• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.1942-1950
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• 2013

This paper suggests a new method of detecting attacks of network traffic by visualizing original traffic data and applying multi-class SVM (support vector machine). The proposed method first generates 2D images from IP and ports of transmitters and receivers, and extracts linear patterns and high intensity values from the images, representing traffic attacks. It then obtains variance of ports of transmitters and receivers and extracts the number of clusters and entropy features using ISODATA algorithm. Finally, it determines through multi-class SVM if the traffic data contain DDoS, DoS, Internet worm, or port scans. Experimental results show that the suggested multi-class SVM-based algorithm can more effectively detect network traffic attacks.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.582-588
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• 2001

To control the growth of Salmonella on raw chicken supplied in food service, they were isolated and analysed for their physiological characteristics. Total viable microbe counts under the skin of the chicken amounted to 10% of numbers on their skin. Fifty one of Salmonella were isolated and identified from 75 chicken carcass samples. About 70% of the isolates showed resistance to more than four antibiotics, which indicated very high resistance among the strains ever reported in Korea. Lactic acid and trisodium phosphate(TSP) as sanitizing agent were applied to the Salmonella spp. isolates by agar diffusion method. The resistance by isolates to those sanitizing agents was compared with type strains of S. typhimurium ATCC 14028, S. typhimurium ATCC 12023, S. heidelberg and S. enteritidis. The isolates showed similar or less resistance to the type strains as for the lactic acid. However, as for trisodium phosphate known recently as a good sanitizer, 50% of the isolates showed more resistant compared with the type strains. Also, the treatment time and regeneration medium affected significantly the resistance of the isolates, which indicates that more careful test might be needed for TSP's practical application to raw chicken. Therefore, From the results, it is suggested that antibiotic treatment during breeding broiler and contamination after slaughtering should be minimized along with careful use of sanitizing agent in order to ensure more safe raw chicken supply.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
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• 1995.04a
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• pp.282-286
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• 1995

일반적으로 관성계 내의 물체에 대한 동적특성의 파악을 위해서는 속도, 가속도 및 각속도, 각가속도에 대한 정보를 필요로 하며 자이로는 이중에서 각속도를 측정하는 장치이다. 운동하는 질량에 회전각속도가 인가될 때 발생되는 코리올리힘을 측정하여 회전각속도를 검출하는 개념의 각속도 센서인 진동자이로는 성능이 회전형 자이로에 비해 떨어지나 구조가 간단하고 소형이며 대량생산이 가능한 장점이 있다. 진동자이로의 효시로는 1950년 영국의 Sperry Gyroscope Company의 "Gyroton"이며, 전자기력을 이용한 가진과 측정이 그 특징으로서 실험실 조건에서 지구의 자전속도를 측정할 수 있었다. 그후 1960년대에 General Electric에서 "VYRO"라는 모델을 개발했는데 압전소자를 이용하여 가진과 측정을 하는 방법이 사용되었다. 1980년대에 Watson Ind., Soderkvist등은 센서자체가 압전물질로 만들어진 자이로를 실험하였고 1990년도에 들어서는 진동자이로의 원리를 마이크로 머시닝 기술과 연계시켜서 소형 경량화와 대량생산을 목표로 연구가 일부 진행되고 있다. 현재 제품화되어 실제 응용되고 있는 예로는 무라다사의 삼각프리즘 형태의 자이로, 토킨사의 원통형 자이로 등이 있으며 이러한 자이로는 캠코더 화면의 안정화 장치에 주로 사용되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 압전소자의 압전, 전왜 방정식으로 출발하여 자이로헤드의 동적 거동을 해석하였다. 진동자이로는 물체의 공진주파수에서의 진동현상을 이용하며, 두 방향의 고유진동수를 일치시켜야 하는 등의 설계조건이 있다. 이러한 조건을 만족하도록 사각보 구조를 기본으로 하여 새로운 형태의 자이로헤드를 고안하였다. 자이로헤드의 구동회로를 설계, 해석하고 각속도를 측정할 수 있는 검출회로를 설계하여 설계된 진동자이로의 동적 특성을 확인하고 보정회로를 이용하여 사용 주파수 영역을 넓혔다.이용하여 사용 주파수 영역을 넓혔다.러한 강이성들이 보장되는 제어이론들 중 H$_{\infty}$ 제어이론이 많이 연구/응용 되고 있다. 특히 공칭 플랜트 모델과 함께 사용되는 플랜트 모델과 함께 사용되는 플랜트 불확실성 모델은 직접적으로 성능 및 안정도에 영향을 미치므로 주의 깊게 선정해야 한다. 방법의 실질적인 적용에는 어려움이 있다. 본 연구에서는 기존의 방법들의 단점을 극복할 수 있는 새로운 회귀적 모우드 변수 규명 방법을 개발하였다. 이는 Fassois와 Lee가 ARMAX모델의 계수를 효율적으로 추정하기 위하여 개발한 뱉치방법인 Suboptimum Maximum Likelihood 방법[5]를 기초로 하여 개발하였다. 개발된 방법의 장점은 응답 신호에 유색잡음이 존재하여도 모우드 변수들을 항상 정확하게 구할 수 있으며, 또한 알고리즘의 안정성이 보장된 것이다.. 여기서는 실험실 수준의 평 판모델을 제작하고 실제 현장에서 이루어질 수 있는 진동제어 구조물에 대 한 동적실험 및 FRS를 수행하는 과정과 동일하게 따름으로써 실제 발생할 수 있는 오차나 error를 실험실내의 차원에서 파악하여 진동원을 있는 구조 물에 대한 진동제어기술을 보유하고자 한다. 이용한 해마의 부피측정은 해마경화증 환자의 진단에 있어 육안적인 MR 진단이 어려운 제한된 경우에만 실제적 도움을 줄 수 있는 보조적인 방법으로 생각된다.ofile whereas relaxivity at high field is not affected by τS. On the other hand, the change in τV does not affect low field profile but strongly in fluences on both inflection fie이 and the maximum relaxivity value. The results shows a fluences on both inflection field and the

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.15-22
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• 2003

The Fas antigen (Fas) as a cell-surface receptor protein which mediates apoptosis-inducing signals plays an important role in the immune system. Expression of Fas mRNA is detected not only in lymphoid organs but also in the nonlymphoid organs. In the ovary, most of the follicles is known to undergo atreisa through apoptosis. However, the exact mechanism of atresia was not elucidated yet. Therefore, the purposes of the present study were to investigate the expression of Fas and Fas ligand in mouse ovary and to clarify the relationship between expression of Fas and Fas ligand and atresia of follicle. The result of RT-PCR demonstrated that Fas and Fas ligand mRNA was expressed in ovary, especially granulosa cells and oocytes. The immunohistochemistry showed that the granulosa cells and oocytes in growing follicles were stained for Fas and Fas ligand, but primordial follicles were not. Furthermore, Fas and Fas ligand were intensively stained in the atretic follicles As results of TUNEL staining to detect apoptotic cells in the ovaries, the number of TUNEL-positive (apoptotic) granulosa cells and oocytes increased in the atretic follicles compared to the healthy normal follicles. These results demonstrate that there is the positive relationship between expression of Fas and Fas ligand in granulosa cells and oocyies and apoptosis of them leading to atresia of follicles. It suggests that expression of Fas and Fas ligand could be associated with atresia of follicles in mouse ovary.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.158-163
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• 2014

In this study, two commercial PCR and ELISA test kits were examined for identification of eight animal species (beef, pork, chicken, duck, turkey, goat, lamb, and horse) from raw meat and meat products in Korea. The detection limit in RAW meat ELISA kit$^{(R)}$ on three types of meat samples blended with beef, pork and chicken, demonstrated that all meat species were differentiable down to 0.2%. RAW meat ELISA kit$^{(R)}$ on animal species resulted in differentiation rate of 94.5% for beef, 93.3% for pork, 90% for lamb, and 100% for chicken, duck, turkey, goat, and horse. In contrast, Powercheck Animal Species ID PCR kit$^{TM}$ resulted in 100% specificity at 0.05% limit of detection for all meat species. The detection limit of Cooked Meat ELISA kit$^{(R)}$ on mixed meat samples heat-treated with different temperatures and times, resulted in 0.1% for all heat-treated mixed meat except for chicken at 1.0%. Additionally, ELISA kit on sixty meat products resulted in specificity of 31.8% for ham, 13.6% for sausages, and 12.5% for ground processed products, and relatively low rate for more than 2 types of mixed meats. On the contrary, meat species differentiation using PCR kit showed higher percentage than that using ELISA kit$^{(R)}$: 50.0% for ham, 41.7% for sausages, and 28.6% for ground processed meat. Futhermore, PCR kit on 54 dried beef meats detected pork genes in 13 products whereas ELISA kit showed negative results for all products. Hence, the possibility of cross-contamination during manufacturing process was investigated, and it was found that identical tumblers, straining trays, cutters and dryers were used in both beef and pork jerky production line, suggesting the inclusion of pork genes in beef products due to cross-contamination. In this study, PCR and ELISA test kits were found to be excellent methods for meat species differentiation in raw meat and heat-processed mixed meat. However, lower differentiation rate demonstrated in case of meat processed products raised the possibility of inclusion of other species due to cross-contamination during manufacturing process.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.392-400
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• 2011

The objectives of this study were to analyze environmental microbial contamination levels by sampling the surfaces of processing lines and equipment and to verify CCPs of the HACCP plan in a fresh-cut produce processing plant The level of airborne microorganisms in the processing plant was $10^1$ log CFU/plate/15min. Total plate counts and coliform groups of the processing facilities were 1~2 log CFU/100 $cm^2$. No E. coli or S. aureus were detected in the processing plant. However, total plate counts on the cutting board for raw materials and on the spin-dryer were $4.20{\pm}2.12$ log CFU/$cm^2$ and $4.57{\pm}0.92$ log CFU/$cm^2$, respectively. These levels were higher than the safe microbial level, and therefore, the chance of cross-contamination during processing was increased. According to the results of microbiological analyses, total aerobic bacteria and coliform groups of the samples were increased after the second washing and spin-drying steps, due to cross-contamination from the spin-dryer. Thus, an effective method that can be used for microbial control during the washing and drying steps is needed for microbial control in fresh-cut produce processing plants. The results of a verification study also suggest that modification of the HACCP plan is needed along with additional CPs, which were identified as a second washing, spin drying, and the cold storage of final products.

• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.299-308
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• 2007

Purpose: The aim of this study was to develop a bioinformatics software and to test it in serum samples of papillary thyroid cancer using mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF-MS). Materials and Methods: Development of 'Protein analysis' software performing decision tree analysis was done by customizing C4.5. Sixty-one serum samples from 27 papillary thyroid cancer, 17 autoimmune thyroiditis, 17 controls were applied to 2 types of protein chips, CM10 (weak cation exchange) and IMAC3 (metal binding - Cu). Mass spectrometry was performed to reveal the protein expression profiles. Decision trees were generated using 'Protein analysis' software, and automatically detected biomarker candidates. Validation analysis was performed for CM10 chip by random sampling. Results: Decision tree software, which can perform training and validation from profiling data, was developed. For CM10 and IMAC3 chips, 23 of 113 and 8 of 41 protein peaks were significantly different among 3 groups (p<0.05), respectively. Decision tree correctly classified 3 groups with an error rate of 3.3% for CM10 and 2.0% for IMAC3, and 4 and 7 biomarker candidates were detected respectively. In 2 group comparisons, all cancer samples were correctly discriminated from non-cancer samples (error rate = 0%) for CM10 by single node and for IMAC3 by multiple nodes. Validation results from 5 test sets revealed SELDI-TOF-MS and decision tree correctly differentiated cancers from non-cancers (54/55, 98%), while predictability was moderate in 3 group classification (36/55, 65%). Conclusion: Our in-house software was able to successfully build decision trees and detect biomarker candidates, therefore it could be useful for biomarker discovery and clinical follow up of papillary thyroid cancer.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.459-467
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• 2020

In this study, we investigated the changes in both ambient temperature and microbial contamination of fresh convenience foods (FCFs) caused by the behavior of consumers after purchase. According to consumer survey results, it took 0.5 to 3 h put the purchased FCF in a home refrigerator or consume it. Only aerobic bacteria and Staphylococcus aureus (below maximum permitted limit) were detected in FCFs obtained from a local market. During storage of FCFs in a vehicle trunk for up to 3 h. the external and internal temperatures of FCFs were found to be 19 and 18.5℃ in spring, 44 and 42℃ in summer, 31.3 and 29.2℃ in autumn, and 17.6 and 16.8℃ in winter, respectively. Changes in contamination levels of aerobic bacteria on FCFs stored in a vehicle trunk for up to 3 hours are as follows: 2.72 → 3.41 log CFU/g in spring, 3.11 → 4.32 log CFU/g in summer, 3.08 → 3.81 log CFU/g in autumn, 2.71 → 3.36 log CFU/g in winter. S. aureus exceeding the tolerance was detected even when the FCFs were stored in a vehicle trunk for 1 h in summer and autumn and 2 h in spring and winter. Among three boxes (corrugated box, styrofoam box, and corrugated box coated with an aluminum film), the styrofoam box maintained the lowest temperature and showed the lowest growth rate of microorganisms on FCF after storage for 3 h in the vehicle trunk depending on whether ice was added. These results indicated that the possibility of food poisoning occurs when FCFs are exposed to the external environment. It is necessary to provide guidelines regarding storage temperature and allowable time for safe consumption of FCFs after purchase.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.25-28
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• 1999

국내에 건설되어 거의 20∼30년 가동되고 있는 발전설비, 석유화학 플랜트 등 거대설비 기기의 건전성(integrity) 및 신뢰성 확보와 잔존수명 예측을 위해서는 구조물 내부 또는 표층부에 존재하는 결 함의 특성을 아는 것과 함께 그 재료의 특정 부위에 어느정도의 응력이나 변형이 있는가를 아는 것이 매우 중요하다. 일반적으로 강 용접부의 비파괴적 결함검출에는 주로 SV파(vertically shear wave)와 SH파(horizontally shear wave)라 불리는 횡파를 이용한 초음파사각탐상법이 실용화되어 이용되고 있다. 그러나 비파괴적인 방법에 의한 실험적인 잔류응력 측정, 변형해석법에는 전기 저항 및 자기 스트레인 게이지법, X선회절법, 광탄성법(photoelasticity), 모아레(Mohr's)법, 레이저스펙클(Laser speackle)법, 응 력도료법, Barkhausen Nosise법, Caustics법 등이 제시되어 있으나 그 유용성 면에서는 아직 해결되야할 문제가 많이 남아 있는 실정이다. 응력이나 변형을 해석하는 방법으로 이론적 방법, 계산적 방법 실험적 방법이 잇다. 이론적 방법에는 재료 역학적으로 취급하는 방법, 탄성론 등이 있고, 계산적인 방법에는 유한요소법이 있지만, 이론적 방법이나 계산적 방법만으로는 해석이 불가능한 경우가 많기 때문에 실험 적 방법이 필요하게 된다. 이 글에서는 파괴 시험 또는 다른 비파괴평가기술에 비해 간편한 측정, 높은 측정정도, 시험결과 도출의 신속성, 검사비용의 절감 등 많은 장점을 가지고 있고 실험적으로 유용성이 일부 검증되고 있는 음탄성법(Acoustoelasticity)에 의한 잔류응력 측정법에 관해 소개하고자 한다.TEX> mg/L(평균 49 mg/L)로 비교적 안정적인 처리효율을 보여주었다. 본 연구결과 HVC 공정은 화학약품 사용량의 절감 및 이에 따른 화학슬러지 발생량의 감소를 기대 할 수 있는 친환경기술로 유지관리비를 최소화할 수 있는 장점이 있었다. 않은 사람들 중 미래의 검진실행의지에 건강소식지가 영향을 미친 경우는 48.7%였다. 보건교육을 받은 후 유방암 자가검진 실천율은 사업군에서 53.9%로 받기 전의 27.3%보다 증가하였으나 대조군의 경우는 별 차이가 없었다. 연령별로는 60대가 가장 높았고 사업군에서 검진율의 증가분은 30대가 가장 컸다. 교육수준별로는 사업군은 고졸이, 대조군은 전문대졸이 가장 높았고 사업군에서 검진율의 증가분은 고졸에서 가장 컸다. 보건교육 후 유방암과 관련된 건강지식의 정도는 사업군이 3.7점으로 대조군보다 유의하게 높았으며, 유방암 자가검진법을 실천하는 사람들의 동기는 ‘일반 대중매체의 영향’이 가장 많았으며 건강소식지가 동기인 경우도 20.4%였다. 사업군에서 건강소식지가 유방암 자가검진법 실천에 영향을 미친 경우가 79.6%였으며 유방암 자가검진법에 관한 보건교육을 받고 실천하지 않은 사람들 중 미래의 실천의지에 건강소식지가 영향을 미친 경우는 43.6%였다. 이상의 소견에서 지역주민을 대상으로 인쇄매체를 통한 보건교육은 인쇄물만으로도 쉽게 실천 할 수 있는 유방암 자가검진법이 가장 효과적이었으며, 자궁암검진에 관해서도 검진을 받을 수 있도록 지역사회의 보건의료의 하부구조를 정비하여 제도적 장치를 마련하고 정보를 제공한다면 자궁암검진 실천율도 증가할 것이다.고 12.9% 의 발달율을 보여 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 이상의 결과로 보아 핵이식 수정란을 효율적으로 생산하기 위하여

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.425-431
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• 2019

Selected leafy vegetables, widely used for Korean Namul dishes, were heat-treated in different ways and their folate retention was investigated. The Lactobacillus casei method was applied for folate estimation and validated to ensure reliability of analytical data. The folate content in Namul highly varied, from 29.7 to $293.4{\mu}g/100g$, depending on the heating methods and the types of vegetables. Most of the Namul variants showed increased folate content on heat treatment. Frying yielded higher folate retention than the other cooking methods (blanching, steaming, baking, and panfrying), and pig weed showed the highest folate retention (3.3 times, $293.4{\mu}g/100g$). L. casei assay for folate estimation showed 95.7% recovery and relative standard deviations less than 2% for both reproducibility and repeatability, indicating good accuracy and precision. Quality of the folate assay was assured by monitoring a quality control chart and a proficiency test (z-score= -0.1) during the entire of study.