• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.499-515
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to understand phytosociological characteristics and changes, providing basic ecology informations based for heronries. We investigated the 25 heronries sites to have more than a hundred nests in the country. The vegetations of heronries were arranged 8 plant communities that consisted of 60 families, 129 genuses and 167 species including 17 species of exotic species. The communities of heronries were composed of high NCD (Net Contribution Degree) of plants, such as pokeberry (Phytolacca americana), japanese chaff flower (Achyranthes japonica), asiatic dayflower (Commelina communis) including diagnosis species, that was heliophilous and tolerance of eutrophic and/or acidic soil condition, and had the highest composition with the annual plants. As locational condition, they were distributed a favorite feeding place (rice field, stream etc.) inside 0.5 km radius, and located on the eastern slope of the mountain. The vegetative composition among plants in the heronries didn't have plant sociological characteristics for environmental conditions of the sites. But generally, they had trends in floristic composition like the areas of polluted soil, open canopy and disturbance.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.359-367
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• 2012

BACKGROUND: As natural wetlands are decreased by increment of human demand, the importance of rice fields as an alternative habitat for waterbirds is well documented. However, the relationship between waterbirds use and management practice of rice fields has not been fully understood. The present study attempted to understand the changes in temporal abundance of waterbirds and their preference for habitat types in rice fields all year round. METHODS AND RESULTS: Waterbirds census were conducted in rice fields around Asan bay in Korea during April 2009-March 2010 and April 2011-March 2012. In the bird counts, the locations of the observed birds on a 1/2,500 map were recorded along with the local habitat type (paddy, ditch, levee, road). Thirty five species of waterbirds recorded in the rice fields during the survey period and three major groups (shorebirds, herons, and waterfowls) were characterized according to season and micro-habitat use. Shorebirds visited a flooded paddy for feeding during their spring migration season (April-May), and herons used the rice field as feeding sites during their breeding periods (April-October). Most waterfowls were observed in a dry paddy to feed a fallen rice seed and stubs during the winter season (September-March). Waterbird groups selectively used micro-habitats in rice field. Shorebirds and waterfowls mainly preferred at rice paddies, while herons were attracted to most habitat types. CONCLUSION(S): Rice fields supported various waterbirds all year round and waterbird communities using the rice fields were dramatically changed according to seasonal change of rice field condition.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.1-12
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• 2017

This study aims to provide the basic habitat data for the alternative breeding sites of Family Ardeidae including Ardea cinerea, Egretta alba modesta, Egretta intermedia, Egretta garzetta, Bubulcus ibis and Nycticorax nyciticorax. Species numbers, flight directions for detecting foraging grounds and current vegetation structure were investigated nesting at Gunsan urban forest area. Data were collected over a period of 10 weeks, from 15 June - 31 August 2014. The total nest and population of Family Ardeida were 684 and 1,712 respectively. Percentage of birds observed flying in 8 major compass directions were as follows. 57.27% of all birds were observed flying northwest, 22.09% were observed flying south and 13.40% were flying north. For possible foraging areas, to the northwest, there are Geumgang river tidal flats, and to the south, paddy fields and streams within 2km. Flying directions by species (${\chi}^2=287.18$, P<.001, Cramer's V=0.12) and by seasons(${\chi}^2=839.94$, P<.001, Cramer's V=0.19) showed significant difference statistically. In relation between species and directions, 60.31% and 24.05% of Bubulcus ibis and 59.40% and 23.00% of Ardea cinerea were observed flying northwest and south respectively. Vegetation in the sites consist of an overstory of 3 to 7 species. At site 1, Pinus thunbergii was the dominant species and site 2, Chamaecyparis obtusa. Understory vegetation is composed of shrubs, saplings and small trees of Chamaecyparis obtusa, Quercus acutissima, Smilax china and Platycarya strobilacea. Egrets and herons usually nested at the dense population and canopy overlayed forest, and especially branches and leaves of smallwood with less than 10cm of breast height diameter were relatively severely damaged due to the nesting and excreta.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 2023

When carrying out development projects around Ardeidae breeding habitats, we intend to devise a plan for sustainable coexistence by presenting measures to select and reduce key evaluation items so that conflicts can be prevented in advance at the environmental impact assessment stage. The results of the study are as follows. The main evaluation items are animal and plant items for preservation of Ardeidae breeding habitats and odor and noise items that can evaluate the effects of odors and noise in Ardeidae breeding habitats. First, the scope of the survey in animals and plants categories is not limited to legal guardian species, but includes egrets breeding and feeding grounds corresponding to major species breeding grounds and migratory birds, and preservation measures are established according to the reduction of the area of breeding and feeding grounds. Second, in the odor category, the irradiation period includes the period when the odor generation is the highest from the end of June to the end of July. The odor evaluation standard is based on the complex odor discharge standard, which is a concentration regulation, and the odor concentration felt by humans shall be 2 to 5OU/m³ and the frequency shall be 2% or less. Third, in the noise category, the timing of the survey is measured every month from May to August, including when the sound of egrets and young birds is combined to maximize noise generation. Since the noise of Ardeidae, a bird in summer, occurs only for a certain period of time, measures are taken to reduce noise by securing separation distances, securing buffer green areas, and installing construction rather than installing artificial structures such as soundproof walls. In order for existing Ardeidae breeding sites to maintain an appropriate density of populations and not move populations elsewhere, it is necessary to manage nesting tree and maintain stable habitat quantity and quality.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.73-87
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• 2004

This study was carried out on Sihwa reclaimed area from January to December in 2003. We observed total 169,351 individuals of 70 species(22 species of waders, 9 species of egrets and 5 species of gulls). Waterbird population was the largest in March(95,465 individuals) and was the smallest from April to June(less than 7,000 individuals). The most dominant species was Pintail(Anas acuta: 58,627 individuals, 34.6%) and other species were Mallards(Anas platyrhynchos: 24.5%), Common Pochards(Aythya ferina: 13.8%), Black-tailed Gulls(Larus crassirostris: 6.1%), Spotbill Ducks(Anas poecilorhyncha: 5.0%) and Greater Scaups(Aythya marila: 2.69%). Sihwa reclaimed area supported many kinds of protected species such as Chinese egrets(Egretta eulophotes), Black-faced Spoonbills(Platalea minor), Eurasian Spoonbills(Platalea leucorodia), Mute Swans(Cygnus olor), Whooper Swans(Cygnus cygnus), and Eurasian Oystercatchers(Haematopus ostralegus). They foraged at waterside of Sihwa lake and rested at reclaimed area. Particularly, Eurasian Oystercatchers bred in habitats with Salicornia herbacea and Suaeda japonica. Reclamation of mud flats and construction of roads, transmission towers and tide embankments disturbed waterbirds in breeding and foraging. We suggest that waterbirds are protected in different action plans according to their status such as breeding, passaging and wintering birds. Maintaining of waterside and swamps in Sihwa reclaimed area will be useful for breeding waterbirds. It is needed to make a protect zone for ecological connecting belt from Oeji isarea, Hyeong isarea, Eum isarea to upper channel on Sihwa lake.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.273-279
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• 2000

This study was conducted to clarify the characteristics of bird community in Han River area from Oct. 1997 to Jul. 1998. Total 107 bird species were recorded in Han River area. Bird mainly distributed around Kangdong Bridge, Paldang Dam, Yangsuri, Haengju Bridge, Sungsan Bridge, and Bam island. The area between Dongiak Bridge and Youngdong Bridge showed the lowest the density of birds. The dominant birds of Han River area were the dabbling ducks, which were Anas platyrhynchos and A. poecilorhyncha. Diving ducks were distributed in the Dongiak Bridge, Youngdong Bridge, and estuary area. Grebes, Gulls, Herons, and Coots were also dominant bird species. Cormorants, Swans, Sandpipers, and Plovers were minor birds in Han River area. Maintenance and management of various micro-habitats are needed for habitation of bird community in Han River area.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.10-19
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• 2002

This study was conducted to investigate the avifauna of Gap stream in Daejeon metropolitan city from September in 2001 to August in 2002. For the monthly change of bird community, survey was carried at study area per each month, the obtained results could be summarized as follows. 1. The observed birds were 12 orders 31 families 83 species and 15900 individuals, 38 species are water bird as Herons, Dabbling ducks, Diving ducks, Rails, Sandpipers & Plovers and 45 species are land bird as Raptors, Woodpeckers, Wagtails, Thrushes, Warblers, Tits, Buntings, Crows. 2. These birds could be divided 29 residents, 29 summer visitors, 18 winter visitors, 7 passage migrants. 3. Among the birds, Chinese Sparrowhawk Accipiter soloensis, Eurasian Sparrowhawk Accipiter nisus, Kestrel Falco tinnunculus are legally protected species as natural monuments in Korea. 4. The major dominant species were Common Teal Anas crecca, Spot-billed Duck Anas poecilorhyncha, Mallard Anas platyrhynchos, Grey Heron Ardea cinerea, Magpie Pica pica, Little Egret Egretta garzetta in order, Gap stream should be appropriate habitats for dabbling ducks and herons. 5. Among the total number of 83 species, the highest number of species was 37 species in February and the lowest number of species was 27 species in June. 6. Among the total number of 15900 individuals, the highest number of individuals was 2899 individuals in December and the lowest number of individuals was 385 individuals in May. 7. Among the monthly species diversity index, the highest number of species diversity index was 2.6207 in September and the lowest number of species diversity index was 2.0716 in January.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.186-191
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• 2007

To provide some ecological information on protection and management of the mixed heronries, their distribution, breeding species and individual numbers, and site characteristics, which may be important to heron ecology, were investigated in Jeollanam-do during the 2005 breeding season. As a result of this census, 17 mixed heronries, containing a total of six ardeid species were found. Among those species, Great Egret (Egretta alba) and Grey Heron (Ardea cinerea) were found to breed in most sites (both 92%) and were most numerous (36.3%, 31.0% respectively). Many of the heronries (53.3%) were located within the bamboo forest. Other site characteristics were as follows: the mean area dimension of heronry was $2,346m^2$ with the range of $500{\sim}7,000m^2$ the mean distance between the two nearest heronries was 18.1km with the range of $5.6{\sim}40.4km$ the mean distance to the nearest village was 297m with the range of $10{\sim}2,000m$ the mean gradient of the topography was $18^{\circ}$ with the range of $2^{\circ}{\sim}40^{\circ}$, and 40.0% of the heronries were located in the eastern slopes.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.160-169
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• 2019

The migration status of waterbirds inhabiting the 10 coastal wetlands in the south and west coasts (Jangbongdo, Muuido, Daecheoncheon estuary, Seocheon tidal flat, Yubudo, Gomso bay, Hauido, Jeungdo, Doam bay, Gangjin bay) was examined from May 2008 to March 2013. For the most dominant taxonomical group, shorebirds accounted for 37.5% of the number of species and 67.1% of the total population, followed in the order of dabbling ducks, herons, and seagulls. The dominate species were Calidris alpina, Larus crassirostris, Limosa lapponica, Charadrius alexandrinus, and Calidris tenuirostris. Shorebirds were observed most at Seocheon Tidal Flats and Yubudo Island, and dabbling ducks were found most in Doam Bay. Diving ducks were observed most at Gangjin Bay and seagulls were seen most frequently at Seocheon Tidal Flats. The ten coastal wetlands of the western and southern coasts were divided into three groups according to the similarity index of waterbirds (Ro). Group 1 was the area where dabbling ducks and diving ducks were dominant, group 2 was the area where shorebirds were dominant, and group 3 was the area where seagulls were dominant. It was evident that there were differences in species composition depending on the regional environments.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.73-84
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• 2019

In this research, it is a basic study to investigate the population of birds using UAVs. The research area is Ardeidae species(ASP) habitat and has long-term monitoring. The purpose of the study is to compare the ASP populations which analyzed ground observational survey and UAVs imagery. We used DJI's Mavic pro and Phantom4 for this research. Before investigating the population of ASP, we measured the escape distance by the UAVs, and the escape distances of the two UAVs models were statistically significant. Such a result would be different in UAV size and rotor(rotary wing) noise. The population of ASP who analyzed the ground observation and UAVs imagery count differed greatly. In detail, the population(mean) on the ground observation was 174.9, and the UAVs was 247.1 ~ 249.9. As a result of analyzing the UAVs imagery, These results indicate that the lower the UAVs camera altitude, the higher the ASP population, and the lower the UAVs camera altitude, the higher the resolution of the images and the better the reading of the individual of ASP. And we confirmed analyzed images taken at various altitudes, the individuals of ASP was not statistically significant. This is because the resolution of the phantom was superior to that of mavic pro. Our research is fundamental compared to similar studies. However, long-term monitoring for ASP of South Korea's by ground observation is a barrier of the reliability of the monitoring result. We suggested how to use UAVs which can improve long-term monitoring for ASP habitat.