• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.212-217
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• 2011

Purpose: Since 2005, the Ministry of Health & Welfare has provided financial support to promote palliative care for terminal cancer patients. We analyzed how palliative care facilities used the funding between 2006 and 2010. Methods: Frequency analysis was conducted by the item of expenditure based on fiscal reports of the palliative care facilities. Linear regression analysis was performed to examine a trend over time. Kruskal-Wallis test and Wilcoxon rank-sum test were used to compare expenditure items, the number of provision of financial support and type of palliative care units. Results: About a half of the fund was spent to pay care givers salary, improve facilities and purchase equipment regardless of the year, the number of financial support provided or facility type. By year, the operation cost for palliative care program and the education cost for health care workers have significantly increased in linear regression analysis (P<0.01). However, the amount of financial support for the low income group has decreased over years (P=0.024). This trend was affected by evaluation criteria and weight. Conclusion: The government aid for palliative care units has been used to improve facilities and equipment. Moreover, desirable changes were noted such as a higher portion of expenses for program operation and care giver training to enhance the quality of care. However, the evaluation criteria need to be adjusted to prevent any further decrease in the support provided to the low income group.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.61-70
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• 2002

In order to investigate the classification and antibiotic resistance of Salmonella species,718 isolates were isolated from patient in Seoul from 1996 to 2001. The two hundred and ninety eight isolates (41.5%) were identified as Sal. Enteritidis, followed by Sal. Typhi 218 isolates (30.4%), and Sal. Typhimurium 87 isolates (12.1%). The identified Salmonella species were most resistant to tetracycline (32.7%), followed by streptomycin (28.0%), ticarcillin (18.1%) and ampicillin (12.4%). Among isolates,34.7% of Sal. Enteritidis were resistant to tetracycline, 32.3% to streptomycin,23.2% to ticarcillin,13.5% to ampicillin, respectively. 13.8% of Sal. Typhi were resistant to streptomycin,10.6% to tetracycline, respectively.66.7% of Sal. Typhimurium were resistant to tetracycline, 42.5% to streptomycin, 28.7% to ticarcillin, 26.4% to ampicillin and 17.2% to chloramphenicol, respectively. Of 718 isolates, 324 isolates (45.1%) were resistant to 1 or more drugs and 64 isolates (19.8%) were resistant to 1 drug, 132 isolates (40.7%) were resistant to 2 drugs,50 isolates (15.4%) were resistant to 3 drugs, 27 isolates (8.3%) to 4 drugs,27 isolates (8.3%) to 5 drugs,22 Isolates (6.8%) to 6 drugs. The most prevalent multiple resistant pattern was tetracycline-kanamycin (35.5%), followed by tetracycline-kanamycin-ticarcillin (8.3%), and tetracycline-kanamycin-ticarcillin-ampicillin (7.4%) . Antibiotic resistant rate of Sal. Typhimurium was 73.6%,1311owe4 by Sal. Enteritidis 53.7% and Sal. Typhi 19.3%. Most Sal. Enteritidis was resistant to 1 drug o.2 drugs, whereas Sal. Typhi. and Sal.. Typhunurium were more .resistant to 5 (16.7%) or 6 drugs (26.6%). The old generation antibiotics such as ampicillin, tetracycline, and streptomycin were annually more resistant than the new generation antibiotics such as ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin or cefoxitin.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.213-217
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• 2006

The halophilic bacterium Vibrio vulnificus is known to be a foodborne pathogen that causes septicemia in human. V. vulnificus infection is characterized by the high fatality rates and the primary attack against a person who have underlying diseases such as liver cirrhosis. However, there is no effective treatment for V. vulnificus septicemia except for classical treatments such as antibiotics. Recently, it has been known that lipoprotein (LDL) plays a major role in the protection against infection and inflammation. Consequently in this paper we analyzed the effects of LDL on V. vulnificus septicemia. We purified V. vulnificus cytolysin, a major virulent factor of V. vulnificus infection and measured inhibitory effects of mouse serum, cholesterol, and LDL on its hemolytic activity. Next experiments were performed to investigate whether LDL has a protective role against septicemia induced by V. vulnificus in mice. Intraperitoneal injection of LDL (1mg as protein) into mice 3hr before V. vulnificus $(1\times10^6\;CFU)$ injection, and V. vulnificus -induced lethality was determined. For the determination the relationship between LDL or cholesterol and prognosis, we determined serum levels of cholesterol and lipoprotein from V. vulnificus septicemia patients (n=15) who had visited the Chonbuk National University Hospital in Chonju. V. vulnificus cytolysin -induced hemolysis of mice erythrocytes was completely inhibited by serum, cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein. V. vulnificus- induced lethality of mice injected with LDL showed only 40% compared to 100% of control. In survival groups (n=4) of V. vulnificus septicemia patients (n=15), their serum LDL and cholesterol revealed normal levels ($153.3{\pm}40.7,\;LDL;\;190.8{\pm}16.3$, Total cholesterol). However, in death groups (n=11) showed very low levels ($35.6{\pm}13.9,\;LDL;\;59.2{\pm}15.1$, Total cholesterol). Our study indicates that cholesterol and LDL are a prognosis indicator of V. vulnificus septicemia as well as an inhibitor of virulent action of V. vulnificus cytolysin. We suggested that the serum levels of cholesterol or LDL would be major index in the treatment and prevention of V. vulnificus septicemia.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.22 no.5 s.95
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• pp.617-625
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• 2006

This study was done to provide basic data for the operation of a safer cook-chill system by comparing and evaluating the quality of foods which were prepared using the sous vide cook-chill system and the conventional cook-chill system, according to the preparation methods and storage temperature. Simmered chickens in soy sauce were prepared using the sous vide cook-chill system and the conventional cook-chill system and their quality was evaluated at the time of preparation and storage. Firstly, foods were prepared using the sous vide cook-chill (SVCC) system and the conventional cook-chill (CC) system and the redquired time and temperature during each preparation stage were measured and physicochemical (pH, Aw, and moisture content) and microbial qualities were evaluated. Secondly, in order to evaluate the quality and safety, the moisture content and microbial (standard plate count, coliform count, psychrotrophic bacteria count, and anaerobic bacteria count) qualities were evaluated according to the preparation methods and temperatures after the foods were stored at 3$^{\circ}C$ and 10$^{\circ}C$ for 10 days and reheated.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.302-312
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• 2015

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of constitutional diets in comparison with general low calorie diets in obese women. The subjects were 52 adult obese women that participated in a calorie restriction diet program (control group, n=16) or a constitutional diet program (experimental group, n=36) for 8 weeks. The subjects in the experimental group were classified as negative (Yin) or positive (Yang) constitution. The obesity management program focused on the calorie restriction diet (300~400 kcal reduction per day) for the control group, whereas, for a constitutional diet without calorie restrictions was allowed for the experimental group. Daily intakes of nutrient and food were assessed using a 24 hr recall method. Body measurements and blood biochemical parameters were measured at baseline and after 8 weeks. After the intervention, weight, body fat, BMI, waist circumference and hip circumference decreased significantly in both the control and experimental group. Energy intake increased from 1,679.6 kcal to 1,810.6 kcal along with significant increase in protein, carbohydrate, fiber, calcium, phosphorus, iron, zinc, vitamin A, vitamin $B_1$, vitamin $B_2$, niacin and vitamin C in the experimental group. Calcium intake increased from 54.0% to 72.4% of DRI in the experimental group. Hemoglobin concentrations were significantly decreased in the control group, but were increased in the experimental group. In addition, blood glucose, serum total cholesterol and triglyceride were significantly decreased in the experimental group. In conclusion, consumption of a constitutional diet without calorie restrictions for 8 weeks was effective for weight reduction with improvement of blood glucose, serum cholesterol and triglyceride.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.522-530
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• 2007

This experiment was carried out to measure the content of lactoferrin, IgA, $IgG_1,\;IgG_2$, in Holstein colostrum, and to test the effect of it's colostrum on the antibacterial activity to pathogenic bacteria and the growth stimulation of lactic acid bacteria. Colostrum was collected at the first, second, and third day after parturition in summer and winter season. The levels of lactoferrin, IgA, $IgG_1,\;and\;IgG_2$ in Holstein cow colostrum were 0.30 mg/mL, 0.37 mg/mL, 4.00 mg/mL, 0.37 mg/mL, respectively, on the first day of the summer season whereas they were 1.16 mg/mL, 2.60 mg/mL, 13.35 mg/mL, 1.30 mg/mL on the first day of the winter season, postpartum. Heat treated ($65^{\circ}C$ for 30 min) or non-treated colostrum showed antibacterial activity toward Escherichia coli. The growth of commercial mixed strains (Bifidobacterium longum, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Streptococcus themophilus), L. acidophilus, L. casei, L. bulgaricus, and L. lactis subsp. cremoris were improved in first, second and third day colostrum compared to normal milk. Commercial miked strains (B. longum, L. acidophilus S. themophilus) lowered the pH to 4.97-5.22 and 4.89 while increasing the titratable acidity to 0.75-0.88% and 0.70% in colostrum and normal milk, respectively. However, L. casei, L. bulgaricus, L. lactis subsp. cremoris lowered the pH to 5.96-6.47 and 6.5-6.8 while increasing the titratable acidity to 0.29-0.48% and 0.20-0.25% in colostrum and normal milk, respectively.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.16-22
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• 2011

In developing soil wetting agent using polyoxyethylene nonylphenyl ether (PNE) and polyoxyethylene castor oil (1:1; v/v), the effect of application rates on changes in concentration of PNE, initial wetting of peatmoss + perlite (7:3) medium, and growth of hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L. 'Knockwang') plug seedlings were investigated. The elevation of application rates of wetting agent increased the amount of water retained by the root media. The treatment of 2.5 $mL{\cdot}L^{-1}$ showed similar water retention to + control ($AquaGro^L$ 3.0 $mL{\cdot}L^{-1}$). Most of the liquid wetting agent (LWA) incorporated during the medium formulation leached out in the first and second irrigation, then it decreased gradually until 10 times in irrigation. In investigation of the influence of LWA on position of water infiltrating into root media, the vertical water movements in treatments of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 $mL{\cdot}L^{-1}$ were much faster than those in 0.0 $mL{\cdot}L^{-1}$ (-control), but relative speed of water movement decreased by the elevation in application rate of LWA to 2.0 or 2.5 $mL{\cdot}L^{-1}$. The evaporative water loss of root media that to contained various rate of LWA and irrigated to reach container capacity was the fastest in -control among the treatments and it delayed as the application rate of LWA was elevated. The plant height of 22.2 cm in 0.5 $mL{\cdot}L^{-1}$ and stem diameter of 3.26 mm in 1.0 $mL{\cdot}L^{-1}$ were the highest among the treatments tested. The treatment of 1.0 $mL{\cdot}L^{-1}$ also had the heaviest fresh and dry weights such among treatments tested as 3.08 g and 0.861 g per plant, respectively. The elevated application rate over than 1.5 $mL{\cdot}L^{-1}$ resulted in decreased seedling growth. The results mentioned above indicate that optimum application rate of LWA is 1.0 $mL{\cdot}L^{-1}$.

• Journal of the Institute of Convergence Signal Processing
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.149-155
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• 2015

Tooth implant is located in oral cavity and affects neck, skull base, and facail image. These magnetic inhomogeneities are usually frequency encoding direction which cause artifacts due to change of signal strength and geometric distortion. First, to evaluate signal to noise ratio (SNR) of magnetic resonance image caused by tooth implant this study uses meat phantom which is similar to human body and is consisted with fat, muscle, and water to measure signal to noise ratio. Second, signal to noise ratio by using custom-made fixed phantom is measured, and then signal to noise ratio size of different tooth implant types is compared and analyzed. The measured signal to noise ratio values of Brushite, HSA, Metal, and RBM for meat phantom were 2.76, 2.22, 1.88, and 1.57 on T1 SE, 1.88, 1.78, 1.65, and 1.79 on T2 FLAIR, 2.28, 2.25, 2.88, and 2.05 on T2 FSE, and 2.74, 1.94, 1.67, and 1.48 on T2 GRE. The measured signal to noise ratio values of Brushite, HSA, Metal, and RBM for fixed water phantom were 1.2, 1.06, 1.12, and 1.22 on DWI, 1.93, 1.87, 1.93, and 2.06 T1 SE, 1.83, 1.76, 1.82, and 1.92 on T2 FLAIR, 1.85, 1.79, 7.86, and 1.97 on T2 FSE, and 1.97, 1.93, 1.99, and 2.06 on T2 GRE. By considering through the results, patients and dentists need to consider some impacts from testing many aspects although their main purpose of having tooth implants is a dental restoration. Moreover, depending on the tooth implant characteristics of individual patients this study results can be used as baseline data when choosing test protocol.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.69-79
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of composite resin restorations on the stress distribution of notch shaped noncarious cervical lesion using three-dimensional (3D) finite element analysis (FEA). Extracted maxillary second premolar was scanned serially with Micro-CT (SkyScan1072 ; SkyScan, Aartselaar, Belgium). The 3D images were processed by 3D-DOCTOR (Able Software Co., Lexington, MA, USA). ANSYS (Swanson Analysis Systems, Inc., Houston, USA) was used to mesh and analyze 3D FE model. Notch shaped cavity was filled with hybrid or flowable resin and each restoration was simulated with adhesive layer thickness ($40{\mu}m$) A static load of 500 N was applied on a point load condition at buccal cusp (loading A) and palatal cusp (loading B). The principal stresses in the lesion apex (internal line angle of cavity) and middle vertical wall were analyzed using ANSYS. The results were as follows 1. Under loading A, compressive stress is created in the unrestored and restored cavity. Under loading B, tensile stress is created. And the peak stress concentration is seen at near mesial corner of the cavity under each load condition. 2. Compared to the unrestored cavity, the principal stresses at the cemeto-enamel junction (CEJ) and internal line angle of the cavity were more reduced in the restored cavity on both load con ditions. 3. In teeth restored with hybrid composite, the principal stresses at the CEJ and internal line angle of the cavity were more reduced than flowable resin.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.11-24
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to re-examine the neglected and forgotten Cheongdo Geoyeonjeong, to correct the wrong contents, examine the changes and conditions of the garden, and to establish basic data on the components of the forest in the future. In addition, it was extended to the Gongampungbyeog Cliff, the influence area of the Geoyeonjeongwonlim, and the results of the study were as follows; First, Based on the recitation of "Seonyu pungryu(仙遊風流)" in the "Cheongsuheon-yugo(聽水軒遺稿),", Dongchangcheon Stream and Gongampungbyeog(孔巖楓壁) were influenced by the outer gardens of the Georyeonjeongwonrim. Second, Small pavilion was built and arranged under the rock of Byeongam(Byeongpungbawi) in the management history of Geoyeonjeong Pavilion. The records show that Cheongsuheon used the Geoyeonjeong Pavilion as the original forest and even recognized Oewon, which is a scenic influence, as the Gongampungbyeog Cliff. Third, Many of the poems related to Gongam were recognized as Seunggyeong, which represents the Unmun area, and the eight scenery of Cheongdo and Unmungugok were established here as proof that Gongampungbyeog Cliff was very faithful to the traditional Seunggyeong aspect of Gongampungbyeog Cliff, and the crystalline structure of the location was implied as an external source of Geoyeonjeongwonlim. Fourth, The lower part of Dongchangcheon Stream, which stretches from Geoyeonjeongwonrim to Gongam, is filled with attractions consisting of cancerous areas such as Punghodae, Moseongam, Buangdae, Gokcheondae, Saganjeong, Hakgadae, and Hyeongjeam, which provide a clearer picture of the space and landscape of the Geyeonjeongwonrim Outer Garden. Fifth, The expression "dragging water, spilling it into the courtyard, and sending it back to the downtown of the field" of the Cheongsuheon-yugo suggests that the site of Geoyeonjeong Pavilion was originally a prevention. It is also inferred that Cheng Shu-heon also wanted to respect runners and pursue natural views like runners. Sixth, The record of planting a description of spring water and willow trees in "Geoyeonjeong Manyeong(居然亭晩影)」" and "Sanggukseol(霜菊說)」" suggests that the chrysanthemum was planted and planted, and that the chrysanthemum was used to describe the Osanggojeol(傲霜孤節), which means that he would not yield and keep his incision alone despite severe frost. Seventh, It is believed that the writing was written by Cheongsuheon in 1844 during the period of the creation of the Wonrim. The rock letters on the floor of Geoyeonjeong suggest the names of the receiving and the winning prizes. Most of the passages are based on nuclear power plants, including Muidogyo of the Zhuzi, and most of them incorporate the virtues of the Gunja and the natural views of the Eunja. In addition, the rock writing 'Gyeong(敬)' or 'Uidang(義堂)' is a substitute for special worship objects or introspection, adding to the significance and scenic properties of the Georyeon Garden Forest.