• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.52-56
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• 1978

The mechanism of cooking rice was investigated using a japonica type rice variety, Akibare, of 50%, 70% and 90% polishing degrees. The hardness of rice cooked at various cooking temperatures ($90^{\circ}-120^{\circ}C$) was measured with a Texturometer. The cooking rate followed the equation of a first-order reaction. The reaction rate constants were in the increasing order of 50%, 70% and 90% polished rice. The temperature coefficient of the reaction rate constant at cooking temperatures of ($90^{\circ}-100^{\circ}C$) was about 2 in all rice samples. The activation energies of cooking at temperatures below $100^{\circ}C$ and above $100^{\circ}C$ were about 17,000 and 9,000 cal/mole, respectively. The polishing degrees and water soaking time of rice did not affect the activation energy of cooking; however, the lower polishing degrees and shorter soaking increased the cooking time The experimental results suggested that the cooking process of rice comprises two mechanisms: At temperatures below $100^{\circ}C$ the cooking rate is controlled by the reaction rate of rice constituents with water, and at temperatures above $100^{\circ}C$, it is controlled by the rate of diffusion of water through the cooked portion (or layer) toward the interface of uncooked core in which the reaction is occurring.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.350-354
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• 1982

These studies were conducted to evaluate the milling characteristics of Korean wheat cultivars and breeding lines harvested in 1980 and 1981. The straight-grade flour yield (by Buhler experimental mill) for all tested wheats was in a range of 56 to 73% with a mean value of 65% and the flour ash content averaged 0.44%. Mean milling score for all tested wheats was about 78. Average ash values of wheats harvested in 1980 and 1981 were 665.3 and 683.5, respectively, and flour protein content averaged 10.55% and 10.25%, respectively. There were significant positive correlations between flour yield vs. milling score, ash content vs. ash value and protein content vs. ash value, while there were negative correlation between flour ash vs. milling score, protein content vs. milling score and milling score vs. ash value.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.169-175
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• 2009

According as standard of measurement is changed to world geodetic system by surveying law revision, we need to transform previous 1/1,000 digital maps as a standards of world geodetic system. And, we should acquire standard strategy to minimize confusion and error by conversion of geodetic surveying standards. Thus, conversion of digital maps must be transformed efficiently and consistently according to notice of relevant standard. As common point, we have used 1/1,000 digital map and local geodetic system coordinates and world geodetic system coordinates that had been used in UIS business of Pusan city and, make a analysis of distortion quantity using KASM Trans Ver 2.2. As the result of distortion quantity calculation about all Pusan city, numbers of area that error is over 0.05m are 35 in case of X(N) and 43 in case of Y(E). Because some business section have especially much error, we divided into 3 areas, that was A,B,C, and analyzed. As a result of analysis, errors of more than 0.05m are occurred only 1 X(E) in the B area and 1 X(N) and 1 Y(E) in the C area. In conclusion, We think It is a good method that we consider a distortion quantity and divide a region, and transfer to world geodetic system for large area like Pusan city.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.743-749
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• 2010

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of resistant starches (RS2, RS3) on weight change and defecation states in rats with constipation induced by loperamide. Sixty male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into the following six groups: normal control-5% cellulose (NC), constipated-5% cellulose (CC), constipated-5% pectin (CP), constipated-5% RS2 (CR2), constipated-8% RS2 (CR2-H) and constipated-5% RS3 (CR3). The animals were fed AIN76-based experimental diets for 5 weeks. Supplementation of RS2 and RS3 resulted in significantly lower feed efficiency ratios and body weight gain as compared to cellulose supplemented group. Large intestine length was significantly longer in the resistant starch and cellulose groups than in the pectin group. Relative fecal weight to feed intake was significantly higher in the RS3 resistant starch group than in the pectin group, and the appearance of feces was similar to that of the cellulose group. Supplementation of RS3 or cellulose significantly shortened gastrointestinal transit time in the constipated rats as compared to pectin. The results of the present study demonstrated that resistant starch supplementation, especially RS3, may help in depress body weight gain and alleviate constipation through an increase of fecal weight and shortening gastrointestinal transit time in constipated animals.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.16 no.7 s.80
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• pp.1127-1132
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• 2006

Effects of dietary supplementation of Pleurotus eryngii(PE) to a diet containig the cholesterol on lipid levels in the liver and serum, and enzyme activities of rats were studied by feeding 8-weeks old male rats with the four diets for 4 weeks, respectively: normal diet, control diet (10% fat + 0.5% cholesterol), 3% and 5% PE diets (control diet + 3% and 5% PE dry powder). The body weight gains and food efficiency ratios of the 3% and 5% PE diet groups were significantly lower than those of the control group. The liver and epididymal fat pad weights, and hepatic triglyceride Levels of the 5% PE diet group were more significantly decreased than those of the control group. The concentrations in serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL+VLDL-cholesterol, and atherogenic index ratios were significantly lower in the 3% or 5% PE groups compared to those of the control group. Ratio of HDL-cholesterol to total-cholesterol was significantly higher in the 3% and 5% PE groups compared to that of the control group. The fecal total lipid excretion of the 5% PE diet group was more significantly decreased than that of the control group. There was no significant difference in the hepatic cholesterol, and the serum HDL-cholesterol concentrations, and the GOT, GPT and ${\gamma}-GTP$ activities among the experimental groups. These results showed that the Pleurotus eryngii powder feeding decreased the total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and atherogenic index, and increased the ratio of HDL-cholesterol to total-cholesterol in serum of the rats.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.26 no.8
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• pp.881-886
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• 2016

Cephalanthera erecta (Thunb. ex, Murray) is an herbaceous and a member of the genus Cephalanthera in the family Orchidaceae. The species is an herbaceous and has reputed Chinese medicinal value. It has been investigated the population density and spatial distribution of this species at Mt. Ahop in Korea during 2015. The spatial pattern of C. erecta was analyzed according to several patchiness indexes, population uniformity or aggregation under different sizes of plots by dispersion indices, and spatial autocorrelation. The mean crowding (M*) and patchiness index (PAI) showed positive values except one small plot (2 m × 2 m). Most natural individuals of C. erecta for plots were not uniformly distributed in the forest community. The small plots (2 m × 2 m, to 8 m × 16 m) of C. erecta were uniformly distributed in the forest community and large plots (16 m × 16 m and 16 m × 32 m) were aggregately distributed. Significant aggregations by Moran's I of C. erecta were partially observed within IV classes (12 m). Dissimilarity among pairs of individuals could found by more than 18.0 m. In conclusion, the geographic distribution of C. erecta is not even with varying degrees of size of plots and human activities give rise to density effects in the plots at Mt. Ahop in Korea.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.36-43
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• 2011

Diabetes mellitus is associated with vascular complications. Diabetic patients exhibit high levels of glycated adducts in serum compared to non-diabetic individuals. The aim of this study was to investigate whether extracellular glycated albumin (GA) predisposes vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) to pro-inflammatory phenotype. Exposure of rat aortic smooth muscle cells (AoSMCs) to GA not only enhanced interleukin-6 (IL-6) release but also activated promoter activity of the IL-6 gene. GA-induced IL-6 promoter activation was suppressed by dominant-negative forms of Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 and myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), but not by dominant-negative-forms of TLR-2 and TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-$\beta$ (TRIF). Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) inhibition and diphenyleneiodium (DPI) also attenuated IL-6 induction by GA. Mutation at the nuclear factor-${\kappa}B$ (NF-${\kappa}B$)-binding site in the IL-6 promoter region suppressed promoter activation in response to GA. The present study proposes that GA would contribute to inflammatory reaction in the stressed vasculature by inducing IL-6 in VSMCs, and that TLR-4, EKR, and NF-${\kappa}B$ play active roles in the process.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.697-702
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• 2010

Ten farrow-finish farms participated in this seromonitoring that was conducted to investigate the porcine brucellosis situation in Korea. In total, eight (80.0%) of the 10 farms and 139 (24.0%) of 578 pigs tested showed a positive response in the Rose Bengal test (RBT). Seroprevalence levels were determined using RBT according to age; 35 (14.6%) of 239 piglets, 36 (31.3%) of 115 growing pigs, and 68 (30.4%) of 224 finishing pigs and sows were positive, respectively. All positive samples in RBT were tested with the tube agglutination test (TAT) and competitive ELISA (C-ELISA), simultaneously. Although 48 samples came up positive in the TAT, all samples tested with C-ELISA were negative. Among 26 rectal swab samples from the TAT positive-pigs, Yersinia enterocolitica O:9 was isolated from seven samples (26.9%). Therefore, we speculated that the positive reaction of RBT and TAT in this study might be induced by the serologically cross-reacting bacteria with Brucella abortus.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.768-774
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• 2010

In this study, we investigated the antioxidant activities, alcohol metabolizing activities, nitrite scavenging ability, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), and elastase inhibitory effects of hot water extract from Makgeoly (HWM). Antioxidant activities were measured by using 2,2.diphenyl.1.picryl.hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity and SOD (superoxide dismutase).like activity. The DPPH radical scavenging activity and SOD.like activity of HWM were remarkably increased in a dose.dependent manner and were 48.0% and 98.7% at 10 mg/ml, respectively. To determine the influence of HWM on alcohol metabolizing activity, the generating activities of reduced.nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) were measured. The facilitating rates of ADH and ALDH activity by HWM were remarkably increased in a dose.dependent manner and were 70.2% and 64.1% at 10 mg/ml, respectively. The inhibitory activity against angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) of HWM was increased in a dose.dependent manner and was 74.2% at 10 mg/ml. The nitrite scavenging ability of HWM showed the most remarkable effect at pH 1.2 and 2 mg/ml. These results indicated that HWM may have valuable biological properties owing to their antioxidant activities, ADH and ALDH activity, nitrite scavenging ability, and ACE inhibitory activity.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.612-617
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• 2014

The phenetic relationships among six natural populations of Equisetum pratense in Korea were investigated at the population level by constructing a tree based on Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. RAPD analysis was also conducted to estimate genetic diversity and the population structure of E. pratense. A mean of 26.7% at the six population levels indicated polymorphism. E. pratense was found to have fewer alleles per locus (1.267) and fewer effective alleles per locus (1.176). Genetic diversity (0.102) in E. pratense is lower than the average for species with similar life history traits. Total genetic diversity values (HT) varied between 0.112 (OPD-07) and 0.445 (OPD-16), for an average overall polymorphic locus of 0.141. Inter-locus variation in the within-population genetic diversity ($H_S$) was low (0.102). Asexual reproduction, small population size, and the colonization process are proposed as possible factors contributing to the observed low genetic diversity in E. pratense. On a per-locus basis, the proportion of total genetic variation due to differences among populations ($G_{ST}$) ranged from 0.129 for OPD-07 to 0.455 for OPD-09, with a mean of 0.277. This indicated that about 27.7% of the total variation was among populations. Thus, genetic variation (72.3%) resided within populations. This study contributes new information for research on the taxonomy and population genetics of E. pratense.