• Journal of Korean Society of Archives and Records Management
• /
• v.6 no.1
• /
• pp.5-42
• /
• 2006

The personal praying sentence in personal praying scripts of Koryo Dynasty should be very important source for study of Koryo buddhism's history as well as historics, bibliographics and art historics. Especially it would be good source for study of official position in Koryo Dynasty because in the personal praying scripts the prayers expressed their own official position when compared to the official positions presented in Bekguanji(all officer's magazine) in Koryosa(history of Koryo Dynasty). As the characteristic of script is presented in the contents of personal praying sentence, it would be remarkable source for study on the history of buddhism's thought. Through the personal praying sentence it is possible to make clear the hopes of donor and high monks who were the key members for writing praying script. Also study on the personal praying sentences in Koryo scripts would be helpful for understanding the profile of society of Koryo Dynasty.

• Journal of Korean Society of Archives and Records Management
• /
• v.1 no.2
• /
• pp.159-183
• /
• 2001

The praying sentences of the script of Saddharmapundarika-sutra NO.5 which was made by prayer Bang-Ui, prince Ik-An, was investigated and the cover painting, Byonsangwha(Buddha's preaching painting), and letter style written in the script were discussed in this study. The cover painting on the script is known to be followed to the style of the cover painting as shown in a set of 7 rolls of Saddharma pundarika-sutra of the Horim Museum collection. It is not so difficult to say that the characteristics of cover painting of the script would be suceeded to those of scripts of the end of Koryo and the early Choseon Dynasty. Lotus and its surround was decorated with arabesque figure whose stems were drawn with golden paste and the arabesque figures were done with silver paste. However, for the expression of lotus and arabesque pattern the special feature of drawing style that was originated from the end of Koryo Dynasty to draw the outline with broad line and/or the hardness of drawing line became much more deepened than ever. It is not different to think that this characteristics should be those of Choseon Dynasty. On the Byeonsangwha(buddha's preaching painting) the painting of scattered flowers on stairs of Sumera-Mandala and the scheduled clouds (underseen from heaven) were as similar as to the Byeonsangwha style of the end of Koryo and the early Choseon Dynasty. However, the image of Shakyamuni and/or the halo(光背) is nearly same as the characteristics shown on the Beonsangwha of Saddharma pundarika-sutra of Nesosa' collection, a set of seven rolls which was completed in the 15th year of king Taejong(AD 1415). It is apparent that these characteristics are those of Choseon Dynasty. After king Chungsean in Koryo Dynasty, letter style of Chao Meng-Fu was shown in the script of late Koryo Dynasty as a new letter style.

• Journal of architectural history
• /
• v.27 no.3
• /
• pp.43-58
• /
• 2018

This paper aims at researching on the substantial characters of the memorial address, namely the mookseo-myeongs(墨書銘), written at the members of the wooden buildings in the late period of Goryeo Dynasty and the early period of JoseonDynasty. In this paper, I pursued to declare the systematic origins by the comparison the Buddhist buildings with the other buildings, on the focused the written patterns. Furthermore, I tried to examine the transitional trends in the late period of Joseon Dynasty. The results are as follow: First, it is supposed that the mookseo-myeongs of the Buddhist buildings were not used for the a memorial address for the ceremony of putting up the ridge beam, so to speak the sangryang-muns(上樑文), but the prayer address(發願文) to memorize the donations of the believers for the constructions. Second, it is supposed that 'the short sangryang-muns' were originated in the mookseo-myeongs of Buddhist buildings and the other ancient prayer address. In the late period of JoseonDynasty, those were established in the formal literary styles. Third, to the early period of JoseonDynasty, 'the long sangryang-muns' were partially used in the several royal palaces. In the late, those were widely used not only in the royal palaces but also in Buddhist buildings, but those literary patterns were rarely changed from the former types.

• Journal of architectural history
• /
• v.29 no.1
• /
• pp.65-76
• /
• 2020

This paper attempts to study on the substantial characters of the sangryang-muns written for the constructions of Sudara-jang and Beopbo-jeon at Haein-sa in the years of king Gwanghae and king Injo. On that basis, it also attempts to declare the first time that the Buddhist Order firstly used long sangryang-mun, and to presume the backgrounds of the constructions. The results are as follows: First, the queen, Mrs. Ryu and court ladies of king Gwanhae had participated as donators to the constructions. Therefore, it is supposed that the constructions had been promoted by the queen's Buddhistic beliefs as well as the commemoration of the 6th award of eulogistic posthumous title to king Gwanghae. Second, throughout the history of Korean Buddhism, long sangryang-mun was firstly used in the construction of Sudara-jang. Therefore, we can see the fact that long sangryang-mun was introduced to the Buddhist Order, as donation by royal families. But the long sangryang-mun couldn't be suitable for the traditional customs of Buddhism, the monks wrote additionally the Balwon-mun, so to speak, the pryer address. Third, the sangryang-mun of Beopbo-jeon was written in the mixed format of long sangryang-mun and traditional Balwon-mun. It is supposed that the Buddhist monks wanted to keep the traditional customs. Four, in the late period of J oseon dynasty, the same formats as the sangryang-muns of Sudara-jang and Beopbo-jeon have been widely used in the various Buddhist buildings. Consequently, it is supposed that these three sangryang-muns were the embryonic formats for the major types of the late Buddhist building sangryang-muns.

• Conservation Science in Museum
• /
• v.12
• /
• pp.1-7
• /
• 2011

The seated stone Buddha(Bon5190) of National Museum of Korea initially consisted of some 90 fragments, making it difficult to guess its overall appearance. Under a restoration work which lasted four months, the fragments were joined together, giving shape to a seated Stone Buddha in Bhumisparsa(earth touching) mudra and an associated figure of Bodhisattva missing the face. The statue was made from a single stone block by digging out the center. Traces of lacquer coating and a gilded layer above the lacquer coat were found in various parts. Polarizing microscopy and XRD analysis revealed that the stone was zeolite, a mineral formed through diagenesis of volcanic glassy ashes from trachytic tuff (Nuldaeri) and dacitic tuff (Guryongpo). In Korea, zeolite deposit found mostly in Gyeongsangbuk-do, in places like Yeonil, Guryongpo, Gampo and Ulsan. The restored statue of seated Buddha proved very similar in appearance to the seated stone Buddha of Deoksa Temple in Cheongdo-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do (housed in Yeongsanjeon Hall). The scroll inside the statue, containing information about the background and circumstances of creation of this Buddhist sculpture, indicates that the monk Seung-ho took part in it as the head sculptor-monk.

• Conservation Science in Museum
• /
• v.18
• /
• pp.77-92
• /
• 2017

This study is based on a scientific analysis of the production method of the wooden seated Bodhisattva statue from Gwaneumsa Temple in Wando, which is currently housed at Chonnam National University Museum. The purpose was to investigate the characteristics of the statue's production through an X-ray inspection of the wooden timbers that make up its base material, a composition analysis of the surface layers, and microscopic observation. The votive prayers found together with the statue allowed the precise dating of the artifact to the sixteenth century, during the Joseon Dynasty. The X-ray transmission identified the statue as being made using the "ilmokjo"(一木造) technique, which means that the entirety of the statue excluding the right hand was produced using a single block of wood. The specimen analysis of the naturally exfoliated surface layer revealed that the current surface was coated with brass to restore the original gilt layer. These research findings added an interesting case to the existing related research and reaffirmed the academic value of this statue.

• Journal of Korean Society of Archives and Records Management
• /
• v.4 no.1
• /
• pp.67-85
• /
• 2004

Four volumes of the script of the Avatamska Sutra written with golden paste on dark blue papers manufactured in Koryo Dynasty which are collected or deposited in every museum of Japan show specific features on their cover paintings. In general 3 or 4 lotus flowers are wound by arabesque patterns in zigzag on the cover paintings of Koryo scripts, whereas 10 lotus flowers painted with golden paste on the 4 volumes of these scripts are same in their style. Though there is no prayer sentences in 4 volumes of the script, it is possible to know that they should belong to a set of 80 Avatamska Sutra by the results of above studies. In this study the contents of Byunsangwha of the script of 4 volumes of the Avatamska Sutra were discussed at first and their manufactured era should be postulated by the results of style analysis of cover paintings and Byunsangwha. First thing that saint hair of Buddha was painted with cobalt color is same as that of Byunsangwha of Munsuchoisangsungmusenggebueob prayed in Tejeong 3rd year, king Chungsuk 13th year(AD 1326). Second thing that the beads in topknot of saint hair and lips were painted completely with pink color, and ears, face outline as well as bosom outline disclosed through monk's cloth were also painted with pink color, furthermore the last thing is that Buddha's face was coated with golden paste. All of these things are same as shown in the characteristics of Byunsangwha of the scripts of Kanezawa Daishoji, Matsue Tenrinji and Haga Tera collection in Japan. However, since the cloud pattern style of Byunsangwha of the script is similar to that of the Byunsangwha manufactured in reinstatement era of king Chungsuk, it is possible to say that these 4 volumes of script should be manufactured in the reinstatement era of king Chungsuk.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
• /
• 2008.05a
• /
• pp.480-484
• /
• 2008

셀렝게(Selenga)강은 몽골에서 발원하여 세계최대의 담수호로 알려진 러시아 바이칼호로 유입되는 국제하천으로서 소비에트 연방해체 이후 계획경제가 무너지면서 다양한 물환경문제에 노출되어 있다. 몽골의 경우 도시개발이 급격히 진행되고 있으나 처리시설의 미비로 인한 오폐수 배출 및 무분별한 광산개발에 따른 수질오염문제가 현안이 되고 있으며, 러시아(브리아트공화국)는 계획경제의 붕괴에 따른 산업구조의 변화, 처리시설의 부족 및 운영의 비효율성, 산림자원의 개발에 따른 비점오염부하의 증가 등의 수질문제 해결이 요구된다. 몽골은 자연적인 특성상 광물질을 많이 포함하는 지표수 성상 및 매우 적은 강우량으로 인한 수자원의 부족, 지역별로 극심한 물공급량의 불균형, 산업개발에 따른 지하수 오염 등의 문제를 포함한 수자원 부족이 해결해야할 현안과제이고, 러시아는 수자원은 매우 풍부하나 공급시설의 낙후 및 비효율적인 운영으로 인한 물 공급 시스템의 개선이 절실히 요구되는 상황이다. 물 환경관리 체계를 보면 양국 공히 대내적으로는 이용 및 공급 주체별로 분화된 물 관리체제로 인해 부문간 통합성이 결여되어 있으며, 대외적으로는 셀렝게강 상 하류 물이용 개발, 수질보전 및 수생태계보호와 연관된 문제해결을 위한 몽골과 러시아간의 국제적인 협력시스템이 없는 실정이다. 경제개발에 따라 최근 수질오염 및 물이용 개발과 관련된 이해당사자 간의 갈등이 심화되고 있어 이를 지역, 국가, 국제적인 차원에서 조정할 수 있는 통합관리시스템의 구축과 이해당사자의 인식제고 및 자체적인 관리능력 배양을 위한 역량강화프로그램의 개발 운영이 요구되고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 동지역에서 기초현황조사, 물 환경현안 파악, 물 관리정책 및 체계와 문제점을 파악하고 향후 DPISR(Drivers-Pressures-Impact-State- Response) 분석이 가능하도록 물환경관리와 연관된 물환경상태, 현안, 원인, 영향 및 대책을 종합적인 관점에서 분석하며, 해외의 주요 국제하천의 물 환경관리모델에 대한 사례분석 및 비교연구를 통해 물이용 및 개발과 관련된 이해상충 조정체계를 개발하고자 하였다.

• Korea Trade Review
• /
• v.41 no.4
• /
• pp.293-313
• /
• 2016

In the East Asian region, the advancement of trade networks is being facilitated, which turns out that economic integration across borders is being advanced due to FTA expansion, freedom of business activity growing through the reform of regulatory system in each country, and the processing of division of labor between processes across borders. Trans-Pacific Partnership(TPP), which is a U.S. led multilateral FTA, was signed on February 4 2016 in Auckland, New Zealand by 12 countries, by which changes in the East Asia Trade Network are also expected. For this reason, this study examined the impact that TPP would have on East Asia Trade Network. According to the result of this study, it was determined that TPP, as the regulation and system which will lead globalization of the supply chain, will change Supply Chain structure and result in a positive effect on Value Chain. This will have a significant impact on the East Asian trade network, and connect to enhanced competitiveness of participating enterprises. In addition, TPP seems to be the basis for realization of FTAAP(Free Trade Area of the Asia-Pacific) in the future, Therefore, Korea who has high Degree of Dependence upon Foreign Trade will have to pay make political effort to effectively deal with this changing trading environment in East Asia.

• (The)Korea Educational Review
• /
• v.23 no.2
• /
• pp.131-155
• /
• 2017

In this study, I examine what is called character. It is to establish what constitutes a relationship between life, culture, and education. In addition, I try to explore the possibility of anthropology of education as an academic basis for character education by using the way of '문 질빈빈(文質彬彬)'. As a result of the study, 'character' in terms of '문(culturality)' aspect implies the qualities, the nature, the disposition, and the meaning of virtue. A 'character education' can be seen in school education as a moral consideration, considering the social context, such as the ability to live harmoniously. In terms of '질(naturality)', I will look at both the innate aspect of the character and the acquired aspect through the 'character' which is the essence of character. Character is the concept of both parties, and if it is influenced by an external environment, one can seek better ways to improve the chances of improvement through education. Furthermore, the role of education is inevitably required in order to achieve the goal of 'lesser human being' to 'better human being'. Home and school education can have a positive impact on the character. An honest mind about humanity among family members is the right character. The importance of humanity is considered as a value to be recognized and protected in our society because the logic that it protects the family by character and helps to maintain the social order influences to the legal culture tradition of the modern. Therefore, the academic approach through anthropology of education has sufficient value of trial study for exploring the relationship between character, education, and culture for teachers and learners, and is appropriate for providing an academic foundation.