• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.131-142
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• 2021

This research is based on the design of pictures in picture books, and the spatial representation of illustrations in the picture books contains the significantly important objective. Various texts, pictures, spaces, etc. in a picture must have the operator's various editing skills so that spatial arrangement is made smoothly.In this paper, the characteristics of spatial expression of design in picture books are derived by analyzing several examples of paintings and studies on classic picture books. First, the fusion of picture and text, that is, that both picture and text convey spatial information together as elements of the screen. Second, as a characteristic of the coherence of the space design in picture books, the story and content must be smoothly connected when reading the book. Third, when expressing a space, the creator should utilize the strengths and weaknesses of each other between abstract and conceived spatial expressions as needed. Fourth, as a symbolic feature of picture book spatial expression, it can be seen that many symbolic expression techniques are applied to the spatial expression of picture books according to the semiotic principle, which greatly improves the cognitive efficiency of reading picture books. The fifth characteristic is that the spatial expression of an excellent picture book has excellent interesting element, rich design means, and interestingly conveys screen contents and screen format to readers. In this research, it is thought that designers and artists should guide the creation within a spatial framework as designing picture books, thus greatly improving the efficiency of the creation process, while also provide a reader-centered visual Interesting experience.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.289-309
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• 2022

In recent years, astronomy has been snowballing: including Higgs particle discovery, black hole imaging, extraterrestrial exploration, and deep space observation. Students are also largely interested in astronomy. The purpose of this study is to discover what needs to be improved in the current astronomy curriculum in light of recent scientists' researches and discoveries. We collected keywords from all papers published from 2011 to 2020 in four selected journals-ApJ, ApJL, A&A, and MNRAS- by R package to examine research trends. The curriculum contents were extracted by synthesizing the in-service teachers' coding results in the 2015 revised curriculum document of six subjects (Science, Integrated Science, Earth Science I, Earth Science II, Physics II, Convergence Science). The research results are as follows: first, keywords that appear steadily in astronomy are 'galaxies: formation, galaxy: active, star: formation, accretion, method: numerical.' Second, astronomy curriculum includes all areas except the 'High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena' area within the common science curriculum learned by all students. Third, it is necessary to review the placement of content elements by subject and grade and to consider introducing new concepts based on astronomy research keywords. This is an exploratory study to compare curriculum and the field of scientific research that forms the basis of the subject. We expect to provide implications for a future revision of the astronomy curriculum as a primary ground investigation.

• Composites Research
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.317-321
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• 2022

In this study, the PIC design method with machine learning that automatically assigning different stacking sequences according to loading types was applied bumper beam. The input value and labels of the training data for applying machine learning were defined as coordinates and loading types of reference elements that are part of the total elements, respectively. In order to compare the 2D and 3D implementation method, which are methods of representing coordinate value, training data were generated, and machine learning models were trained with each method. The 2D implementation method is divided FE model into each face and generating learning data and training machine learning models accordingly. The 3D implementation method is training one machine learning model by generating training data from the entire finite element model. The hyperparameter were tuned to optimal values through the Bayesian algorithm, and the k-NN classification method showed the highest prediction rate and AUC-ROC among the tuned models. The 3D implementation method revealed higher performance than the 2D implementation method. The loading type data predicted through the machine learning model were mapped to the finite element model and comparatively verified through FE analysis. It was found that 3D implementation PIC bumper beam was superior to 2D implementation and uni-stacking sequence composite bumper.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.54 no.7
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• pp.475-484
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• 2021

The optimal design for water distribution system (WDS) is not only satisfying the minimum required water pressure of the nodes, but also minimizing pipe cost, etc. The number of designs of WDS increases exponentially due to the arrangement of various pipes. Various optimization algorithms were applied to propose an optimized design of WDS. In this study, Modified Hybrid Vision Correction Algorithm (MHVCA) with improved self-adapting parameter was applied to optimal design of WDS. The performance was improved by changing the Hybrid Rate (HR) of the existing Hybrid Vision Correction Algorithm (HVCA) to nonlinear HR. To verify the performance of the proposed MHVCA, it applied to mathematical problems consisting of 2 and 30 decision variables and constrained mathematical problems. In order to review the application results of MHVCA, it was compared with Harmony Search (HS), Improved Harmony Search (IHS), Vision Correction Algorithm (VCA) and HVCA. Finally, MHVCA was applied to the optimal design problem of WDS and the results were compared with other algorithms. MHVCA showed better results than other algorithms in mathematical problems and WDS problem. MHVCA will be able to show good results by applying to various water resource engineering problems as well as problems applied in this study.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.169-176
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• 2021

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of varying levels of hydrolyzed yeast on egg production and egg quality in aged laying randomly allotted to three dietary treatments such that egg production was similar in each treatment (6 replicates of 10 birds each). The layers were fed diets containing 0, 0.1, or 0.2% hydrolyzed yeast for eight weeks. No significant difference was observed in egg production during the first half of the experiment. Egg production and daily egg mass in groups fed diets containing hydrolyzed yeast were significantly higher (P<0.05) than those of the control groups during the second half of the experiment. Egg weight was not affected by the dietary treatment. Eggshell strength and thickness in groups fed diets containing hydrolyzed yeast were significantly higher than those of the control groups during the overall experimental period (P<0.05). Although no significant differences were observed in the Haugh units, yolk color in the group fed diets containing 0.1% hydrolyzed yeast was significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.05). The mammillary layer thickness increased in a linear manner and significantly following treatment with dietary hydrolyzed yeast (P<0.05). Antibody titer against avian influenza virus in the group fed diets containing 0.2% hydrolyzed yeast was significantly higher (P<0.05) than that in the control group. In conclusion, dietary hydrolyzed yeast improved egg production and eggshell quality of laying hens in the late stages of production.

• Journal of the Korean Regional Science Association
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.43-57
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• 2022

The Land Suitability Assessment is mandatory by National Land Planning and Utilization Act and the results are considered in the establishment of urban master plan and urban management plan. The study aims to examine whether the application of Land Suitability Assessment in developed urban areas is appropriate. A simulation analysis based on the Seoul's data of environmental ecological, physical, and spatial characteristics was conducted on urban green, the only applicable land for the assessment in Seoul. The results of the assessment shows that all pieces of lands in urban green is suitable for 'development'. This conflicts to the purpose of land use of urban green which needs to be conserved to protect the natural environment and landscape, animals and plants, environmental pollution, and urban sprawl. In the analysis applying optional indicators such as the distance from the area of Biotope Class 1 to prevent this conflict, the results shows little difference. This supports the necessity to review this regulation including an option to exclude developed urban areas such as Seoul in the assessment.

• Smart Media Journal
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.37-50
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• 2022

This proposes a direction to build and provide an exhibition space based on the metaverse platform so that artists can independently open their own exhibitions in an online environment. Although many artists are produced every year, offline exhibitions are becoming difficult due to not many art galleries, and offline exhibitions are becoming impossible due to Corona, which began at the end of 2019, and online exhibitions are emerging as an alternative. We analyze cases of existing online exhibition methods and visit online exhibition methods such as web, video, and virtual reality and metaverse environment then present a plan for individual exhibitions in consideration of the recent metaverse environment. The proposed metaverse-based personal exhibition method is structured so that artists can construct a space on the metaverse and place their works, and then viewers can freely take a look on it from a remote location. Based on the proposed exhibition direction, the representative metaverse platform was applied to confirm the characteristics and possibilities of exhibition space and composition of works and users' exhibition experience. In the face of the rise of online exhibitions, space can be constructed in the direction the artist pursues in online exhibitions as well as offline exhibitions, but also online exhibitions, and hopes that online exhibitions will become another genre of exhibitions rather than incidental after the end of Covid-19.

• Composites Research
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.53-58
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• 2023

The PIC design method is assigning different stacking sequences for each shell element through the preliminary FE analysis. In previous study, machine learning was applied to the PIC design method in order to assign the region efficiently, and the training data is labeled by dividing each region into tension, compression, and shear through the preliminary FE analysis results value. However, since buckling is not considered, when buckling occurs, it can't be divided into appropriate loading type. In the present study, it was proposed PIC-NTL (PIC design using novel technique for analyzing load type) which is method for applying a novel technique for analyzing load type considering buckling to the conventional PIC design. The stress triaxiality for each ply were analyzed for buckling analysis, and the representative loading type was designated through the determined loading type within decision area divided into two regions of the same size in the thickness direction of the elements. The input value of the training data and label consisted in coordination of element and representative loading type of each decision area, respectively. A machine learning model was trained through the training data, and the hyperparameters that affect the performance of the machine learning model were tuned to optimal values through Bayesian algorithm. Among the tuned machine learning models, the SVM model showed the highest performance. Most effective stacking sequence were mapped into PIC tube based on trained SVM model. FE analysis results show the design method proposed in this study has superior external loading resistance and energy absorption compared to previous study.

• Journal of Teachers' Pension
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• v.3
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• pp.207-252
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• 2018

현행 사학연금법은 공무원연금법 제46조 제1항 제4호 "정원 감소로 퇴직한 때부터 연금 지급" 조항을 준용함에 따라 정원감축 및 폐교에 따른 퇴직을 할 경우 법에 명시된 연금지급 개시연령이 아닌 퇴직 후 5년 이후에 조기연금을 지급하도록 하고 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 현행 지급개시연령 규정의 타당성을 검토하고 개선방안을 제시하는데 있다. 이를 위해 사학연금 지급개시연령 현황 및 사립학교 폐교 현황과 사학연금이 공무원연금법을 준용함으로써 발생하는 문제점 및 현행 규정에 따른 연금지급 시 사학연금재정에 미치는 영향을 분석하고 법 개정의 타당성을 검토하여 개선방안을 모색하였다. 주요 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 65세 정년이 되어 은퇴하지 않고 중도에 퇴직하거나 고용이 취소되어 지급개시연령 보다 훨씬 일찍 조기연금을 지급하게 될 경우에는 퇴직연금 자체가 노후소득보장제도이기 보다는 실업급여의 성격으로 전락하게 되는 측면이 있다. 또한, 폐교에 재직 중인 교직원은 근로가 가능한 연령과 건강상태임에도 불구하고 즉시 연금을 수급하게 됨으로써 재취업을 하지 않을 경우 연금에 대한 의존성이 높아지고 근로유인을 저해할 수 있다. 그리고 최근 잦은 폐교로 인한 연금수급자 과다 발생 및 재정적 지속가능성의 문제가 있다. 또한 사학연금 가입자와 공무원연금 가입자의 특성을 비교하면 중요한 차이점이 발견된다. 국공립학교의 경우에는 해당 학교가 폐교 또는 정원이 감소될 경우 다른 지역 학교로 해당 재직 교직원을 이동 배치하는 등의 대처 방안을 시행하기 때문에 사실상 퇴직하는 사례가 거의 없는 반면, 사학연금 가입자의 경우 공무원연금 가입자에 비해 상대적으로 고용불안에 노출되어 있고, 학령인구 감소 등으로 인해 사립학교 폐교 가능성이 상존하므로 이들에 대한 생활안정대책이 필요하다. 또한 공무원 조직의 개폐 및 정원 감소는 법령으로 정하고 있지만, 사립학교 교직원의 개폐 및 정원의 감소는 사학기관의 특성에 따라 차이가 있다. 그리고 공무원의 경우 공무원연금의 대상이면서도 고용형태의 상대적 취약점을 감안하여 임기제 공무원의 경우 고용보험의 가입이 일부 허용되나, 사학연금 가입자의 경우에는 전면적으로 가입이 제한되어 직역연금 간 형평성 문제가 발생하고 있다. 그리고 국민연금과 비교할 때 다음과 같은 차이점이 있다. 국민연금법의 경우 사업장가입자로 적용받고 있다 하더라도 준용법과 같은 사립학교 폐교 시 조기연금 수급 규정이 없으며, 고용보험법의 적용으로 실직 시 실업급여 등의 대응책이 있긴 하나 연금 수급을 통한 소득보장 수준에는 못 미치는 제도적 보완책을 갖추고 있다. 또한, 국민연금 가입자는 고용보험에 적용되나, 사학연금 가입자는 실업상태에 놓였을 경우 고용보험의 적용을 받지 못한다는 점에서 차이가 존재한다. 이에 다음과 같은 개선방안을 제시하였다. 폐교 시 사학연금 가입자의 생활안정을 위해 고용보험 가입을 검토할 필요가 있고, 재정안정화를 위해 연금을 전액지급하기 보다는 퇴직일부터 지급개시연령까지의 잔여기간에 따라 차등지급하는 방안을 모색해 볼 수 있으며, 고용보험법상의 실업급여 제도를 원용하고 소정의 연금지급기간을 설정하여 연금을 지급하는 방안을 고려할 필요가 있다. 이에 더하여 사학연금제도 내에서 별도의 고용보험기금을 마련하는 방안도 모색해볼 필요가 있다.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.29 no.4B
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• pp.329-337
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• 2009

In this study we briefly introduce the electronic float system based on the GPS and RF communication technology and present some field application results. The system is capable of operating 15 floats simultaneously for making discharge measurement. Since the electronic floats (EFs) acquire flow paths, they can improve velocity measurement accuracy up to 10%. Additionally, measured velocities by the EFs show good agreement with those by an ADCP. Relative difference in sub-section area calculated by the electronic and conventional float methods is -79~71% and, due to convergent tendency of floats flowing along near banks, it increases much larger. It is possible to improve accuracy up to 5~6% in making discharge measurement by the electronic floats at site with irregular flow paths and section arrangement. The electronic float system is capable of calculating more accurate velocity and section area using position information based on GPS. By real-time measurement of velocity, cross-section area and discharge, the electronic float system is expected to reduce manpower and improve accuracy, rapidity and efficiency of flood discharge measurements.