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A Functional MRI Study on the Brain Activation Associated with Mental Calculation (기능적 자기공명영상을 이용한 수리연산의 대뇌 활성화에 관한 연구)

  • Choi Dae Seob;Na Dong Gyu;Kim Sam Soo;Cho Jae Min;Park Eui Dong;Chung Sung Hoon;Ryoo Jae Wook
    • Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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    • v.9 no.1
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    • pp.16-23
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    • 2005
  • Purpose : In order to investigate the functional brain anatomy associated with mental calculation, functional magnetic resonance imaging was performed. Materials and Methods : In six normal right handed subjects, functional MR images were obtained using a 1.57 MR scanner and the EPI BOLD technique. The study included experiment I and experiment II. Each experiment consisted of five resting and four activation periods with each period of 30 seconds. During the activation period of both experiment I and II, calculation equations[an example: $(4+5)\times8=72$] were presented and the subjects were instructed to decide true or false of them. During the resting period of experiment I, the subjects were instructed to visually fixate on a crosshair. During the resting period of experiment II, two diagrams (an example: $(\bullet,\;\blacksquare)$)were presented and the subjects were instructed to decide they are same or not. For the post-processing of images, the SPM program was used, with the threshold of significance set at p<0.00001. The activated areas during the tasks were assessed. Results : In experiment 1, the inferior frontal gyrus, prefrontal cortex, promoter area, supplementary motor area, and intraparietal sulcus including superior parietal cortex were activated bilaterally. Although these areas were also activated in experiment II, the activated signals in the right frontal and parietal lobes were lessened. Conclusion : The left inferior frontal gyrus and prefrontal cortex and bilateral intraparietal sulci were activated during mental calculation. The right frontal and parietal lobes might be related to attention and decision making.

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Sensitivity Analysis of Meteorology-based Wildfire Risk Indices and Satellite-based Surface Dryness Indices against Wildfire Cases in South Korea (기상기반 산불위험지수와 위성기반 지면건조지수의 우리나라 산불발생에 대한 민감도분석)

  • Kong, Inhak;Kim, Kwangjin;Lee, Yangwon
    • Journal of Cadastre & Land InformatiX
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    • v.47 no.2
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    • pp.107-120
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    • 2017
  • There are many wildfire risk indices worldwide, but objective comparisons between such various wildfire risk indices and surface dryness indices have not been conducted for the wildfire cases in Korea. This paper describes a sensitivity analysis on the wildfire risk indices and surface dryness indices for Korea using LDAPS(Local Analysis and Prediction System) meteorological dataset on a 1.5-km grid and MODIS(Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) satellite images on a 1-km grid. We analyzed the meteorology-based wildfire risk indices such as the Australian FFDI(forest fire danger index), the Canadian FFMC(fine fuel moisture code), the American HI(Haines index), and the academically presented MNI(modified Nesterov index). Also we examined the satellite-based surface dryness indices such as NDDI(normalized difference drought index) and TVDI(temperature vegetation dryness index). As a result of the comparisons between the six indices regarding 120 wildfire cases with the area damaged over 1ha during the period between January 2013 and May 2017, we found that the FFDI and FFMC showed a good predictability for most wildfire cases but the MNI and TVDI were not suitable for Korea. The NDDI can be used as a proxy parameter for wildfire risk because its average CDF(cumulative distribution function) scores were stably high irrespective of fire size. The indices tested in this paper should be carefully chosen and used in an integrated way so that they can contribute to wildfire forecasting in Korea.

Effects of Zardaverine in Freezing Extender on Kinetic Characteristics of Post-Thawed Boar Sperm (동결보존액에 Zardaverine의 첨가가 동결-융해 후 돼지 정자의 운동학적 특성에 미치는 영향)

  • Kim, Jeong A;Cho, Eun Seok;Jeong, Yong Dae;Choi, Yo Han;Hong, Jun Ki;Kim, Young Sin;Chung, Hak Jae;Baek, Sun Young;Sa, Soo Jin
    • Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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    • v.21 no.9
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    • pp.251-258
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    • 2020
  • This study investigated the effect of Zardaverine supplementation in freezing extender, on kinetic characteristics of post-thawed boar sperm. Cryopreservation of boar sperm is an important technique of assisted reproductive technology and genetic resource banking. Although this technique is particularly useful, freeze-thaw cycles associated with sperm cryopreservation significantly reduce sperm quality. Semen from mature Duroc boars were collected and cryopreserved in freezing extenders (LEY) treated with varying concentrations of Zardaverine (0, 20, 50, 75, 100 𝜇M). The time-dependent kinetic characteristics of post-thawed spermatozoa were determined after thawing by applying computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA). We observed that the motility immediately after thawing was significantly higher in 20 𝜇M stocks than in control (0 𝜇M) and the other treatments (p<0.05). Curvilinear velocity (VCL) in 0 𝜇M and 20 𝜇M stocks were significantly higher than the other treatment groups, except 75 𝜇M (p<0.05). Higher average path velocity (VAP) was obtained at 20 𝜇M as compared to 100 𝜇M, whereas amplitude of head lateral displacement (ALH) was significantly higher at 20 𝜇M than 50 𝜇M and 100 𝜇M (p<0.05). No differences were obtained for Straight-line velocity (VSL) and Linearity (LIN). In conclusion, our results indicate that Zardaverine improves the motility, VCL, VAP, and ALH of post-thawed boar sperm.

Clinical efficacy and safety of lamotrigine monotherapy in newly diagnosed pediatric patients with epilepsy (간질 환아에서 Lamotrigine 초기 단독 요법의 효능 및 안정성에 대한 연구)

  • Han, Ji-Hye;Oh, Jung-Eun;Kim, Sun-Jun
    • Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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    • v.53 no.4
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    • pp.565-570
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    • 2010
  • Purpose : To verify the efficacy and safety of lamotrigine (LTG) monotherapy in newly diagnosed children with epilepsy. Methods : We prospectively enrolled 148 children who had undergone LTG monotherapy at our institution between September 2002 and June 2009. Twenty-nine patients were excluded: 19 due to incomplete data and 10 were lost to follow up. The data of the remaining 119 patients was analyzed. Results : We enrolled 119 pediatric epilepsy patients (aged 2.8-19.3 years; 66 males and 53 females) in this study. Out of 119 patients, 29 (25.2%) had generalized epilepsy and 90 (74.8%) had partial epilepsy. The responses of seizure reduction were as follows: Seizure freedom (no seizure attack for at least 6 months) in 87/111 (78.4%, n=111) patients; partial response (reduced seizure frequency compared to baseline) in 13 (11.7%) patients; and persistent seizure in 11 (9.9%) patients. The seizure freedom rate was in 81.6% in patients with partial seizure (75.9% for complex partial seizure and 90.9% for benign rolandic epilepsy) and 44.8% in patients with generalized epilepsy (30.0% for absence seizure, 35.7% for juvenile myoclonic epilepsy patients, and 100.0% for idiopathic generalized epilepsy patients). Adverse reactions were reported in 17 (14.3%) patients, and 8 patients (6.7%) discontinued LTG because of rash and tic. No patient experienced severe adverse reaction such as Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Conclusion : LTG showed excellent therapeutic response and had few significant adverse effects. Our findings report may contribute in promoting the use of LTG monotherapy in epileptic children.

The Effect on Rats Serum Lipid of Treadmill Exercise and Green Tea Extracts Intake with High Fat Diet (고지방식이에 Treadmill운동과 녹차추출물 섭취가 흰쥐의 혈청지질에 미치는 영향)

  • 정원훈;신미경
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.29 no.4
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    • pp.683-690
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    • 2000
  • In this research high-fat-diet, which amounts to 40% out of the total calories, is prepared and taken to SD-lined rats for four weeks, and the exercise is taken using treadmill so that two groups are formed; one is for exercise group (E, EG) and the other for non-exercise group (CO,G). In addition the diet-intake-amount and body weight are measured for momparing a green tea extract intake group (EG,G) with a non-intake group (CO,E) and then serum lipid components can be analyzed after four weeks. Considering the total diet amounts for four weeks, Co group has the largest while the EG group does the smallest for the diet-intake-amounts; there is, however, no significant difference among all groups. Both body weight gain and the feed efficiency ratio of the CO group are larger than those of the EG and G group with significant differences (p<0.05). Taking into account the serum lipid components analysis, all of serum total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and triglyceride of EG group have smaller values than those of non-exercise groups (CO,G) with significant differences (p<0.05) respectively, while HDL/LDL-cholesterol of EG group does a larger value than that of non-exercise groups with significant difference (p<0.05); these, hence, show efficient results. For the HDL-cholesterol level, there are no significant differences among each group and the ratio TC/HDL-cholesterol of EG group is smaller than that of Co group with a significant difference (p<0.05). Therefore, we can draw conclusions that exercise and green tea extract intake group (EG) has relatively better results than non-exercise groups (CO, G) through serum lipid components results and furthermore the effects of the green tea extracts intake is considered to play a supplementary role for the improvement of the serum lipid components.

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Studies on the Processing of Frozen Seasoned Mackerel Meat 1. Processing of Frozen Seasoned Mackerel Meat and Changes in Its Taste Compounds during Storage (냉동고등어 조미육의 가공에 관한 연구 1. 냉동고등어 조미육의 가공 및 저장중 정미성분의 변화)

  • Lee, Eung-Ho;Kim, Myeong-Chan;Kim, Jin-Soo;Ahn, Chang-Bum;Joo, Dong-Sik;Kim, Se-Kweon
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.18 no.4
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    • pp.355-362
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    • 1989
  • For the effective utilization of mackerel as a food sauce, the processing conditions of the frozen seasoned mackerel meat and the changes in taste compounds during its frozen storage were investigated. To prepare the frozen seasoned mackerel meat, the mackerel was headed, gutted manually, washed with tap water and deboned with the meat seperator. Then it was mixed with additives such as emulsion curd(32.1%, w/w), table salt(0.5%, w/w), sugar(2.0%, w/w), sodium bicarbonate(0.4%, w/w), polyphosphate(0.2%, w/w), monosodium glutamate(0.2%, w/w), onion powder(0.3%, w/w), garlic powder(0.1%, w/w), ginger powder(0.1%, w/w), soybean protein(3.0%, w/w) and sodium erythorbate(0.1%, w/w). This seasoned fish meat was frozen with contact freezer, packed In a carton box, and then stored at $-25^{\circ}C$. The moisture and lipid contents in the products were 70.8-71.7% and 10.9-11.3%, respectively. The taste compounds of the frozen seasoned mackerel meat were free amino acids(1625.0-1692.0mg/100g), nucleotides and their related compounds(316.6-366.8 mg/100g) as well as total creatinine(270.2-311.8 mg/100g), and small amount of betaine and TMAO. In free amino acids, the predominant ones were histidine, lysine, glutamic acid and arginine. It was supposed from the results that principal taste compounds of frozen seasoned mackerel meat were free amino acids, and that total creatinine, TMAO, TMA and betaine as well as nucleotides and their related compounds also played an assistant role.

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Antihyperglycemic Effects of Green Tea Extract on Alloxan-Induced Diabetic and OLETF Rats (Alloxan 당뇨쥐(제1형 당뇨병 모델)와 OLETF 쥐(제2형 당뇨병 모델)에서 녹차 추출물의 고혈당 억제 효과)

  • Lee, Byoung-Rai;Koh, Ki-Oh;Park, Pyoung-Sim
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.36 no.6
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    • pp.696-702
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    • 2007
  • This study was performed to investigate the antihyperglycemic effect of green tea extracts (GTE) in diabetic rats. Experimental animals used were alloxan-induced diabetic Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats; as a model of type 1 diabetes mellitus and Otsuka Long Evans Tokushima fatty (OLETF) rats, and as a model of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Animals were randomly assigned either to continue the ad libitum diet or begin a green tea extracts (GTE) contained diet. GTE extracted from green tea was supplemented in the diet (2%). Body weight, food intake, and blood glucose concentration were recorded for 4 weeks. Animals were killed and glucose, triglyceride, and asparate aminotransferase (AST) were analysed in blood. Food intake was not affected by GTE in both alloxan.induced diabetic and OLETF rats but body weight was slightly decreased by GTE in OLETF rats. The blood glucose concentration was markedly decreased by GTE supplementation in both alloxan-induced diabetic and OLETF rats; however, triglyceride and AST levels in serum of GTE treated animals were not changed. This study shows that GTE beneficially modulate blood glucose concentration in diabetic animals. Dietary supplementation with GTE could potentially contribute to nutritional strategies for the treatment of diabetes mellitus.

The application of photographs resources for constructive social studies (구성주의적 사회과 교육을 위한 사진자료 활용방안)

  • Lee, Ki-Bok;Hwang, Hong-Seop
    • Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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    • v.6 no.3
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    • pp.117-138
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    • 2000
  • This study is, from the view point of constructive social studies which is the foundation of the 7th curriculum, to explore whether there is any viable program and to investigate it by which students, using photo resources in social studies, can organize their knowledge in the way of self-directed thinking. The main results are as follows: If it is a principle of knowledge construction process of constructive social studies that individual construction (cognitive construction) develops into communal construction(social construction) and yet communal construction develops itself, interacting with individual construction, it will be meet the objectives of social studies. In social studies, photos are a powerful communication tool. communicating with photos enables to invoke not only the visual aspects but also invisible aspects of social phenomena from photos. It, therefore, can help develop thinking power through inquiry learning, which is one of the emphasis of the 7th curriculum. Having analyzed photo resources appeared on the regional textbooks in elementary social studies, they have been appeared that even though the importance and amount of space photo resources occupy per page is big with regard to total resources, most of the photos failed to lad to self-directed thinking but just assistant material in stead. Besides, there appeared some problems with the title, variety, size, position, tone of color, visibility of the photos, and further with the combination of the photos. Developing of photo resources for constructive social studies is to overcome some problems inherent in current text books and to reflect the theoretical background of the 7th curriculum. To develop the sort of photo that can realize the point just mentioned, it would be highly preferable to provide photo database to facilitate study with homepage through web-based interaction. To take advantage of constructive photo resources, the instruction is strategized in four stages, intuition, conflict, accommodation, and equilibration stage. With the advancement of the era of image culture, curriculum developers are required to develop dynamic, multidimensional digital photos rather than static photos when develop text books.

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The Effects of High-intensity Combined Training Program on Cardiorespiratory Function, Isokinetic Trunk Strength and Anaerobic Power of Canoe Athletes (고강도 복합 훈련 프로그램이 카누선수의 심폐기능, 체간 등속성 근력과 무산소성 파워에 미치는 영향)

  • Jung, Jong-Hwan
    • Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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    • v.37 no.1
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    • pp.17-27
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    • 2020
  • The purpose of this study is to confirm the effects of a 6-week high-intensity combined training program on canoe athletes' cardiorespiratory function, isokinetic trunk strength, and anaerobic power. For the purpose of this study, the high-intensity combined training program was applied to 9 high-school canoe athletes. The high-intensity combined training program consists of aerobic exercise performed 2 times a week (Tuesday and Thursday), anaerobic exercise performed 3 times a week (Monday, Wednesday, and Friday), and flexibility exercise performed 5 times a week. The core of the high-intensity combined training program was the anaerobic training program performed with 100% weight for repetition; otherwise, the existing training method was divided into the percentage (%) of the 1RM. The aerobic exercise and the gym ball exercise are performed subsidiarily. Results showed that there was a statistically significant difference in height and muscle mass, whereas there was no statistically significant difference in weight, body fat percentage, and BMI followed by the high-intensity combined training program. There were statistically significant differences in maximum oxygen uptake and total exercise time. The angular velocity of 30°/sec showed a statistically significant difference in the peak torque item of flexors only. Also, the angular velocity of 120°/sec showed a statistically significant difference in the total work item of extensors only; however, there was no statistically significant difference in all the items of peak power, average power, and peak drop. In conclusion, it seems that the high-intensity combined training program may be applied as a training program for enhancing canoe athletes' performance. For further studies, more than 6 weeks training program with more participants would show improved results of isokinetic strength and anaerobic power in athlets.

Seasonal Variation of Cr(VI)-contaminated Groundwater Quality and the Potential for Natural Attenuation (6가 크롬 오염 지하수 수질의 계절변화와 자연저감 가능성)

  • Chon, Chul-Min;Ahn, Joo-Sung;Roh, Yul;Rhee, Sung-Keun;Seo, Hyun-Hee;Kim, Gue-Young;Koh, Dong-Chan;Son, Young-Chul;Kim, Ji-Wook
    • Economic and Environmental Geology
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    • v.41 no.6
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    • pp.645-655
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    • 2008
  • The Cr(VI) concentrations at the shallow aquifer well (MPH-0-1) of the Moonpyung groundwater monitoring station were in the range of 0.5 to 3.1 mg/L exceeding 10 to 62 times the guideline for drinking-water quality, indicating continuous contamination. However, Cr was not detected at the deep bedrock well and the other subsidiary monitoring wells except for MPH-1 and 6. Cross-correlation analyses were conducted for rainfall and groundwater level time series, resulting in the mean time of recharge after precipitation events to be 5.6 days. For rainy season, the water level was raised and the Cr(VI) concentration was several times lower than that during dry season at well MPH-0-1 well. Correlation of the Cr(VI) concentration with the groundwater-level showed that the Cr(VI) reduction was closely related with the groundwater-level rise in the well. However, the groundwater level rise during high water season induced the lateral migration of the Cr(VI)-contaminated groundwater at well MPH-4. We enriched and isolated a chromium reducing bacteria, Enterobacter aerogenes, from the Cr(VI)-contaminated groundwater in the wells MPH-0-1 and MPH-1. The bacteria may play an important role for immobilizing Cr(VI) in the Cr(VI)-contaminated groundwater. Therefore, the migration of the contaminant (Cr(VI) must has been restricted because of the natural attenuation by microbial reduction of Cr(VI) in the groundwater. This research suggests that the bioremediation of the Cr(VI)-contaminated groundwater by the indigenous bacteria may be feasible in the Cr(VI) contaminated groundwater.