• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.811-821
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• 2003

In this study is if the design of outlet conduit was appropriate or not by analyzing flow characteristic of outlet conduit with performing hydraulic model experiments. As the results of hydraulic model experiments, the capacity of outlet conduit of elementary design was under estimated, and the designed values of the capacity of outlet conduit of preliminary design based on the values of elementary design was nearly equal to the values of experiments, so the propriety of design was identified. In addition, as the results of examinations of negative pressure of outlet conduit, and propriety of longitudinal sections, the resulting values were within the maximum permissible limits, so it was proved that the design was appropriate. In the base of such processes, the propriety of scale and location of outlet conduit of preliminary design was examined.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.124-132
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• 2009

The optimal type and discharging position of ocean outfall of wastewater have been determined by hydrodynamic modeling, near-field dilution modeling, and far-field dispersion modeling. Tide and tidal currents have been simulated by a finite element hydrodynamic model showing good agreements with field observations. Based on the hydrodynamic simulation results candidates of ocean outfall position were preliminary determined. Submerged single port and submerged multi-port diffuser were selected as discharging system alternatives and finally designed by considering tide, tidal currents and water depth. Initial dilution of wastewater discharged from the designed ports has been estimated by CORMIX system. A 2-dimensional random-walk dispersion model has been employed to simulate far-field dispersion of discharged wastewater.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.207-217
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• 2000

A numerical model is applied to analyze the mixing characteristics of an axisymmetric turbulent buoyant jet discharged into flowing stratified ambients. The numerical model is a Gaussian-vortex model which incorporates the effects of the vortex pair known as the representative characteristics of far-field in flowing ambients. Six ocean outfalls that have field data for the initial dilution at the water surface are selected for testing the applicability of the developed numerical model. The comparisons of the observed initial dilutions and the simulated ones show that the developed numerical model could be used for the analyses of the initial mixings induced by the sewage diffuser discharged into the ocean.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.28 no.10 s.96
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• pp.947-953
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• 2004

As a large scale port development in coastal waters proceeds step by step and populations in the vicinity of port are getting increased, the issue on 'how to dispose the treated municipal water and wastewater in harbor' brings peoples' concern. The submarine outfall system discharges the primary or secondary treated effluent at the coastline or in deep water, or between these two. The effluent, which has a density similar to that of fresh water, rises to the sea surface forming plume or jet, together with entraining the surrounding sea water and becomes very dilute. We intended in this paper to investigate the impact on dilution of effluent and the behavior of flume under the conditions of the seasonal and spatial temperature variations, which have not been noticeable in designing effective marine outfall system. To predict and analyze the behaviour and dilution characteristics of plume not just with the effluent temperature, but also with the seasonal variation of temperature of surround water, CORMIX( Cornell Mixing Zone Expert System)-GI have been applied. The results should be used with caution in evaluation the mixing zone characteristics of discharged water. We hope to help for the effective operation of outfall system, probable outfall design, protection of water quality, and warm water discharges from a power plant, etc.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.259-268
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• 2004

For the last years, it has become hot issue such as disposal of the treated wastewater, which caused by increment of a population and industrial development at the coastal areas. The ocean outfall system discharges primary or secondary treated effluent into coastline or at the deep water, or between these two. The effluent, which has a density similar to that of fresh water, rises to the see, surface forming plume or jet, together with entraining the surrounding salt water and becomes very dilute. This paper deals ocean outfall design which effects to decision-making about marine environment management and wastewater treatment. In order to make predictions of dilution of discharged water and the trajectory of a plume, CORMIX has been used considering several elements including a seasonal and tidal changes. These solutions are strung together to provide basic data and general drawings for effective management of outfall.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.53-69
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• 2000

For the case of the capacity increase of Masan-Changwon wastewater treatment plant, the changes of near-field dilution rates due to the increased discharges into Masan Bay from the submerged multipart-diffuser were predicted by using CORMIX model. As the increase of wastewater discharges from currently 280,000 m3f day to 720,000 m3fday by 2011, the dilution rates become much lower than the present rates. To enhance the reduced dilution rates, the engineering design changes of diffuser length and alignment were considered as an optimal engineering option. According to the results of the model simulations for these changes, the dilution rates were increased in the strong ambient current of spring tide, but they were not affected by these changes in the weak current of neap tide in Masan Bay. From the analysis of oceanographic survey data, new outfalls sites have been searched. A promising outfalls site is selected and proposed on the basis of maximum obtainable dilution rates predicted by the model simulations.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.32 no.8
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• pp.637-643
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• 2008

When planning outfall system, the first target cif design is to maximize initial dilution of discharge effluent. To achieve the target effectively, the characteristics of mixing phenomenon between ambient and discharged water should be analyzed. Especially the analysis at the Near-Field-Region(NFR) as initial dilution zone should be preceded. Usually, the initial behavior of effluent through outfall system is rising toward the surface due to mixing with ambient water for heat discharge and sinking toward the bottom due to the difference of density for brine discharge. After mixed with eddies accompanied by the ambient water, the plumes are showing the same density and internal current pattern by advection and diffusion. Until recently, lots of studies are being carried out for the optimum design of outfall system. but it is difficult to find any studies of heat and brine discharge at the same time. Therefore, this study is hoped to provide some basic data for optimum design of outfall system.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.153-158
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• 2004

The numerous investments have been introduced to design and assess mixing zone characteristics of wastewater discharges to the ocean. Specially It strive to meet water quality standard for persistent and bio-accumulative chemical contaminants at the point of discharge through continual improvement pollution prevention measures and other voluntary measures in the developed country. The goals that of this paper are to emphasize the regulatory mixing zone is defined as an allocated impact zone where the numeric water quality criteria may be exceeded as long as acutely toxic conditions are prevent. Furthermore, mixing zones be limited to an area or volume as small as practicable that with not interfere with the designated uses or the established community of aquatic life in the segment for which the uses are designated and the shape be a simple configuration that is easy to locate in the body of water and avoids impingement on biologically important areas and the shore hugging plumes should be avoided This results should be used with caution in evaluation the mixing zone characteristics of a discharge and only in conjunction with information from the effective marine outfall design as well as for the sound harbour design. Thus the numerical investigation using CORMIX has been performed to show the regulatory mixing zone in the near and far field of the marine outfall.

• Journal of Korean Port Research
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.361-371
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• 2000

A demand of marine outfall system has been much increased for the effective disposal of the wastewater due to population and industrial development at the coastal areas. The outfall system discharges primary or secondary treated effluent into the coastline, or at the deep water, or between these two. The discharge is carried out by constructing a pipeline on the sea bed with a diffuser or with a tunnel, risers and appropriate. The effluent, which has a density similar to that of fresh water, rises to the sea surface forming plume or jet, together with entraining the surrounding salt water and becomes very dilute. Thus there have been growing interests about plume behaviour around the outfall system. Plume or jet discharged from single-port or multi-port diffuser might cause certain impacts on coastal environment. Near field mixing characteristics of discharged water field using CORMIX model have been studied for effective outfall design various conditions on ambient current, depth, flow rate, effluent concentration, diffuser specification, port specification etc.. This kind of analysis is necessary to deal with water quality problems caused by the ocean discharge. The analyzed result was applied to the Pusan Jungang effluent outfall system plan.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2000.11a
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• pp.85.2-93
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• 2000

A demand of marine outfall system have been much increased for the effective disposal of the wastewater due to population and industrial development at the coastal areas. The outfall system discharges primary or secondary treated effluent into coastline or at the deep water, or between these two. The discharge is carried out by constructing a pipeline on the sea bed with a diffuser or with a tunnel, risers and appropriate. The effluent, which has a density similar to that of fresh water, rises to the sea surface forming plume or jet, together with entraining the surrounding salt water and becomes very dilute. Thus there have been growing interests about plume behaviour around the outfall system. Plume or jet discharged from single-port or multi-port diffuser might cause certain impacts on coastal environment. Near field mixing characteristics of discharged water field using CORMIX model with has been studied for effective outfall design various conditions on ambient current, depth, flow rate, effluent concentration, diffuser specification, port specification etc.. This kind of analysis is necessary to deal with water quality problems caused by the ocean discharge. The analyzed vesult was applied to the Pusan Jungang dffluent outfall system plan.