• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.365-375
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• 2006

The structural analysis for the secondary lining of tunnels is generally performed by a frame analysis model. This model requires a ground loosening load estimated by some empirical methods, but the load is likely to be subjective and too large. The ground load acting on the secondary lining is due to the loss of the supporting function of the first support members such as shotcrete and rockbolts. Therefore, the equilibrium condition of the ground and the first support members should be considered to estimate the ground load acting on the secondary lining. Ground-lining interaction model, shortly GLI model, is developed on the basis of the concept that the secondary lining supports the ground deformation triggered by the loss of the support capacity of the first support members. Accordingly, the GLI model can take into account the ground load reflecting effectively not only the complex ground conditions but the installed conditions of the first support members. The load acting on the secondary lining besides the ground load includes the groundwater pressure and earthquake load. For the structural reinforcement of the secondary lining based on the ultimate strength design method, the factored load and various load combination should be considered. Since the GLI model has difficulty in dealing with the factored load, introduced in this study is the superposition principle in which the section moment and force of the secondary lining estimated for individual loads are multiplied by the load factors. Finally, the design method of the secondary lining using the GLI model is applied to the case of a shallow subway tunnel.

• The Journal of Aerospace Industry
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• s.68
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• pp.80-94
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• 2006

유효경쟁시장은 사업자의 수와 시장구조 측면에서는 독과점적인 시장이더라도 기존사업자간 경쟁이 상당히 치열하거나 잠재적 진입에 의한 경쟁압력이 커서 특정사업자가 시장지배력을 보유하거나 이를 행사하기 어려운 시장상태를 말하며, 항공산업의 경우 일반적인 네트워크 산업과 마찬가지로 대규모 설비투자가 필요하고 높은 고정비용과 규모의 경제가 뚜렷한 특성을 갖고 있으며 네트워크효과도 강하게 나타나 비대칭적 규제가 필요한 대표적인 산업이라고 할 수 있다. 우리나라 경제당국은 평균비용이 장기적으로 하락하는 대규모 자본산업에서 자연독점이 발생할 경우, 그 피해는 자연히 소비자에게 돌아 갈 것이며, 미국과 EC의 경쟁법상의 유효경쟁의 개념으로 제시되고 있는 요소들을 보면 주로 어느 한 기업이 시장지배력을 행사하는 시장상황을 나열하여 규제함으로써 최대의 이익이 소비자에게 돌아가도록 규제하고 있다. 항공운송사업은 자본집약적 서비스산업으로 일반서비스 산업에 비해 상대적으로 일정수준까지 자본투자가 전제되어야 하는 자본집약적 특성을 지닌다. 따라서 항공운송산업의 성패는 대규모 자본을 통한 운송능력에 대한 효율화 정도에 따라 결정된다. 여기에 시장에 진입 시기와 독점 유지기간도 중요한 역할을 한다. 또한 항공운송산업은 정부의 면허사업으로 선발항공사가 수익노선을 선점하여 운항할 경우, 정부의 별도 허가에 의하여 복수취항이 이루어진다고 하더라도 운항편수 및 고객 선호 시간대를 미리 선점할 수가 있어 후발항공사에 비해 우월적 지위를 갖게 되어 공정경쟁이 극히 어렵다고 할 수 있는데, 이는 수십년간 아시아나의 압도적인 서비스/안전에 대한 높은 평가에도 불구 대한항공과 아시아나의 격차는 2000년 이후 일정하게 유지되고 있다는 점에서 확인할 수 있다. 국내 항공운송산업은 면허산업으로, 운수권의 확보에 따라 항공사의 매출 차이가 결정되는 바, 항공운송산업에서의 유효경쟁을 확보는 1차적으로는 정부의 운수권 배분을 통하여 실현되며 양사의 운수권 배분내역에 의하면 선발사업자에 대한 유효경쟁정책이 실현되지 않고 있다고 할 수 있다. 대부분의 노선에서 복수취항이 허용된다고 하더라도 강력한 스케줄, 가격(운임) 경쟁력, 선발항공사의 이점, 고객 선호도의 미반영 등으로 인하여 공정한 경쟁이 이루어지지 않을 가능성이 매우 높다. 이처럼 평균비용이 장기적으로 하락하는 항공산업에서 선발항공사에 대한 쏠림 현상이 가중된다면 향후 10년내에 국내 항공운송산업에 자연 독점이 발생할 가능성은 매우 크며 그 피해는 소비자에게 돌아갈 것이 자명하다. 결국 우리나라의 항공운수산업에서의 유효경쟁환경을 조성하기 위해서는 운수권 배분 절차에서의 비대칭규제의 원리가 상당기간 적용되어야 하며, 복수취항이 허용된 노선에서도 후발사업자가 공정하게 경쟁할 수 있도록 비대칭규제방안이 강구되어야 한다. 뿐만아니라 보충적으로 공정거래법상의 시장지배적 지위의 남용규제와 같은 비대칭규제도 강력하게 집행되어야 할 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.8
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• pp.423-432
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• 2016

Due to the increase in the number of transfer lines and ground level connections with mixed-use high-rise buildings, the Seoul Metro suffers from loaded signage fatigue because of the presence of too many signs. The purpose of this research is to propose ways of improving the wayfinding on the Seoul subway station by examining the signage and (applying the) universal design (UD) concept. A review of the literature explored five universal design components, viz. the accessibility, safety, equitability, perception, and aesthetics. The field investigation found that the ceiling and wall type and general information boards were high on the information hierarchy. The survey respondents merely perceived universal design concept, however, most needed principle. The IPA found that the signs should be appropriately laid out, spaced and located from the perspective of accessibility, and their unity and harmony were other aspects that could be improved while general information boards should include important landmarks outside. In conclusion, this study suggests that the universal design signage concept should be applied to every station and that specific stations should have a duly sign system.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.37 no.12
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• pp.689-695
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• 2015

A biofilm filtration for the removal of gaseous pollutants has been recognized as a process with a complex interaction between the gas flow characteristics and the process operating variables. This study aims to develop an one dimensional dynamic numerical model which can be utilized as a tool for the analysis of biofilm filtration process operated in plug flow mode. Since, in a plug flow system, minor environmental changes in a gaseous unit process cause a drastic change in reaction and the interaction between the pollutants is an influencing factor, plug flow system was generalized in developing the model. For facilitation of the model development, dispersion was simplified based on the principles of material balance. Several reactions such as competition, escalation, and control between the pollutants were included in the model. The applicability of the developed model was evaluated by taking the calibration and verification steps on the experimental data performed for the removal of BTX at both low and high flow concentration. The model demonstrated a correlation coefficient ($R^2$) greater than 0.79 under all the experimental conditions except for the case of toluene at high flow condition, which suggested that this model could be used for the generalized gaseous biofilm plug flow filtration system. In addition, this model could be a useful tool in analyzing the design parameters and evaluating process efficiency of the experiments with substantial amount of complexity and diversity.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.63-76
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• 2016

In 2015, Summits of State and Government at United Nations General Assembly agreed to set the world on a path towards Sustainable Development(SD) through the adoption of the 2030 Agenda. 2030 Agenda adopts 17 Sustainable Development Gooals(SDG) to achieve 3 pillars of social security, economic efficiency and environmental integrity. Sustainable Development Indicators(SDI) which are suggested by UN SDSN(United Nations Sustainable Development Solutions Network), have been developed for measuring SDG implementation, by which Sustainability Assessment(SA) can be accomplished to check through more holistic approaches to poverty alleviation, social inclusion and environmental management. In Korea, Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment(SEIA) has been applied to PPP(policy, plan, program) by 'Ministry of Environment', whereas 'National Land Planning Assessment(NLPA) which is one sort of SEA has been implemented to evaluate PPP of Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport'. Although SEIA and NLPA have been utilized as decision-making support tools for stakeholders including high authorities, the reference criteria of these institutions are not considered as convincible and communicable. Evaluation criteria of alternatives which are core principles for SEIA and NLPA seem so ambiguous and unscientific. Through incorporation of SDI into SEIA, a convenient, quick and credible diagnosis of the key dimensions of SD comprising social equity, economic development and environmental management, can help develop a shared understanding of priorities of implementation of SDG.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.487-494
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• 2020

The distance between the source and the detector, the diameter of the detector, and the volume effect of the radiation source result in a change in solid angle at the detector entrance, which affects the determination of detection efficiency by causing a difference in path length within the detector. A typical analysis method for calculating solid angles was useful only for a source (⁶⁰Co) with a simple geometric structure, so in this experiment, the distance between the detector and the source was measured by switching on for up to 25 cm with the reference point of window cap 0.5 cm. In addition, 450 and 1000 ㎖ Marinelli beaker of standard volumetric sources were closely adhered to the detector. For circular point sources co-axial with the detector, the change in the solid angle to the distance from the detector window is equal to half the square radius of the source versus the square radius of the detector, if the resulting relationship of the calculation analysis results in the detector being less than the radius of the source. Since the solid angular difference is 0.5 the result of Monte Carlo is acceptable. The relationship between detector and source distance is shown. Solid angles have been verified to decrease rapidly with distance. Measurement and simulation results for a volumetric source show a difference of ±1.01% from a distance of 0 cm and less than 4 % when the distance is reduced to 5 and 10 cm. It can be seen that the longer distance, the smaller efficiency angle, and the exponential increase in attenuation as the energy decreases, is reflected in the calculation of efficiency. Thus, the detection efficiency has proved sufficient for the use of solid angle and Monte Carlo codes.

• School Mathematics
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.389-413
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• 2009

This thesis assumes that the teaching objective of the Probability unit of the 8th grade textbook under the 7th National Curriculum is to enhance the ability to analyze and utilize informations. And we examine them if this point of view is fully reflected. Based on the analysis of the textbook analysis, followings are found. 1) It is necessary to emphasize more enumerating all possible cases and to induce formulae counting the number of possible cases through organizing them 2) The probability is to be decribed more clearly as a likelihood of events and to be introduced and followed through various students' experiences and the relative frequencies. Less emphasis on probability computations, while more emphasis on probability comparisons of events are recommended. 3) The term "influential events"(a kind of stochastic correlation) is ambiguous. It is necessary to make clear what it means at tile level of the 8th grade or to discard it for it is to be learned at the 10th grade again. Especially, contingency table has been introduced at the 9th grade under the 7th National Curriculum. 4) Uses of the likelihood principle in making a decision and in learning the reliability of it should be encouraged. And students are to team the hazard of transitive inferences in probability comparisons. As a consequence of above, we feel that textbook authors and related stakeholder are to be more serious about the behavioral changes of students that may come along with the didactics of specific contents of school mathematics.

• Proceedings of the KGS Conference
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• 2002.05a
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• pp.99-105
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• 2002

변화의 속도가 느려서 장기지속적인 전체사의 바탕을 형성하고 있는 지리적 환경에 대한 적응결과로서의 지표경관을 도면상에 표현한 고지는 당시대인들의 세계관과 공간인식을 반영하고 있다. 인간을 둘러싼 지리적 환경은 장기적으로 벼하는 구조이다. 장기지속의 구조사는 지리지와 고지도에 잘 표현되어 있다. 지리지와 고지도에 대한 문헌조사와 현지야외답사를 통하여 경관을 구체적으로 분석하고 지역성과 한국전통지역사회의 원형을 파악하고자 한다. 기존의 연구자들에 의하여 정상기의 동국지도, 김정호의 대동여지도, 북방영토인식, 군현지도, 시대상의 복원과 지리환경 인식, 회화의 측면에서 본 고지도, 지명과 영토문제, 서양식 세계지도의 전래과정등의 연구주제들에 대하여 많은 연구가 이루어졌다. 그러나 기왕의 연구는 고지도에 대한 전체적인 현황 파악과 해제, 전체적인 유형 분류, 특정주제에 대한 고지도 이용 등에 초점이 맞추어져 있었고 구체적인 지역사회에 대하여 고지도를 통시대적으로 비교 분석한 연구는 드문 편이다. 사라져가고 있는 전통경관과 자연환경의 영향을 많이 받은 촌락경관이 남아 있는 지역사회경관에 대한 고지도와 지리지를 활용한 연구가 시급하다. 고지도는 옛 지명, 산천, 도로, 역원, 행정구역, 역사적 위치의 파악과 문화경과 복원의 기초자료로서의 의미가 크므로 지역사회 단위의 연구가 필요하다. 19세기 말엽에 편찬된 읍지와 지도는 서양과 일본의 침략으로 변모되기 이전의 한국 각 지역의 모습을 추적하고 복원하는데 긴요한 역사적 자료이다. 현대 한국지역사회의 바탕을 이루고 있는 지난 400년간의 지역변화를 고지도와 지리지.읍지를 통하여 살펴봄으로써 변한 것과 변하지 않는 것을 분석하여 시대상의 복원과 지역사회의 정체성 확립에 일조하고자 한다.곡물의 여러 줄기가 합수하고 물이 역류하지 않으며 잘 감아도는 곳으로 표현할 수 있다 이러한 명당의 기본적인 원리는 장풍(藏風)과 득수득파(得水得破)이다. 장풍과 득수란 '국'(局), 즉 산줄기와 수계로 이루어진 일정한 범위 속에 만물이 생태계 속에서 살아가는 모습인 '체형(體形)'의 의미가 나타나야 한다는 것이다. 그러나 이러한 의미는 시대에 따라 달라질 수 있는 것이다.면적의 52%를 점유하여 감자 재배지의 핵심지를 이룬다. 4. 한국 감자 재배지역 중심지의 지리적 특징은, 높은 산지지역의 산록완사면에 밭작물로 재배된다는 점과 교통이 불편한 지역으로서 도시화와 산업화 지역의 그늘 지역이 대부분이다. 강원도의 감자 재배지는 감자재배에 적합한 자연환경과 화전농업의 전통, 감자 재배기술의 전파, 중앙정부와 지방정부가 지원하는 각종 연구소 분포와 영농지도, 씨감자 생산과 협동조합의 판로 개척, 도로 개설과 포장 등의 인문지리적 요인이 영농조건을 개선하고 감자 판매를 위한 시장접근을 용이하게 하여, 남한 최대의 감자 재배지역을 형성하였다. 제주도는 산지지형과 따뜻한 기온으로 2기작이 가능하고, 감자가공 공장설립과 교통발달에 따른 육지 시장과의 접근이 용이해졌기 때문에 남한에서 2번째로 큰 감자재배지역이 되었다.(요약 및 결론에서 발췌)그람양성균에서 효과적이었으며, 농도별 항균력시험 결과 농도가 증가할수록 비례하여 저해율도 증가함을 알 수 있었다. 첨가농도를 달리하여 미생물의 생육도를 측정한 결과, fraction II磎꼭\ulcorner경우 그람양성균에 대해 500 ppm 이상에서 뚜렷한 증식억제효과를 나타내었다.서 뚜렷한 증식억제효과를 나타내었다.min/+}$계 수컷 이형접합체 형질전환 마우스에 AIN-76A 정제사료만을 투

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.83-92
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• 2019

This study aims to examine at the garden characteristics of salt merchant in Yangzhou, China during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, I looked at the background of garden formation through the literature. In addition, analyzed the garden design method and components of salt merchants. The results were as follows; First, the Yangzhou area in the past has achieved cultural and economic development with the establishment of the ancient Grand Canal. Salt merchants accumulated wealth through trade, and created many gardens under the background of securing materials for create garden through trade, forming political forces through the cultivation of students, and inflow of foreign cultures. Second, salt merchants in Yangzhou asked garden experts to design and create the garden as a place for exchange and relaxation. Also, through the production of landscape changes using Gasan(假山) and a long corridor(長廊), clear classification of spaces using architectural elements, and the placement of buildings in scenic areas adjacent to the water, the gardens with practical and aesthetic functions were owned. Third, the gardens of Yangzhou Salt Merchants have a building-oriented commercial space on the front, and a garden-centered design characteristic on the back. The garden of the commercial zone was built in a simple form using pots, oddly shaped stone, bamboo and fence patterns in the remained space, focusing on the front of the building. The garden at the back formed a curved waterway connected to the canal is refracted across the garden. The garden also features piled stones(疊石), stone bridges and ship-shaped stone building(石舫). In addition, the design reflected the introduction of trees that take into account the climate and color contrast of Yangzhou province, pavement of various materials and patterns.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.155-167
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• 2017

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the performances and limitations of health community building project of 148 village in Gangbuk-gu, Seoul on community health organization perspective. Methods: we conducted a qualitative study using both a systematic review of this project and in-depth interviews with the operators who had worked for the project from January 2012 to December 2012. Results: In this project, activists worked by gathering the opinions of the residents and focusing on their growth. The residents themselves established a community health care plan. Based on social determinants of health, they continued projects to solve residents' needs. A variety of programs were activated by providing a health cafe, which was an alternative public participation health promotion space that was not a clinic or a public health center. As the various entities gathered, there were difficulties related to interests and role sharing, and there were limitations such as the fact that the performance and limit of the pilot project could not be clearly predicted beforehand. Conclusions: This case suggested that new possibility of health and medical movement, approaching health issues by the way of community organization principle. Through the health community building project as community health organization perspective is expanded, health promotion effect will be created in the whole society.