• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.34 no.6_4
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• pp.1503-1517
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• 2018

Mt. Baekdu is a stratovolcano located at the border between China and North Korea and is known to have formed through its differentiation stage after the Oligocene epoch in the Cenozoic era. There has been a growing interest in the magma re-activity of Mt. Baekdu volcano since 2010. Several research projects have been conducted by government such as Korea Meteorological Administration and Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources. Because, however, the Mt. Baekdu volcano is located far from South Korea, it is quite difficult to collect in-situ observations by terrestrial equipment. Remote sensing is a science to analyze and interpret information without direct physical contact with a target object. Various types of platform such as automobile, unmanned aerial vehicle, aircraft and satellite can be used for carrying a payload. In the past several decades, numerous volcanic studies have been conducted by remotely sensed observations using wide spectrum of wavelength channels in electromagnetic waves. In particular, radar remote sensing has been widely used for volcano monitoring in that microwave channel can gather surface's information without less limitation like day and night or weather condition. Radar interferometric technique which utilized phase information of radar signal enables to estimate surface displacement such as volcano, earthquake, ground subsidence or glacial movement, etc. In 2018, long-term research project for collaborative observation for Mt. Baekdu volcano between Korea and China were selected by Korea government. A volcanic specialized research center has been established by the selected project. The purpose of this paper is to introduce about remote sensing techniques for volcano monitoring and to review selected studies with remote sensing techniques to monitor Mt. Baekdu volcano. The acquisition status of the archived observations of six synthetic aperture radar satellites which are in orbit now was investigated for application of radar interferometry to monitor Mt. Baekdu volcano. We will conduct a time-series analysis using collected synthetic aperture radar images.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.15-23
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• 2011

백두화산의 재 폭발 후에 발생할 재해에 대해 검토한 결과, 화산의 풍하측에 낙하하는 화산재에 의한 피해보다, 폭발 후 수년간 이어질 지구 냉각과 장기 가뭄 그리고 이로 인한 사회격변의 위험성이 더 큰 것으로 검토되었다. 근거로 10세기 전후 백두화산이 폭발하던 시기에, 지구냉각과 연속 대 가뭄의 재앙이 발생했으며, 후백제와 후고구려의 건국과 멸망, 신라와 발해의 멸망 등 대규모 사회격변 현상들이 있었음이 확인되었다. 백두화산의 다음 폭발시기, 그리고 이 재 폭발과 한반도의 극대가뭄이 동시에 발생할 가능성 등도 검토 되었다. 결과로서 백두산 재 폭발이 한반도의 극대 가뭄의 주기(124년)와 연관되어 동시에 발생할 가능성이 없지 않으며, 이 경우, 2025년이 재앙의 정점이 될 것으로 추론되었다.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.415-429
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• 2012

The monitoring methods for volcanic gases are divided into remote sensing and direct gas sampling approaches. In the remote sensing approach, COSPEC and Li-COR are used to measure $SO_2$ and $CO_2$, respectively, with FT-IR for detection of a range of volcanic gases. However, the remote sensing approach is not applicable to Mt. Baegdu, where the atmospheric contents of volcanic gases are very low as a result of the strong interaction of volcanic gases with the nearby surface water and groundwater. On the other hand, the direct gas sampling approach involves the collection of volcanic gases from volcanic vents or fumaroles and the subsequent laboratory analysis, thus making it possible to measure even very low levels of volcanic gases. The direct sampling approach can be subdivided into the evacuated bottle method and the flow-through bottle method. In applying both methods, sampling bottles typically contain reaction media to trap specific volcanic gases. For example, NaOH solution(Giggenbach bottle), $NH_4OH$ solution, and acid condensates have been experimented for volcanic gas sampling. Once taken from vents and fumaroles, the samples of volcanic gases are pretreated and subsequently analyzed for volcanic gases using GC, IC, HPLC, titrimetry, TOC-IC, or ICP-MS. Recently, there has been the increasing number of evidences on the potential volcanic activity of Mt. Baegdu. However, little technical development has been made for the sampling and analysis of volcanic gases in Korea. In the present work, we reviewed various volcanic gas monitoring methods, and provided the detailed information on the monitoring methods applied to Mt. Baegdu.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.536-549
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• 2013

This study investigates the damages of and analyzes the social and economic impacts of volcanic ash eruptions in the world in order to estimate the potential volcanic ash impacts in South Korea when Mt. Baekdusan volcano erupts in the future. First, we build a comparison chart called "the impact of volcanic ash" on each economic and social sector by using major volcanic eruptions and we compare the damage with respect to volcanic ash thickness/weights. Secondly, we analyze the social and economic impact from volcanic ash. The economic damage is not likely to occur in South Korea, unless Mt. Baekdusan erupts in winter. However, the potential damage should not be overlooked because the volcanic ash may have a global impact around the world. If Mt. Baekdusan volcano erupts when the wind blows from north or northeast, the volcanic ash may then significantly affect South Korea of which economy is highly dependent on exports. Particularly when the volcanic ash moves to the densely populated metropolitan areas or agricultural areas, the damage can be significant. In preparation for the potential volcanic disasters, the volcanic ash forecast table suitable for South Korea should be prepared. In addition, building a Korean volcanic ash hazard map in advance will have a strategic significance.

• Journal of International Area Studies (JIAS)
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.145-168
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• 2014

Given the distance from Mt. Baekdu, volcanic ash will have the direct impact on South Korea in case Mt. Baekdu erupts. Ash fall deposits or particulate matters(PM10) in the air will cause damages in various sectors. In particular, the PM10 impact on the manufacturing sector when the ash disperses in Korea is needed to be assessed since South Korea's manufacturing sector accounts for more than 30% of GDP. Meanwhile the economic impacts of PM10, including Asian dust, have been researched in Korea as the events become frequent, and losses in the manufacturing have been also reported. This study is to identify vulnerable sectors to volcanic ash in the korean industry, and to assess economic losses in case of a Mt. Baekdu eruption scenario, based on the historical loss experience with particulate matters. Study results show that airline, precision such as electronics and semiconductors, distribution, shipbuilding, car, leisure, glass, dairy farming are vulnerable to volcanic ash, or PM10. The economic losses in both car and shipbuilding industry is estimated to 46.49 billion Korean won due to shutdown for 6 hours in case of a Mt. Baekdu eruption scenario.

• Disaster Prevention Review
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.77-84
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• 2011

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.26-32
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• 2018

The Northeast China is an important site geologically and geophysically because of a huge volcano called Mt. Baekdu, which is one of the largest volcanoes in the world. Signs of eruption have been recently observed and people are keen to its behavior. We carried out relative travel time tomography to investigate the velocity structure between 100 ~ 600 km depth beneath Northeast China. We used teleseismic data during 2009 ~ 2011 recorded in NecessArray provided by IRIS (Incorporated Research Institute for Seismology). The relative observations were obtained by using the multi-channel cross-correlation method. Based on the tomographic results, we observed that the locations beneath which low-velocity zones are observed coincide with the locations of several volcanic regions in Northeast China. A low-velocity anomaly is revealed beneath Mt. Baekdu down to 600 km depth, which is thought to the main origin of the magma supply for Mt. Baekdu. Another low velocity anomaly is observed beneath east of the Datong volcano down to around 300 km depth, which is inferred to be related to an upwelling from deep mantle. We observed a low velocity anomaly beneath the Wudalianchi volcano down to around 200 km depth, which may imply that this volcano has been formed by an upwelling from the asthenosphere.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.159-178
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• 2012

Since the suggestions on the paleo-glacial landforms in and around the northern high mountains of Korean Peninsula by some western and Japanese scientists in the early 1900s, the likelihood of the glacier existence in the Baekdusan over the Quaternary glacial period has been had in common among most of the Korean geomorphologists. In the other meaning, some have cast doubt on the likelihood the paleo-glacier in the Baekdusan because there has been no unequivocal evidences for the glacier such as striation, moraines, except morphologic characteristic landforms possibly related to glacier. Here we show some evidences for the existence of the glacier in the Baekdusan and their cosmogenic $^{36}Cl$ exposure ages over the late Quaternary and would put forward a model on the Quaternary landscape evolution of the Baekdusan, with a focus on the relationship of 1000 AD explosive eruption and the glacial landforms. The exposure ages constrained by cosmogenic $^{36}Cl$ abundances of the col surface of the western slope located below the glacier yield 46~26 ka, which is inphase with the last glacial period. Given all the evidences above, we can draw a conclusion that the glacier existed on the Baekdusan over the late Quaternary and the style of glaciation changed from extensive ice cap through valley glacier to restricted cirque.

• Journal of The Geomorphological Association of Korea
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.79-96
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• 2011

Volcanic landforms are classified into the volcanic edifice produced through constructive processes of eruption and the crater generated by destructive processes of eruption. Both landforms are distributed around Korean Peninsula including attaching islands. However, only a few regions such as Mt. Baekdu, Jeju Island, Ulleung Island, and Chugaryeong, which are closely related with the volcanic eruption occurred during the Quaternary, could be considered as a volcanic landform. It results in categorizing the volcanic landform as an unusual topography in Korea. The study of Korean researchers on the volcanic landform were regularized in 1970s on Jeju Island, in 1980s on Ulleung Island, and in 1990s on Mt. Baekdu, respectively. Oreums and lava tubes in Jeju Island have been also examined since 1980s. Compared with other fields of geomorphology, researches as well as researchers on the volcanic landform are very few in Korea. Geomorphologists are expected to perform an active research in that the volcanic landform of Korea have diverse values.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.183-200
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• 2017

Alkali rhyolites in the Cheonmunbong of the Mt. Baekdu stratovolcano show porphyritic texture in the glassy or aphanic groundmass. Major phenocryst is alkali-feldspar, pyroxene, and amphibole, and small amount of microphenocryst is olivine, quartz, opaque mineral (ilmenite). The content of $Fe^{2+}/(Fe^{2+}+Mg^{2+})$ and alkali elements in the mafic minerals is high. Alkali feldspar is classified as sanidine or anorthclase, olivine as fayalite, and pyroxene as ferro-hedenbergite of ferro-augite area. Amphibole belongs to alkali amphibole group, but FeO and $Fe_2O_3$ were not separated, so it is required future studies. Nb(-) anomaly suggesting that slab-derived materials might have played a primary role in the genesis of the rhyolite magma, is not observed. It is noted that they originated in the within plate environment which is not related to subduction zone of the convergent plate boundary. The Mt. Baekdu alkaline rocks are classified into the comendite series. The alkali rhyolites of the summit at Mt. Baekdu shows the disequilibrium mineral assemblages, suggesting that it evolved from thrachytic magma with experience of magma mixing as well as fractional crystallization.