• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.11-22
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• 2010

According to IPCC 4th Assessment Report, concentration of carbon dioxide has been increasing by 30% since Industrial Revolution. Most of IPCC $CO_2$ emission scenarios estimate that the concentration will reach up to double of its present level within 100-year if the current tendency continues. The global warming has resulted in the agro-climate change over the Korean Peninsula as well. Accordingly, it is necessary to understand the future agro-climate induced by the increase of greenhouse gases in terms of the agro-climatic indices in the Korean peninsula. In this study, the future climate is simulated by an atmosphere/ocean/land surface/sea ice coupled general circulation climate model, Pusan National University Coupled General Circulation Model(hereafter, PNU CGCM), and by a regional weather prediction model, Weather Research and Forecasting Model(hereafter, WRF) for the purpose of a dynamical downscaling. The changes of the vegetable period and the crop growth period, defined as the total number of days of a year exceeding daily mean temperature of 5 and 10, respectively, have been analyzed. Our results estimate that the beginning date of vegetable and crop growth periods get earlier by 3.7 and 17 days, respectively, in spring under the $CO_2$-doubled climate. In most of the Korean peninsula, the predicted frost days in spring decrease by 10 days. Climatic production index (CPI), which closely represent the productivity of rice, tends to increase in the double $CO_2$ climate. Thus, it is suggested that the future $CO_2$ doubled climate might be favorable for crops due to the decrease of frost days in spring, and increased temperature and insolation during the heading date as we expect from the increased CPI.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.24-30
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• 2010

Comprehensive studies on seedling production and transplanting cultivation of waxy corn are necessary to fulfill the comsumer's preference for the high quality whole ear waxy corn and its year-round supply for higher price, and to escape marketing in a short period at harvest season. Two waxy corn hybrids (cv. Chalok# 1 and Chalok# 4) were used to study the effects of seeding date, nursery days and plug cell size on growth and yield of waxy corn, and to clarify the reliable transplanting date at the Experimental Field of the National Institute of Crop Science in 2007. The number of days from seeding to silking was increased as nursery days were extended, but the number of days from transplanting to silking was shortened comparing to the direct seeding. Number of days from seeding to silking was shorter by 9~12 days for Chalok# 1 than for Chalok# 4, while the number of days from seeding to silking was shorter by 12~15 days in the second cropping than in the first cropping. Culm length of transplanted waxy corns was decreased as the nursery days were extended. Culm length of seeded Chaok# 1 and Chaok# 4 were decreased by 17% and 24%, respectively, in the second cropping compared to those in the first cropping. Ear length was somewhat decreased as the nursery days were extended. Chalok# 1 in the second cropping the degree of decrease was much higher in second cropping than in first cropping of Chalok# 1. Comparing to the first cropping, number of marketable ears per 10a of Chalok# 1 decreased as high as 64%, while that of seeded Chalok# 4 decreased mere 12% in the second cropping.

• Journal of Engineering Education Research
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.11-18
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• 2008

Companies have been making considerable efforts to develop innovative products for better competitiveness in the market, however, the education curriculum for innovative product development (IPD) in domestic universities needs has not been well developed. The present study was intended to identify the needs of students and practitioners regarding teaching subjects, pedagogical methods, and industry-academia collaboration that can be reflected in the development of IPD education curriculum. Through a literature survey 46 IPD teaching subjects of 7 categories (planning, feasibility analysis, concept development, product design, manufacturing process design, production, and ethics & law) were selected. Opinions on the preferences and importances of the teaching subjects, pedagogical methods, and industry-academia collaboration were collected from 53 college students who took courses of product development and 36 practitioners working in product development. While the students preferred the balanced teaching of all the subject categories, the practitioners suggested planning and concept development be taught with high importance; 6 subjects (product development strategy, customer needs identification, market research, concept generation method, design ideation method, and ergonomic design) received high ratings of preference and importance. The students preferred the mix of various pedagogical methods (lecture, discussion, presentation, practice, and case study) and provided needs on each pedagogical method. Lastly, the students wanted an opportunity of learning through industry-academia collaboration and the practitioners provided ideas for mutual benefits between industry and academia. The needs of students and practitioners identified in the study can be effectively applied to develop a better IPD education curriculum.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 1991

Fischer 344 rats aged six weeks were diYided into four groups and group 1, 2, and 3 of rats were given an intraperitoneal injection of diethylnitrosamine at 200 mg/kg body weight and group 4 was given saline alone. Two weeks after beginning of the experiment, group 1 and 2 of rats were begun to feed on diets containing 0.02% 2-acetylaminofluorene as a promoter for four weeks. Three weeks after beginning of the experiment, all groups were performed partial hepatectomy. During the last two weeks, group 1 and 3 of rats were received subcutaneously 3 consecutive weekly doses of iron dextran at 0.125 ml/100 g body weight. Subcutaneous injection of iron dextran resulted in hepatic siderosis in group 1 and 3 of rats. Pre neoplastic nodules were identified histopathologically by two markers, resistance to exogenous iron accumulation and glutathione S-transeferase placental form (GST-P) activity, while early carcinogen induced foci were hardly resistant to iron accumulation and though a few lesions were identified, it could hardly be distincted from normal hepatocytes of surroundings. However, GST-P positive nodules as well as foci were clearly distincted from normal hepatic cells of surroundings. In the quantitative analysis of carcinogen-induced nodules and foci, more lesions were detected by immunohistochemical method for GST-P than by prussian blue staining for resistant to iron accumulation. It is concluded that immunohistochemical marker for GST-P is more sensitive and reliable than iron-resistance marker, and that iron-resistance is not useful marker for early detection of carcinogen-induced hepatic lesions.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.385-392
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• 2011

The otter (Lutra lutra) in Korea is classified as a first grade endangered species and is managed under state control. We performed a phylogenetic analysis of the otter that inhabits the Changnyeong, Jinju, and Geoje areas in Gyeongsangnamdo, Korea using mtDNA and microsatellite (MS) markers. As a result of the analysis using the 676-bp D-loop sequence of mtDNA, six haplotypes were estimated from five single nucleotide polymorphisms. The genetic distance between the Jinju and Geoje areas was greater than distances within the areas, and the distance between Jinju and Geoje was especially clear. From the phylogenetic tree estimated using the Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo analysis by the MrBays program, two subgroups, one containing samples from Jinju and the other containing samples from the Changnyeong and Geoje areas were clearly identified. The result of a parsimonious median-joining network analysis also showed two clear subgroups, supporting the result of the phylogenetic analysis. On the other hand, in the consensus tree estimated using the genetic distances estimated from the genotypes of 13 MS markers, there were clear two subgroups, one containing samples from the Jinju, Geoje and Changnyeong areas and the other containing samples from only the Jinju area. The samples were not identically classified into each subgroup defined by mtDNA and MS markers. It could be inferred that the differential classification of samples by the two different marker systems was because of the different characteristics of the marker systems used, that is, the mtDNA was for detecting maternal lineage and the MS markers were for estimating autosomal genetic distances. Nonetheless, the results from the two marker systems showed that there has been a progressive genetic fixation according to the habitats of the otters. Further analyses using not only newly developed MS markers that will possess more analytical power but also the whole mtDNA are needed. Expansion of the phylogenetic analysis using otter samples collected from the major habitats in Korea should be helpful in scientifically and efficiently maintaining and preserving them.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.102 no.1
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• pp.90-96
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• 2013

This study was conducted to investigate a stability trend within 6 above average and 4 blow average erosion control dams, which were selected by The Korean Association of Soil and Water Conservation and were built in 1990s in Gyeonggi and Gangwon Province. The study was aimed to measure rebound hardness of upstream face, flood way and downstream face from those dams selected by using 'Concrete Test Hammer'. The main purposes of the study are selection of compression strength prediction equation and scope of wavelength, which successfully demonstrate non-destructive test results for erosion control dams. There is an opportunity to increase disaster prevention ability when stability vulnerability of concrete erosion control dam is detected in a timely manner. Results of the compression strength investigation express that there is a consistency with visual inspection of stability that has been processed by The Korean Association of Soil and Water Conservation. We concluded that a prediction equation, which was developed by Architectural Institute of Japan (AIJ), shows highest suitability in Korean erosion control dams when stability investigation is performed. The detailed criteria for the test result are 'stable', 'detail inspection required' and 'poor' for over 300 $kgf/cm^2$, 250~300 $kgf/cm^2$ and below 250 $kgf/cm^2$ respectively. Standards for stability of Korean erosion control dam and a compression strength prediction equation (that corresponds to the standards of the stability) should be established on the basis of chronological data of erosion control dam compression strength. Systematical approach for stability inspection that carries out remodeling or repair when problem on erosion control structures are detected through visual inspection and simple stability test, is necessary for the future disaster prevention.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.41-61
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• 1999

In this study I defined the direction Integrated Science Education(ISE) should take. So that I groped for the direction ISE should take in the inherent nature of science and education, analyzing their respective validity from philosophical and psychological angles. Based upon these researches, I formulated the three directions for ISE to take; knowledge-centered, social problem-centered, and individual interest-centered. The results of this thesis may be summed up as follows: 1. The knowledge-centered ISE that thinks the inherent nature of science is in the scientific knowledge is based upon Hirst's integrated logic which is built on discipline-centered educational viewpoint. Now, the focus of interdisciplinary integration consists in clarifying the meanings of knowledge and the logical relations between one knowledge and another according to the respective form of exploration. The knowledge-centered ISE, therefore, was analyzed to find its justification in the educational philosophy of idealism, realism, neo-scholasticism; in the educational theories of essentialism, behaviorism, perennial ism; in the scientific philosophy of empiricism. positivism; in the educational psychology of developmental psychology and constructivism. 2. The social problem-centered ISE that thinks the inherent nature of science is the process of social concord is based upon Dewey's integrated logic which is built on experience-centered educational viewpoint. Now, the focus of interdisciplinary integration consists in the methodological aspect facilitating the process of experience. The social problem-centered ISE, therefore, was analyzed to find its theoretical justification in the educational philosophy of pragmatism; in the educational theory of progressivism; in the scientific philosophy of relativism and rationalism; and in the educational psychology of developmental psychology and constructivism. 3. The individual interest-centered ISE is based upon Patterson's integrated logic which is built on human-centered educational viewpoint. The focus of education here is self-realization. Therefore, rather than provide in learning conditions from outside, one is made to choose them oneself and the process of satisfying one's motive is emphasized. The individual interest-centered ISE, therefore, was analyzed to find its theoretical justification in the educational philosophy of existentialism; in the educational theory of humanism; in the scientific philosophy of relativism; and in Gestalt psychology.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.81-120
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• 2018

To promote the aviation safety reporting system that is operated to enhance aviation safety and to utilize related information, it should first be preceded by standards for non-punishment and data protection. It is because the purpose of collection and analysis of aviation safety related data through the aviation safety reporting system is to prevent recurrence of accidents by investigating their causes through collection and analysis of diverse types of information related to aviation safety. Both mandatory and voluntary reporting systems are in operation for aviation safety under the current Aviation Safety Act. It is said that they were introduced to survey causes for accidents and to prevent recurrences. In fact, however, it is hard to expect active implementation of the reporting system for aviation safety unless the reporters are firstly exempted from punishment. Therefore, the system should be improved so that it can satisfy its purpose and the purposes of data collection concerning aviation safety through examination of the purposes of the reporting system. One of the matters that needs to be considered to promote the reporting system should be the scope of aviation safety hindrances presupposed under the current institution. The voluntary aviation safety reporting system differs from the systems of ICAO or the key advanced countries, including the USA and the UK as it limits the target accidents subject to reporting to minor aviation safety hindrances only. That being said, improvements should be made by requiring mandatory reporting of aviation safety hindrances based on their severity while recognizing a greater variety of aviation safety concerns like international standards. Safety actions and sharing of information based on collection and analysis of diverse data related to aviation safety will greatly contribute to enhance aviation safety as the purposes of the reporting system are to explore causes for accidents and to prevent their recurrences. What is most important in this regard is strict data protection and non-punishment principles; compliance with them should be secured. We can hardly expect the successful operation of the system unless the reporter is exempted from punishment and the relevant data is protected as promotion of voluntary reporting is an essential factor for enhancing the safety culture. Otherwise, the current system may induce hiding of relevant facts or data to evade punishment. It is true that the regulation for enhancing safety tends to have limitations or blind spots; nevertheless, it should still be enforced strictly and completely. Technological progresses and mistakes of operators appear in different forms based on individual cases. The consequential damages may amount to a truly severe level. Therefore, we have studied and suggested to the methods of activiation and amendments on the aviation safety reporting system, which is referred for one of the proactive safety management systems. The proposed improvement of the reporting system and introduction of non-punishment for collection of aviation safety data for deploying a preemptive prevention system would serve as the backbone for enhancing aviation safety in Korea.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.75-81
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• 2013

Objectives: There are a lot of studies that analyze the interaction between the emotion of disgust and the functional brain images using fMRI and PET. But studies using sLORETA (standardized low resolution brain electromagnetic tomography) almost do not exist. The aim of this research is to explore the relationship of the emotion of disgust and the cortical activation using sLORETA analysis. Methods: Forty five healthy young adults ($27.1{\pm}2.6$ years) participated in the study. While they were watching 4 neutral images and 4 disgusting images associated with mutilation selected from the international affective picture system (IAPS), participants' EEGs were taken for 30 seconds per one picture. Through these obtained EEG data, sLORETA analysis was performed to compare EEGs associated with neutral and negative images. Results: During looking for visual disgusting stimulus, all participants reported unpleasantness, arousal and stress. In sLORETA analysis, the decrease of current density in theta wave was shown at left frontal superior gyrus (BA10) and middle gyrus (BA10, 11). This voxel cluster consists of a total of 11 voxels and the threshold of t value indicating statistically significant decreases in the current density (p<0.05) was -1.984. There were no differences between male and female in the degree of being disgusted by the stimuli. Conclusion: This finding may suggest that the activation of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex might be associated with regulating disgust emotion.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.437-447
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• 2001

Background: TNF-alpha is related to the generation of lung fibrosis in patients with UIP. The precise mechanism leading to lung fibrosis by TNF-alpha is unknown. However, the activation of a transcription factor like AP-1(down stream of c-jun N-terminal kinase, JNK) by TNF-alpha may be related to the induction of fibrogenic cytokines like PDGF or IGF-I. Furthermore, JNK was reported to be activated in the radiation-induced lung fibrosis model. This study examined JNK activity in patients with UIP. Methods : The expression of phosphorous JNK(p-JNK), macrophage/monocyte specific markers, CD68, and cytokeratin was evaluated by immunohistochemical(IHC) staining of lung tissues from patients with UIP and lung cancer. An in vitro kinase assay was performed with alveolar macrophages obtained by a bronchol-avleolar lavage from patients with UIP and healthy persons as the control. Results : The IHC stain showed that p-JNK is expressed in the almost all of the alveolar macrophages and smooth muscle cells in patients with UIP. In case of the normal areas of the lung from patients with lung cancer, the alveolar macrophages showed little p-JNK expression. Interestingly, increased JNK activity was not found in the in vitro kinase assay of the alveolar macrophages obtained from both patients with UIP and healthy persons as the control. Furthermore, 10 ng/mL of TNF-alpha failed to increase the JNK activity of the alveolar macrophages in both patients with UIP and healthy people. Conclusion : The JNK was activated constitutionally in patients with UIP. However, the role of JNK in the pathogenesis of lung fibrosis needs to be clarified.