• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.29-35
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• 2011

Individual ion concentrations and ionic contributions to EC reading in the circulated nutrient solution are the important factors to be considered for stable EC-based closed-loop soilless culture. This study was conducted to determine appropriate ion-analysis intervals of the circulated nutrient solutions based on ion concentration, ion balance, and ion electrical conductivity under different renewal intervals in EC-based nutrient control systems for sweet peppers (Capsicum annum L. 'Fiesta') in early growth stage. Average node numbers of the plants were 13 and 18 when the experiment started and finished, respectively, and three plants were grown in each rockwool slab. Four different renewal intervals of circulated nutrient solutions such as 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks were used as treatment. Nutrient solutions were supplied to the plants based on integrated radiation. Drainage was collected into drain tanks after irrigation ended in the day and then mixed with fresh water until the EC reaches 2.69 $dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$. The replenished nutrient solution was supplied to the plants in the next day. Ion concentrations of the individual ions periodically analyzed in the circulated nutrient solutions showed no significant differences among the treatments during the experimental period. Ion concentrations of $K^+$, $Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Na^+$, $NO_3{^-}$, ${SO_4}^{2-}$, ${PO_4}^{3-}$, and $Cl^-$ varied within 5-8, 11-14, 2.0-2.7, 0.5-0.6, 14-19, 4-5, 1-4, and 0.3-0.5 $meq{\cdot}L^{-1}$, respectively. Ion balance showed a consistent tendency over all the treatments and especially $K^+$ : $Ca^{2+}$ and ${SO_4}^{2-}$ : ${PO_4}^{3-}$ played great roles in the cation and anion balances in the nutrient solutions, respectively. Activity coefficients of ions such as $K^+$, $NO_3{^-}$, and $H_2PO_4{^-}$ varied within 0.8-0.9 and those of $Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$, ${SO_4}^{2-}$ varied within 0.5-0.6, showing little changes with time. Ionic contributions of $K^+$ and $NO_3{^-}$ to EC reading were the greatest followed by $Ca^{2+}$, ${SO_4}^{2-}$, and $Mg^{2+}$ in the order. From the results, we thought that allowable ranges in ion concentration, ion balance, and subsequent individual ionic contributions to EC reading would be obtained within 4-week renewal interval of nutrient solution in EC-based closed-loop soilless culture for sweet pepper plants.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.37-46
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• 2007

The C-shaped canal system is an anatomical variation mostly seen in mandibular second molars, although it can also occur in maxillary and other mandibular molars. The main anatomical feature of C-shaped canals is the presence of fins or web connecting the individual root canals. The complexity of C-shaped canals prevents these canals from being cleaned, shaped, and obturated effectively during root canal therapy, and sometimes it leads to an iatrogenic perforation from the extravagant preparation. The purpose of this study was to provide further knowledge of the anatomical configuration and the minimal thickness of dentinal wall according to the level of the root. Thirty extracted mandibular second molars with fused roots and longitudinal grooves on lingual or buccal surface of the root were collected from a native Korean population. The photo images and radiographs from buccal, lingual, apical direction were taken. After access cavity was prepared, teeth were placed in 5.25% sodium hypochlorite solution for 2 hours to dissolve the organic tissue of the root surface and from the root canal system. After bench dried and all the teeth were embedded in a self-curing resin. Each block was sectioned using a microtome (Accutom-50, Struers, Denmark) at interval of 1 mm. The sectioned surface photograph was taken using a digital camera (Coolpix 995, Nikon, Japan) connected to the microscope. 197 images were evaluated for canal configurations and the minimal thickness of dentinal wall between canal and external wall using 'Root Thickness Gauge Program' designed with Visual Basic. The results were as follows : 1. At the orifice level of all teeth, the most frequent observed configuration was Melton's Type C I (73%), however the patterns were changed to type C II and C III when the sections were observed at the apical third. On the other hand, the type C III was observed at the orifice level of only 2 teeth but this type could be seen at apical region of the rest of the teeth. 2. The C-shaped canal showed continuous and semi-colon shape at the orifice level, but at the apical portion of the canal there was high possibility of having 2 or 3 canals 3. Lingual wall was thinner than buccal wall at coronal, middle, apical thirds of root but there was no statistical differences.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.225-235
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• 2017

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the potential of freeze-dried persimmon powder (Diospyros kaki Thumb.) to protect against dyslipidemia induced by a high-fat/cholesterol diet (HFD) in a rat model. Methods: Fifty Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups: normal control (NC), high-fat/cholesterol control (HC), tannin in HFD (HT, 1% of diet), immature persimmon in HFD (HI, 7% of diet), and mature persimmon in HFD (HM, 7% of diet). Tannin was used as a positive control. Biochemical, molecular, and histopathological changes were observed in the blood and liver. Results: We confirmed that a high fat/cholesterol diet successfully induced dyslipidemia, which was characterized by significantly altered lipid profiles in the plasma and liver. However, oxidized low-density lipoprotein levels, histopathological damage in the liver, and hepatic triglyceride levels were significantly reduced in all HT, HI, and HM groups compared to those in the HF group. In contrast, plasma apolipoprotein B level was significantly reduced only in the HT and HM groups, whereas reduction of the LDL-C level was detected only in the HI group. Although HF-induced sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) gene expression was significantly reduced in all treated groups, downstream gene expression levels varied among the different groups; significant reduction of fatty acid synthase (FAS) and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMGCR) gene expression was detected only in the HI group, whereas cholesterol $7{\alpha}$-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) gene expression was significantly elevated only in the HM group. Conclusion: Taken together, the data suggest that protection of LDL oxidation and hepatic lipogenesis might be, at least partly, attributed to tannin in persimmons. However, the identified mechanisms varied up to the maturation stage of persimmon. In the case of immature persimmon, modulation of FAS and HMGCR gene expression was prominent, whereas in the case of mature persimmon, modulation of CYP7A1 gene expression was prominent.

• Journal of the Korean Arthroscopy Society
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.75-81
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• 2004

Purpose: Recent development and advances in arthroscopic surgical techniques for Anterior Cruciate Ligament(ACL) reconstruction have led to the ideal location for the etric point from 10 o'clock (in right knee) and 13:30 (in left knee) to 10:30 (in right knee) and 14 o'clock (in left knee) in the frontal plane. This study was performed to compare operative methods and the radiologic results of femoral tunnels made through the tibial tunnel(trans-tibial approach) and the anteromedial portal. Material and Methods: From January 2003 to May 2004, one-hundred reconstructions of anterior cruciate ligament were performed. Group I (femoral tunnel through tibial tunnel) was composed of 50 cases and group ll (femoral tunnel through anteromedial portal) was consisted of 50 cases. The study was performed to compare the radiographic results of femoral tunnels made through the tibial tunnel and the anteromedial portal and operative methods. Results: In operative methods at Group II, femoral tunnel was made more easily at isometric point than Group I, a good visual field was achived because 100$^{\circ}$ flxion of knee, they can be reduced risk of posterior cortical breakage and tunnel-graft mismatching and decreased divergence of femoral interference screw in radiology (P<0.05). The angle between femoral tunnel and longitudinal axis of ACL wae increased at Group ll. Conclusion: Aanteromedial portal technique was more useful in ACL reconstruction for femoral tunnel toward 10 o'clock to10:30(in right) or 1:30 to 2 o'clock(in left).

• Journal of the Korean Arthroscopy Society
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.103-108
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• 2004

Purpose: This study reported the outcomes following the use of bioabsorbable knotless anchor in patients with anterior instability of shoulder. Methods: We studied fifteen cases with traumatic anterior shoulder instability underwent arthroscopic Bankart repair with bioabsorbable knotless suture anchor between January 2003 and June 2003. Among fifteen patients, fourteen were male and one was female, with a mean patient age of 24 years (range 16-42). The mean follow-up was 14 months (range 12-18 months). We compared with operation time of twenty cases of arthroscopic Bankart repair by the suture anchor technique between January 2002 and October 2002. Results: Neither recurrent dislocation nor subluxation was happened in postoperative follow-up. Mean score for functional evaluation by Rowe et al. was 89.4 and that for patient subjective satisfaction was 87,5. At last follow-up period, average shoulder range of motion for flexion and external rotation was 171$^{\circ}$ and 54$^{\circ}$ respectively. All patients were satisfied except three who had an apprehension at the follow up. During Bankart repair, it took an average of 25.5 minutes for one knot with the use of suture anchor technique whereas an average of 16.5 minutes for one knot with the use of bioabsorbable knotless anchor. Significantly, we saved operation time with the use of bioabsorbable knotless anchor (P<0.05).Conclusion: Repairing the Bankart lesion with the use of knotless anchor technique has the advantage of obtaining good capsular tensioning and saving operation time. And it is considered to be very successful in treating shoulder instability without recurrent dislocation or subluxation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.894-899
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• 2001

Intakes and excretions of zinc and copper were determined for 8 female adolescents (aged 16.4$\pm$0.5 y; body mass index 20.4$\pm$1.3kg/$m^2$; body fat 33.3$\pm$2.5%; bone mineral density of lumbar spine in L2-L4; 0.96$\pm$0.08g/$\textrm{cm}^2$) when they consumed diets basal and high in calcium for 6 days each. All subjects consumed a basal Ca diet containing 800 mg, Korean RDA level of the subjects, and a high Ca diet containing 1200mg, RDA plus 2 SDs of calcium intake. The diets provided 58% of energy intake as carbohydrate, 25% as fat, and 17% as protein. Food, urine and fecal samples were collected during the last 3 days of each feeding period and were assayed. Mean daily intakes on the basal and high calcium diets, respectively, were 6.57 and 6.37 mg for zinc and 910 and 812 $\mu\textrm{g}$for copper. Fecal excretion of copper and zinc in relation to intake was significantly greater on the high calcium than on the basal calcium diet. Hence, apparent absorption rate was significantly lowered from 98.7% on the basal calcium diet to 97.9% on the high calcium diet for zinc from 66.3% to 56.4% for copper, respectively. Urinary loss of copper was not detectable but that of zinc was 0.38mg on the basal diet and 0.47mg on the high calcium diet. Copper retention was 899$\pm$105$\mu\textrm{g}$/day on the basal calcium diet and 792$\pm$20.8$\mu\textrm{g}$/day on the high calcium diet, and zinc retention was 3.95$\pm$0.91mg/day and 3.11$\pm$0.89mg/day. Thus, copper and zinc retention was significantly decreased on the high calcium diet (p<0.05). Summarizing the results, apparent absorption and retention of zinc and copper were significantly decreased by calcium supplementation. Therefore, it is suggested that interactions among minerals should be considered in determining RDA.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.9
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• pp.1159-1165
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• 2006

Our preliminary study showed that genistein and daidzein improved blood glucose level in type 2 diabetic mice by enhancing the glucose and lipid metabolism. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether genistein and daidzein are associated with alterations in antioxidant defense mechanism of type 2 diabetic mice. Male C57BL/KsJ-db/db (db/db) mice and age-matched non-diabetic littermates (db/+) were used in this study. The db/db mice were divided into control, genistein (0.02%, w/w) and daidzein (0.02%, w/w) groups. The relative weights of liver, epididymal adipose tissue and perirenal adipose tissue were significantly higher in the db/db group than in the db/+ group, whereas heart weight was lower. The genistein and daidzein supplement did not affect the organ weights in db/db mice. The blood glucose level was positively correlated with superoxide dismutase (SOD, r=0.380, p<0.05) and catalase (CAT, r=0.345, p<0.05) activities and negatively correlated with glutathione peroxidase (GSH Px, r= 0.404, p<0.05) activity in erythrocyte. Therefore, the erythrocyte SOD and CAT activities were significantly elevated in the db/db group compared to the db/+ group and the GSH-Px activity was lowered. However, the supplementation of genistein and daidzein reversed erythrocyte CAT and GSH-Px activities in type 2 diabetic mice. In this current study, the SOD activities in liver, kidney and heart were significantly not different between the groups. The CAT and GSH-Px activities in liver and GSH-Px activity in kidney were significantly higher in the db/db group than in the db/+ group, while the CAT activity in kidney, CAT and GSH-Px activities in heart were lowered. The supplementation of genistein and daidzein significantly attenuated the changes of CAT and/or GSH-Px activities in liver and heart. The supplementation of genistein and daidzein elevated GSH levels in kidney and heart compared to the db/db control group. The lipid peroxide levels in liver, kidney and heart were significantly lowered in the genistein and daidzein supplemented groups compared to the db/db control group. These results suggest that genistein and daidzein might be beneficial for the prevention of type 2 diabetic complication via suppressing changes of antioxidant enzymes activities with simultaneous reduction of lipid peroxidation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.9
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• pp.1207-1214
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• 2006

The purposes of this study were to determine the estimated dietary fiber (DF) intakes per capita/day of Korean as of 2001 by age groups and sex, and to analyze the major food sources of DF using the data on per capita consumption of each food reported in the 2001 Reports of Korean National Nutrition Survey and the newly-established DF database. The mean daily intakes of DF of Korean increased with increasing age until 49 years and thereafter decreased with aging. The intakes of DF/1,000 kcal increased with increasing age until 64 years and thereafter decreased with aging. On the average, the Korean people under age of 49 did not meet adequate intake (AI) of DF (12 g/1,000 kcal) in Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) for the Koreans. The male people less satisfied the AI than the female did. The major food groups contributed to DF intakes of Korean adults were high in the order of vegetables, cereals, fruits, seasonings, legumes and seaweeds. Regardless of age and sex, vegetables, cereals and fruits were three major sources of DF for Koreans who obtained approximately 75% of DF from those sources. It has been shown that rice was the first single food source of DF intake for the age groups less than 12 years, however Kimchi was the first major source for all the age groups over 12 years. The infant and elderly groups obtained more DF from 10 major single food sources than the other age groups did. The results of the study revealed that the present levels of DF intakes of Korean in all age groups except the elderly group are insufficient to meet the AI for DF. Therefore the beneficial effects of DF on health and the increased consumption of DF from the variety of food sources should be emphasized through the continuous nutritional education.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.13-21
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• 1971

As one part of the ecological studies of Korean white pine plantation, a synecological survey was made on the undergrowth vegetation of Korean white pine plantations of different age class i.e., 5, 15, 25, 35, and 40 year age classes under which shrub and ground vegetation were distinctly different. And, the results are summarized as follows. 1. In shrub, the important species is Corylus heterophylla var. japonica and the dominant species in each age-class stand are as follows; 5 year-class ; Quercus mongolica, Lespedeza Maximowiczi. 15 year-class ; Corylus heterophylla var. japonica, Lespedeza Maximowiczi. 25 year-class ; Corylus heterophylla var. japonica. 35 year-class ; Corylus heterophylla var. japonica, Maackia amurensis. 40 year-class ; Corylus heterophylla var. japonica. 2. The higher the age class of the plantation are, the lower the height and the density of the shrub become. 3. Dominant species of ground-vegetation under the shrub of each age-class are as follows; 5 year-class ; Arundinella hirta var. cilia, Miscanthus purpurascens. 15 year-class ; Arundinella hirta var. ciliata, Potentilla Freyniana. 25 year-class ; Physematium manchuriense, Viola xanthopetala, Rubus craegifolius. 35 year-class ; Viola xanthopetala, Rubus crataegifolius. 45 year-class ; Viola xanthopetala, Rubus crataegifolius. 4. The standing crops of ground vegetation under the shrub were decreased with increasing age-class, which also caused the decreasing height and density and changing floristic composition of the shrub. 5. The ratio of the standing crop of root to the standing crop of shoot was increased as the age class increased. 6. The floristic composition of ground vegetation has shown a change from heliophyte to sciophytes on the sere.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.90 no.1
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• pp.155-160
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• 2001

Changes in genetic diversity after seed-tree practice were simulated in test plantation of tulip tree at Sokdal-ri, Banwol-myon, Hwasung-gun, Kyungki Provence. I-SSR markers were analyzed in a total of 305 tulip trees. A total of 89 amplicon variants were observed by PCR with 9 I-SSR primers. Genetic diversity for 305 trees was relatively high (S. I. =0.4532). Individuals originated from the seed orchards in U.S.A. showed the highest level of genetic diversity (0.4530), those from Anyang showed the medium level (0.4152), and those from Cheonbuk showed the lowest (0.3929). Simulation of seed-tree practice accompanied by 2 consecutive thinnings was performed on the basis of morphological characteristics and planted distances of the individual trees, which left 37 trees as candidates for seed-trees. Decreasing rate of genetic diversity within seed sources was greatest for individuals from Cheonbuk (28.3%), moderate for those from Anyang (16.3%), and smallest for those from U.S.A. (8.0%). In spite of little difference in decreasing rate of individuals for the 3 seed sources (87.5~88.2%), large difference in decreasing rate of genetic diversity within seed sources might be due to difference in number of mother trees for the 3 seed sources. For example, whereas individuals originated from the seed orchard in U.S.A., which showed the smallest decreasing rate of genetic diversity, might be originated from relatively large number of mother trees, those from Anyang and Cheonbuk might be originated from relatively small number of mother trees. Although mean of 17.5% of the genetic diversity within seed sources was decreased through 2 consecutive thinnings, a decrease in genetic diversity for the whole individuals (37 trees) was only 6.1%. This observation suggests that the seed-tree practice on the basis of the criteria established in the present study may not result in great reduction in overall genetic diversity of the progenies.