• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.254-259
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• 2012

Peeling damage of trees is usually caused by Cervidae such as deer, roe deer because of the lack of food in forests. However, it happens as part of the developing of antlers in Jeju Island when the roe deer try to remove the Velvet-the skin of the antlers. The research area is the Hannam experimental forest (400 m up to 500 m above sea level) of Korea Forest Research Institute in Jeju Island, and the survey was carried out along the 6 km long of forest road with 5 m width on both sides. Twenty five tree species (total 267 stands) are damaged by peeling; 18 (134 stands) deciduous broad-leaved species, 5 (71 stands) in evergreen broad-leaved species, 2 (62 stands) coniferous species. The most common damaged species are in order of Daphniphyllum macropodum, Cryptomeria japonica, Lindera erythrocarpa, Clerodendrum trichotomum, Zanthoxylum schinifolium. Mainly damaged trees are approximately 3~4 years old saplings, and they show the mean height $120.7{\pm}42.4cm$, diameter measured at 5 cm height $1.5{\pm}0.5cm$. The Lowest peeling beginning height is $22.1{\pm}10.1cm$, and the mean length of peeling is $27.5{\pm}10.6cm$. Once the peeling damage happens, the saplings are infected by fungi secondly, and are distorted or dead, therefore the future structure of warm-temperate forests could be in influenced in species. Warm-temperate forest landscape and species change related to the climate change is a rising issue in Jeju Island. However the changes caused by peeling damage also could be an important issue in the natural process of forest environment, afforestation, local nursery and sustainable forest management of Jeju Island.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.107-121
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• 2010

We conducted a sensitivity test of Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES), in which the influence of biophysical parameters on the simulation of gross primary productivity (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (RE) was investigated for two typical ecosystems in Korea. For this test, we employed the whole-year observation of eddy-covariance fluxes measured in 2006 at two KoFlux sites: (1) a deciduous forest in complex terrain in Gwangneung and (2) a farmland with heterogeneous mosaic patches in Haenam. Our analysis showed that the simulated GPP was most sensitive to the maximum rate of RuBP carboxylation and leaf nitrogen concentration for both ecosystems. RE was sensitive to wood biomass parameter for the deciduous forest in Gwangneung. For the mixed farmland in Haenam, however, RE was most sensitive to the maximum rate of RuBP carboxylation and leaf nitrogen concentration like the simulated GPP. For both sites, the JULES model overestimated both GPP and RE when the default values of input parameters were adopted. Considering the fact that the leaf nitrogen concentration observed at the deciduous forest site was only about 60% of its default value, the significant portion of the model's overestimation can be attributed to such a discrepancy in the input parameters. Our finding demonstrates that the abovementioned key biophysical parameters of the two ecosystems should be evaluated carefully prior to any simulation and interpretation of ecosystem carbon exchange in Korea.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.202-209
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• 2014

RNA interference (RNAi) is the method which controls phenotypes of gene in live cells. Chitinase is the enzyme helping digestion and absorption of old cuticles during the ecdysis of insects. In order to investigate molting-inhibition effect with the chitinase related gene in Spodoptera litura, RNA was extracted from the $5^{th}$ instars. cDNA was synthesized and then we obtained about 700 bp size chitinase. After PCR products were cloned into a pGEM T-easy vector, colonies were picked. DNA was extracted from the colony cultures. EcoR I enzyme was used to check whether PCR products were inserted or not. And then we confirmed vector band of about 3 kb and insert band of about 700 bp. To synthesize the dsRNA, each DNA was cut with Spe I and Nco I enzymes (Circular DNA became lineared DNA). After synthesis of dsRNA, approximately 5 ul dsRNA was injected into the $3^{rd}$ abdominal segment of S. litura $4^{th}$ larvae. The concentration of dsRNA was about $10{\mu}g/{\mu}l$. We confirmed larval-larval molting : there were phenotypically abnormal individuals - for instance malformation, molting inhibition and change of integument color. Pupaadult molting : there were phenotypically abnormal individuals - for instance molting inhibition, change of wings and malformation. Also we could investigate the pupation, emergence and variation about noninjection, treated with DW and dsRNA. Each pupation was non-injection 83.3%, DW 78.3% and dsRNA 66.7%. Each emergence was non-injection 90.0%, DW 72.3% and dsRNA 65.0%. So we considered that chitinase dsRNA induced molting inhibition effect. But each variation was non-injection 8.9%, DW 2.9% and dsRNA 19.2%. Therefore dsRNA group showed the highest variation value. When 18 hours after injecting dsRNA, we could obtain abnormal individual.

• The Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Ultrasound Society
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.18-23
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• 2009

Purpose: To evaluate the relationship between the real pathology & abnormal finding found by ultrasonography. Without an MRI test being done beforehand, an arthroscopy is done after an ultrasonography to show abnormal lesions during a knee abnormality. Materials and Methods: The subjects were 42 patients out of 49 cases, excluding those with rheumatoid arthritis, septic arthritis and patients suspected with a ligament tear, which were examined by ultrasonography alone before receiving a knee arthroscopy in our hospital from July 2007 to July 2008. In every case, a physical examination, simple X-ray and knee ultrasonography was done. An arthroscopy was performed when there was ultrasonographic abnormal finding. Before the procedure, a MRI test was not performed and when abnormal findings were found by an arthroscopy, an appropriate surgery was done. Results: During the ultrasonographic examination, there were various sized effusions in the suprapatellar pouch. Also, in addition there were eleven cases of medial meniscus abnormalities, sixteen cases of lateral meniscus abnormalities, and two cases of cystic lesions. Throughout the arthroscopic examination, there were 14 cases of medial meniscus abnormalities, 20 cases of lateral meniscus abnormalities, 15 cases of cartilage damages, 9 cases of medial pathologic plica, 2 cases of intra-articular loose bodies, 5 cases of chondromalacia, 2 cases of cyst, and 2 cases of synovitis. When an effusion abnormality was found by the ultrasonography in a suprapatellar pouch, there was a 100% probability of knee pathology. When a medial meniscus abnormality was found with an ultrasonography, there was a 90.9% probability of a real pathology. When a lateral meniscus abnormality was found there was 81.2% probability of a real pathology. Ultrasonography was 100% accurate when it came to cystic lesions. Conclusion: Knee ultrasonography performed before an arthroscopy seems to be a very useful examination method when suspecting intra-articular lesions.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.34 no.7
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• pp.495-503
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• 2012

The water quality of Gul-po Stream, the subject of this study, has been deteriorating because of the inflow of domestic sewage and the industrial wastewater due to industrialization and the problems relating to the structure of river including slow flow rate and the covering of river. In particular, the domestic sewage from small-medium sized factories by the river and large-scale industrial complex by the upper and middle streams of the river, and the domestic sewage from increasing population due to the regional development are the main pollution sources. Thus, this study aims to survey the water quality and the sediment affecting Gul-po Stream; monitor the state of pollution in water body; assess the yield of sediment and investigate the water quality of river and the problems arising from sediment; and then suggest reasonable ways to improve the situation. The findings from surveying pollution load shows the discharge increases up to average 72.8 times from the upper stream to the downstream of Gul-po Stream, and pollution load increases up to: SS 111 times, BOD 150 times, COD 145 times, the nutrient T-N 222 times and T-P 312 times on an average basis. As for the pollution concentration range, ignition loss is 1.29~12.43%; COD is 4,015~37,547 kg/day; T-N and T-P 94.8~352.5 kg/day and 81.8~372.3 kg/day, respectively. As for the releasing rate of sediment, T-N is -14.46~$156.61mg/m^2/day$; T-P is -11.53~$26.10mg/m^2/day$, indicating the likelihood of internal contamination due to the elution of sediment. This study is expected to be used as basic data to manage Gul-po Stream basin.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.179-191
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• 2013

This study was conducted to comparatively assess quantitative indicating factor for biomineralization characterizing $CO_2$ mineralization on three type of minerals (i.e., $CaCl_2$, $MgCl_2$, $CaCl_2-MgCl_2$) in an aqueous solution amended with Bacillus pasteurii or indigenous microorganisms for a S landfill cover soil. For given three types of minerals, $NH_4{^+}$ (urease activity) was released at the highest of 88 mg/L for $MgCl_2$, then 85 mg/L for $CaCl_2$, and the lowest of 42 mg/L for $CaCl_2-MgCl_2$. $CO_2$ gas in the head space was completely removed after 12, 12, and 24 hr for $CaCl_2$, $MgCl_2$ and $CaCl_2-MgCl_2$, respectively. $Ca^{2+}$ concentration in $CaCl_2$ solution was the quickest and the greatest decreased 92% for 12 hr whereas that in $CaCl_2-MgCl_2$ solution was lower at 85% for 36 hr. $Mg^{2+}$ concentration in $MgCl_2$ was more efficiently decreased at 46% for 48 hr than that of $CaCl_2-MgCl_2$ solution of 38.5% for 72 hr. Regardless of types of minerals or their concentration, pH was changed from 5.5 to 9 by biomineralization being progressed. Microbial activity ($OD_{600}$) was also changed from 0 to 0.6. SEM images indicated that spheroidal and trapezoid shape crystal were formed, which were identified as of $CaCO_3$ (Calcite) and $MgCO_3$ (Magnesite) by X-ray diffraction. In the long run, $NH_4{^+}$ (urease activity), $CO_2$ gas, $OD_{600}$, pH, $Ca^{2+}$ and $Mg^{2+}$ would be suitable for reasonable indicating factor in order to assess the degree of biomineralization efficiency.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.423-435
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• 1984

The reproductive cycle of the small filefish, Rudarius ercodes was investigated based on the annual variations of gonadosomatic index(GSI) and hepatosomatic index(HSI) by electronic and photic microscophy. The specimens used were collected at the coastal area of Benden island, Sizuokagen, Japan, from September 1982 to August 1983. GSI began to increase from March, starting season of longer daylength and higher water temperature, and reached the maximum value between June and August. It began to decrease from September with the lowest value appearing between November and February without any evident variation. The annual variations of HSI were not distinct in male filefish and were negatively related to GSI in female : HSI decreased in the summer season when the ovary was getting mature and reached the maximum in the winter season when the ovary was getting retrogressive. The ovary consisted of a pair of saccular structure with numerous ovarian sacs branched toward the median cavity. Oogonia divided and proliferated along the germinal epithelium of the ovarian sac. Young oocytes with basophile cytoplasm showed several scattering nucleoli along the nuclear membrane. when the oocytes growing to about 300 ${\mu}m$, nuclear membrane to disappear with nucleus migrating toward the animal pole. The regions of protoplasm were extremely confined within the animal hemisphere in which most of cytoplasms were filled with yolk materials and oil drops. After ovulation, residual follicles and growing oocytes remaining in the ovarian sacs degenerated. But perinucleatic young oocytes without follicles formed were not degenerated, and growing continuously still in the next year. Mitochondria and endoplasmic reticula in the cytoplasm remarkably increased with oocytes maturing and yolk accumulating. Those were considered to be functionally related to the yolk accumulation. Five or six layers of possible vitellogenin, oval-shaped disc structures with high electron density, appeared in the apex of follicular processes stretching to the microvilli pits of mature oocytes. Testis consisting of a pair of lobular structures in the right and left were united in the posterior seminal vesicle, Cortex of testis was composed of several seminiferous tubules, and medulla consisting of many sperm ducts connected with tubules. Steroid hormone-secreting cells with numerous endoplasmic reticula and large mitochondria of well developed cristae were recognized in the interstitial cells of the growing testis. Axial filament of spermatozoon invaginated deeply in the central cavity of the nucleus and the head formed U-shape with acrosome severely lacking, mitochondria formed large globular paranuclei at the posterior head, and microtubular axoneme of the tail represented 9+9+2 type. The annual reproductive cycles could be divided into five successive stages : growth(March to July), maturation(May to September), Spawning(mid May to early October) and resting stages(October to February). The spawning peak occurred from June to August.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.586-592
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• 1986

The marine bacterial flora of seawater at Masan Bay located in southern part of Korea was investigated to provide basic information about the origin of red tides in this area. The samples were collected at 5 sampling stations (see fig.1) established once a month from July 1985 to June 1986. The results are summerized as follows: 1. Two hundred and ninety one strains of marine bacteria among 299 strains isolated were identified from 156 samples(150 seawater samples and 6 mud samples) collected in the study area. 2. During the study period, the dissolved oxygen ranged from 2.1 to 6.3 ml/l; temperature of surface seawater ranged from 4.6 to $30.1^{\circ}C$; phosphate, silicate and nitrite ranged from 1.6 to 5.6 ${mu}g-at/l$, 327.27 to 3798.38 ${mu}g-at/l$, and 1.09 to 5.5 ${mu}g-at/l$, respectively. 3. Pseudomonas spp. were the most dominant bacterial species before red tides, Ancinetobacter spp. and Flavobacterium spp. during red tides, and Flavobacterium spp., Vibrio spp. and Acinetobacter spp. after red tides. 4. Viable counts marine bacterial flora ranged $10^4{\sim}10^8cell/ml$, and the most abundant viable counts of marine bacteria occured during red tides ($10^7{\sim}10^8cell/ml$).

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.200-204
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• 2001

Persimmon (Diospyros kaki. cv. Fuyu) fruits were packaged under different conditions, and then stored at $0^{\circ}C$ for 21 weeks. The tried packages were heat-sealed bag of one fruit, heat-sealed bag of five fruits, and tie-sealed bag of five fruits, which used films of three different thickness (0.03 ㎜, 0.05 ㎜ and 0.06 ㎜). Throughout the storage, package free volume, package atmosphere and quality were measured. Package free volume decreased with time with higher rate for heat-sealed bags, in which close contact between fruit and the film was eventually reached in longer storage. However, tie-sealed bags maintained the levels of stabilized free volume. The rate of free volume decrease was faster with thinner film and larger bag size for the packs sealed by the same method. Package atmosphere covered $O_2$ concentration of $1.1{\sim}17.1%$ and $CO_2$ concentration of $1.1{\sim}8.3%$, $O_2$ concentration decreased during storage, whereas $CO_2$ increased. Thinner film package created the internal atmosphere of higher $O_2$ and lower $CO_2$ concentrations. Tie-sealed bags of 5 fruits in the films of 0.05 mm and 0.06 mm thickness maintained the equilibrated package atmosphere of $1.1{\sim}3.0%\;O_2$ and $4.0{\sim}5.5%\;CO_2$, which preserved the fruits best in terms of firmness and less physiological changes of flesh browning and peel browning. At five fruit heat-sealed bag in the films of 0.06 mm thickness with $CO_2\;8.3%$, flesh browning occurred at a high rate, whereas all treatments in the film of 0.03 mm thickness with high $O_2$ and relatively low $CO_2$ contents, flesh and peel browning rates were high.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.8-15
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• 2008

Saussurea lappa (SL) has been used to reduce abdominal pain and tenesmus in traditional oriental medicine. SL and major compounds of SL, sesquiterpene lactones, have been suggested to possess various biological effects, including anti-tumor, anti-ulcer, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral and cardiotonic activities. Recently, it has been reported that ethanol extracts from roots of SL have antiproliferative effects on gastric cancer cells. To explore the possibility that SL has chemopreventive effects on prostate cancer, we examined whether the hexane extract of SL (HESL) inhibits the growth of LNCaP human prostate cancer cells. Cells were incubated with various concentrations ($0{\sim}4$ mg/L) of HESL in DMEM/F12 containing 5% charcoal stripped fetal bovine serum. HESL substantially decreased viable cell numbers and induced apoptosis of LNCaP cells in dose-dependent manners. HESL increased the levels of cleaved caspase-8, -9, -7 and -3, and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase. HESL increased the levels of the pro-apoptotic Bak and truncated-Bid proteins whereas it had no effect on the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, or Mcl-1. The present results indicate that HESL inhibits the growth of human prostate cancer cells by inducing apoptosis, which involves the activation of the caspase cascades.