digital comics industry, including the "webtoon", which is receiving attention as the new Korean wave (Hallyu) cultural content, and explore ways to vitalize these contents. Considering the fact that the distribution rate of smart devices in Korea is the highest in the world as of June 2013, and that comics as contents have been known to show the easiest and fastest adaptation to changes in the media, the Digital comics industry is certainly an area with high expected growth, but its actual size of the industry shows a very low growth rate compared to other digital contents. This study analyzes the present condition of the Digital comics industry through theoretical and precedent study, and deducts 7 major factors that inhibit the growth of Digital comics industry by summing up the industry structure through making surveys of major businesses in the industry. Further, problems and possible solutions of the digital comics industry are discussed through in-depth interviews with total 10 digital comics industry experts. Building a ecosystem based charged service, realizing a total management system, government support and improvements on restrictions are discussed as solutions to a sustained growth of the Digital comics industry.

• Archives of design research
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• v.18 no.4 s.62
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• pp.139-146
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• 2005

Animation works have been peformed by the objective sensitivity and experience so far. Software designs have been also manufactured based on intelligent data because they are easy to objectify and digitalize. In contrast, there are many elements, which human senses are hard to objectify and digitalize. This study investigates how to digitalize and objectify human senses and how to use them as the quantitative data and its subject is a flying path. In the experiment, this study collects some sensitive words for how human beings express the living path. The evaluation words for sensitivity through the collected sensitive words are extracted and the sketch images for the flying path are collected from the extracted evaluation words for sensitivity. Based on the collected sketch images, the samples of real moving image, which are the core of this study, are manufactured. Then, quantification theory III and I are used in order to analyze the correlation between the sensitive words representing the flying path and the samples of moving image. As a result, this study can figure out the structure of sensitive words and the samples of moving image and analyze the physical stimulating elements for the flying path. The flying path corresponds to the path that the object has passed. Some unique sensitive words are expressed by means of interacting some sensitive stimulating elements after looking at such a path. There are some elements that stimulate the senses and they include the physical elements such as speed, rotation, pattern and length of arc. The purpose of this study is to objectify and quantify the animation works that are created by animators' subjective thought and experience and to use them in animation works in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.101-108
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• 2009

A fretting wear test rig for dry ambient condition, which employs a piezoelectric actuator, has been developed. It is driven and loaded in a very simple manner with acceptable experimental accuracy. By using the rig, Inconel 690 tube has been tested under the normal load of 10 and 15N with sliding amplitude of less than $100{\mu}m$ during $10^6$cycles. The wear resistance of the material has been characterized in terms of the wear coefficient based on the work rate model. SEM micrographs show the complex structures of the scars, which consist of risen peaks, plate-type thin layers and locally exposed bare surfaces. The cracks spread over the layers give clue to the fretting wear mechanism of the material.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2006.05a
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• pp.1492-1496
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• 2006

수공구조물의 설계에 있어 가중 중요한 변수 중에 하나가 확률 강우량이다. 우리나라의 경우 매개변수적인 지점빈도해석을 통해 확률 강우량을 산정하고 있으나, 최근 들어 지점별 관측자료의 부족으로 인한 지역빈도해석을 수행하여 확률강우량을 산정하고 있는 실정이다. Index Flood 기법이나 L-moment 기법과 같은 기존의 지역빈도해석은 여러 관측 지점에서 관측된 강우자료를 이용하여 매년최대 시간강우량 자료를 추출하여 동질성 분석을 통해 이질성이 없는 것으로 분석된 연최대 강우량을 빈도해석 하여 확률 강우량을 결정한다. 그러나 이와 같은 지역빈도해석은 매개변수적 지점빈도해석과 마찬가지로 적합도 검정에 통과한 다수의 분포형이 선정되는 경우에 어떤 분포형을 사용하느냐 하는 문제점이 발생할 수 있다. 그리고 선정된 여러 강우 관측 지점의 연최대 강우량 자료에 모두 동일한 확률 분포형을 이용하므로 선정된 확률 분포형이 모든 지점의 강우 자료와 적합하지 못할 가능성을 내포하고 있으며, 또한 수문자료가 여러가지 요인으로 인하여 복합분포(mixed distribution)형태를 가질 때, 매개변수적 해석방법으로는 다중 첨두를 갖는 확률밀도함수를 해석하는데는 여러 가지 어려움이 따른다. 따라서 이러한 매개변수적 확률분포형을 이용한 빈도해석의 문제점을 해결할 수 있는 비매개변수적 빈도해석이 하나의 대안으로 제시될 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 강우자료의 선별을 통해 신뢰성 있는 자료를 구축하고, 기존의 매개변수를 갖는 확률 분포형을 이용한 지역빈도해석을 적용하여 확률 강우량을 산정하였다. 그리고 동질성분석을 통해 선정된 강우자료에 대해 비매개변수적 지역빈도해석을 적용하여 확률 강우량을 산정하고 각각의 방법에 대한 빈도해석 결과를 비교하여 확률강우량 해석에 있어 하나의 대안을 제시하고자 한다.X>${\mu}_{max,A}$는 최대암모니아 섭취률을 이용하여 구한 결과 $0.65d^{-1}$로 나타났다.EX>$60%{\sim}87%$가 수심 10m 이내에 분포하였고, 녹조강과 남조강이 우점하는 하절기에는 5m 이내에 주로 분포하였다. 취수탑 지점의 수심이 연중 $25{\sim}35m$를 유지하는 H호의 경우 간헐식 폭기장치를 가동하는 기간은 물론 그 외 기간에도 취수구의 심도를 표층 10m 이하로 유지 할 경우 전체 조류 유입량을 60% 이상 저감할 수 있을 것으로 조사되었다.심볼 및 색채 디자인 등의 작업이 수반되어야 하며, 이들을 고려한 인터넷용 GIS기본도를 신규 제작한다. 상습침수지구와 관련된 각종 GIS데이타와 각 기관이 보유하고 있는 공공정보 가운데 공간정보와 연계되어야 하는 자료를 인터넷 GIS를 이용하여 효율적으로 관리하기 위해서는 단계별 구축전략이 필요하다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 인터넷 GIS를 이용하여 상습침수구역관련 정보를 검색, 처리 및 분석할 수 있는 상습침수 구역 종합정보화 시스템을 구축토록 하였다.N, 항목에서 보 상류가 높게 나타났으나, 철거되지 않은 검전보나 안양대교보에 비해 그 차이가 크지 않은 것으로 나타났다.의 기상변화가 자발성 기흉 발생에 영향을 미친다고 추론할 수 있었다. 향후 본 연구에서 추론된 기상변화와 기흉 발생과의 인과관계를 확인하고 좀 더 구체화하기 위한 연구가 필요할 것이다.게 이루어질 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.는 초과수익률이 상승하지만, 이후로는 감소하므로, 반전거래전략을 활용하는 경우 주식투자기간은 24개월이하의 중단기가 적합함을 발견하였다. 이상의 행태적 측면과 투자성과측면의 실증결과를 통하여 한국주식시장에 있어서 시장수익률을 평균적으로 초과할 수 있는 거래전

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute Of Construction Engineering and Management
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• autumn
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• pp.529-532
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• 2003

Efficiency and efficient management on maintenance/repair/operation (MRO) phase is getting important with advance in technologies and complex functionalities of building and facility. Using software systems as well as advanced hardware systems in MRO area is spreading along with this trend to take advantage of information technology. Information of building and facility for MRO phase is derived from engineering/procurement/construction (EPC) phase. But most current commercial software systems in EPC and MRO are focusing on their own phase, which arise lack of consistency of information from EPC to MRO phase. But, the information system now used at the MRO phase stop flowing the building and the facilities information and then newly create. Moreover, from all asset management point of view, asset particulars such as the structures and equipments are different the value fluctuation. In order to reflect these information rationally, the construction costs are correctly distributed and the initial price of the asset particulars have to be estimated. In this study, develop the information model which can apply the cost information at the EPC phase to the MRO phase.