• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.22-32
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• 1985

Optimum pasture management during the summer season is an important factor to maintain good regrowth and persistence of pasture in Korea. This experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of the cutting management on the dead plant, weed appearance, regrowth and carbohydrate reserves in stubble, and dry matter yield of tall fescue dominated pasture during the mid summer season. For the test, a split plot design with 4 replications was treated with 2 different the third cutting times (July 12 and Aug. 4) as the mainplots, and 3 different cutting heights (3, 6 and 9 cm) at the third cut as the subplots, and the experiment was done at the experimental field of the Livestock Experiment Station, in Suweon, 1984. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Considering the meteorological conditions during the experimental period, the temperature was a little higher by $2^{\circ}C$ than that of average year, especially the first and second decade of August were high. And the precipitation of 1984 tended to be low when compared with the average year. 2. Temperature of soil surface and underground tended to increase by $1-3^{\circ}C$ as the stubble height was low during the summer season. 3. Regrowth leaf length and leaf area after the third cut increased significantly with the high cutting height at the third cut. 4. A significant higher total nonstructural carbohydrate (TNC) content in stubble after the third cut was observed in the high stubble cut on July 12. The results indicate that the high stubble height reserves more carbohydrates for early regrowth stage after the third cut when compared with the low stubble. On Aug. 4, however, the recovery of TNC contents after the third cut was not effective due to high temperature and rainfall. 5. The percentage of dead plant after the third cut was found to be high with the low cutting height during the mid summer season (p<0.05). 6. With the low stubble height on July 12 cut, it was appeared that the percentage of weed was significantly increased (p<0.05), and main weeds appeared after the third cut were Echinochloa crusgalli>Digitaria sanguinalis>Cyperus iria>Rumex crispus, and so on. In case of cut on Aug. 4, weed appearance was no difference at three cutting heights. 7. Dry matter yield at the third cut was increased in the plot of cutting on Aug. 4 and stubble height (p<0.05). However, yields at the fourth and fifth cut were increased with high stubble height (p<0.05), regardless of harvest time. 8. In total dry matter yield after the third cut, there was no significant difference between the cutting time and forage yield. However, total yield on July 12 was increased with the high stubble height (p<0.05). 9. From the above results, it is suggested that the 9 cm cutting height during the mid summer season is the most effective for good regrowth, weed control and forage yield of tall fescue dominated pasture.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.103-110
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• 1986

The experiments were carried out to study the influence of meteorological factors and cutting management on dry matter accumulation and net energy value in orchardgrass (Dactlylis glomerata L.) cv. Potomac and Baraula, perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) cv. Reveille and Semperweide and meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis Huds.) cv. Cosmos 11 and N.F.G.. The field trials were designed as a split plot design with three cutting regimes of 6-7 cuts at grazing stage, 4-5 cuts at silage stage and 3 cuts at hat stage in Korea and West Germany from 1975 to 1979. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Productivity of orchardgrass, perennial ryegrass and meadow fescue were mainly affected by cutting systems and meteorological factors, especially air temperature, rainfalls, solar radiation and their interactions. In West Germany, cutting frequency was to be found asan most important factor influenced to dry matter yield and net energy value. 2. Orchardgrass, taken as average of all experimental sites in Korea, produced high yield of 875 kg/10 a in dry matter, which was as much as 32% and 27% higher than those of perennial ryegrass and meadow fescue, respectively. The annual dry matter yields of orchardgrass from 1976 to 1977 were shown a little variation. Dry matter yields in Freising and Braunschweig in West Germany were increased in all grass species continuously. 3. Orchardgrass, perennial ryegrass and meadow fescue showed different response to cutting frequency. The highest dry matter yields were found under 3 cuts at hay stage for orchardgrass and 4-5 cuts at silage stage for perennial ryegrass and meadow fescue. In West Germany, dry matter yields, as average of all grass species under different cutting systems, were 1326 kg, 1175 kg and 1098 kg/10a for 3 cuts, 4-5 cuts and 6-7 cuts, respectively. 4. Chemical composition and net energy concentration of temperate grasses were influenced by cutting managements. The highest yields of digestible crude protein were obtained under 6-7 cuts at grazing stage both in Korea and West Germany. In net energy yields, 3 cutting system produced the highest yield with 694 (orchardgrass), 665 (perennial ryegrass) an 623 kStE/10 a (meadow fescue). However, frequent cutting at grazing and silage stage produced higher yields than 3 cuts at hay stage in Cheju, Suweon and Taekwalyong.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.209-218
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• 2007

This experiment was conducted to investigate effect of plowing frequency and sowing dates on the agronomic characteristics, feed value, weed yield and palatability of silage corn. Treatments were a basal treatment(C: May 5 seeding, plowing once, weeding control once), T1(May 12 seeding, plowing twice, weeding control 0 time), T2(May 19 seeding, plowing three times, weeding control 0 time, T3(May 26 seeding, plowing four times, weeding control 0 time) and T4(June 2 seeding, plowing five times, weeding control 0 time). The experiment was performed at the College of Life and Natural Sciences of Sangju University in Sangju in 2006. The plant height and ear height showed highly in order to C > T1 > T2 > T3 > T4 treatment, leaf length was the highest at T2 (96.0cm). Leaf width and number of dead leaf were the highest at C and T3 (11.2cm), C, C and T1 (4.6), respectively. Stem diameter was the highest at T3 as 31mm, while T2 was the lowest as 25mm (p<0.05). Ear circle showed highly in order of C > T1 > T4 > T3 > T4 (p<0.05), and tip filling degree was the highest at C treatment as 8.8, while T4 treatment was the lowest as 6.0 (p<0.05). The stem hardness and grain hardness were C < T1 < T2 < T3 < T4 (p<0.05). Stem saccharinity was T1(6.1%) was the highest, while T2(3.0%) was the lowest(P<0.05). Fresh yield of weed was the lowest at C treatment as 500 kg/ha, but T1 treatment was the highest as 44,100 kg/ha (p<0.05). Weed coverage rate showed highly in order of T1 > T2 > T3 > T4 > C treatment (p<0.05). Fresh yield of corn was the highest at C treatment as T3,550 kg/ha, but T4 treatment was the lowest as 65,500 kg/ha (p<0.05). Dry matter yield of corn showed highly in order of C(26,978 kg/ha) > T1(26,130 kg/ha) > T2(20,255 kg/ha) > T3(20,255 kg/ha) > T4(17,508 kg/ha) treatment (p<0.05). Crude protein content was T1(7.69%) > T4(7.42%) > T2(6.34%) > T3(5.99%) > C(5.91%) treatment (p<0.05), and Crude fat content showed highly in order of C (2.13%) > T1(2.04%) > T2(1.96%) > T3(1.95%) > T4(1.84%) treatment. Relative palatability of Holstein, Korean native goat and spotted deer was the highest at C treatment, but Korean native cattle was the highest at T1 treatment.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.167-176
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• 1997

This study was carried out to evaluate the potential for preselection of transgenic embryos prior to transfer into recipient animals. In these experiments, I used a 3.2 kb transgene which contained the neomycin resistance gene (neo) and lac Z gene driven by the $\beta$ actin promoter (iacZ Ineo). Oocytes were aspirated from abattoir ovaries, matured in TCM-199 supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 5 ${\mu}\textrm{g}$/ml LH, 0.5 ${\mu}\textrm{g}$/ml FSH, 100 unit/ml penicillin, and 100 ${\mu}\textrm{g}$/ml streptomycin for 22 to 24 hrs then inseminated with a sperm suspension of 1 X 10$^6$ sperm/ml containing 5 ${\mu}\textrm{g}$/ml of heparin. At 18-20 hrs after insemination, cumulus cells were removed by vortexing and pronuclei of centrifuged zygotes microinjected with the lacZ/neo construct (3 ng/$\mu$l). All cultures were carried out in CR1aa with transfected BRL monolayers containing 3 mg/ml BSA, 20 $\mu$/ml NEM amino acids and 40 $\mu$I/ml BME amino acids. To identify the appropriate concentration of G418 for selection, non-microinjected zygotes were cultured in the presence of 0, 50, 100 and 200 $\mu$g/ml of G418. After 8 days of culture in these treatments, 44/145 (30.3%), 13/150 (8. 7%), 1/151 (0.7%) and 0/134 (0.0%) devel-oped to the blastocyst stage in 0, 50, 100 and 200 $\mu$g/ml of G418, respectively. A total of 1,127 zygotes were microinjected and placed into culture (without G418) and subsequently 710 (63.0%) cleaved. At 48 hrs post-injection, embryos ($\geq$2-cell) were randomly assigned to control (medium alone) or G418 (100 ${\mu}\textrm{g}$/ml) treatments. A control culture of 740 non-microinjected embryos from the same replicates of embryos were also placed into control medium. After 8 days in culture, 54/343 (15.7%) and 22/367 (6.0 %) of the microinjected embryos developed to the blastocyst stage in control and G418 media, respectively. A total of 151/740 (27.2%) of the non-microinjected embryos placed in the control medium developed to the blastocyst stage. The blastocysts in the control treatment had a mean of 70.7 ${\pm}$ 4.7 cells of which 23.1 ${\pm}$ 2.6 (32.7%) stained for $\beta$-Gal activity. B1astocysts in the G418 treatment had a mean of 48.8${\pm}$7.5 cells of which 40.3 ${\pm}$ 4.1 (82.6%) stained for $\beta$-Gal ac tivity (P<0.05). In the control treatment 26 of 30 (87.0%) blastocysts had some cells with $\beta$-Gal activity while all of the blastocysts in the G418 treatment had some cell with $\beta$-Gal ac tivity (P<0.05). However, ICM colonies in either control or G418 treatments were not expressed any epiblast cell except of trophetoderm celIs. The $\beta$-actin promoter/lacZ gene may not be e expression or silence expression in epiblast cells These results clearly show an enrichment of blastocysts expressing the transgene in the majority of their cells after culture in the presence of G418. The exogeneous gene was not express a and silence in ICM colonies especiallly epiblast cells except of trophectederm cells. Even though the higher rate cell number expressed of exogeneous gene in the G418 treatments, a total cell number was decrease significantly (P<0.05) of which might be also drop of the establishment of ES like-cell colonies and production of transgenic animals. However, futher studies need to determine the viability of these selected embryos and the avability of production of transgenic offspring.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.203-207
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• 2010

Purpose: Hepatitis B is infection caused by Hepatitis B virus (HBV). Currently, there are several methods, Kits and equipments for conducting Hepatitis B test. Due to ununiformed methods, it would cause some differences. To manage these differences, it needs process evaluating function of test system and reagent using particular standard substance. The aim of this study is to investigate tendency of RIA method's reagent used in Asan Medical Center through comparing several other test reagents using national standard substance. Materials and Methods: The standard substance in National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation's biology medicine consists of 5 things, 4 antigens and 1 antibody. We tested reagents using A, B company's Kits according to each test method. All tests are measured repeatedly to obtain accurate results. Results: Test result of "HBs Ag Mixed titer Performance panel" is obtained match rate compared S/CO unit standard with RIA method and EIA 3 reagents, CIA 2 reagents is that company A's reagent is 94.4% (17/18), 83.3% (15/18), B is 88.9% (16/18), 77.8% (14/18). Test result of "HBs Ag Low titer Performance panel" is obtain that EIA 2 reagents is shown 7 posive results, CIA 3 reagents is 11, and RIA method's company A's reagent is 3, B is 2 of 13 in low panel. "HBV surface antigen 86.76 IU/vial" tested dilution. A is obtain positive results to 600 times(0.14 IU/mL), B is 300 times (0.29 IU/mL). Case of "HBV human immunoglobulin 95.45 IU/vial", A is shown positive result to 10,000 times (9.5 mIU/mL) and B is 4,000 times (24 mIU/mL). Test result of "HBs Ag Working Standards 0.02~11.52 IU/mL" is shown that Company A's kit concentration level was 0.38IU/mL, company B was 2.23 IU/mL and higher level of concentration was positive results. Conclusion: When comparing various test reagents and RIA method according to National Standard substances for Hepatitis B test, we recognized that there were no significant trends between reagents. For hepatitis B virus antigen-antibody titers even in parts of the test up to 600 times the antigen, antibodies to 10,000 times the maximum positive results could be obtained. Therefore, we confirmed that results from Asan Medical Center are performed smoothly by reagents and system for hepatitis B virus test.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.7-16
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• 1985

Present experiment was undertaken to compare the effects of two dietary fats whose free fatty acid content was quite different on performances and on meat quality of broilers. Yellow grease or animal fat (trade name) containing 15 or 38.6% free fatty acid, respectively, was added to the broiler starter and finisher diets at levels of 3.0 and 5,0%, respectively. A total of 108, day old, male Maniker(Chunho) broiler chicks was alloted to 3 dietary treatments with 3 replications per treatment and 12 chicks per replication Though control diet was not supplemented with fat, the three dietary groups were made isocaloric and isonitrogenous. All the chicks were ad libitum fed the test diets for 8 weeks. Feed intake and body weight were measured every other week. Shank color was measured at the end of feeding trial by Roche Color Fan. To evaluate meat quality, 7 chicks of mean body weight were selected from each treatment group after the trial. Measurements were made for abdominal fat content, organoleptic scores for thigh and breast, and for contents of total lipids, free fatty acids, iodine values and peroxide values of the breasts. During the period from 0 to 4 weeks of age, the broilers fed the diets added with fats performed the same as those fed the control diet. However, the body weight gam (25%), feed intake (10.8%) and feed efficiency (11.3%) of chicks fed the fat-supplemented diets, during the finisher period (5-8 weeks), appeared significantly improved compared to those of control group (p＜0.05). During overall period of 8 weeks, body weight gain, feed intake, and feed efficiency of chicks fed the diets added with fats were, on the average, 16.2. 8.8 and 6.8%, respectively, better than, those of control Monwhile the performance between the chicks fed diets added with the two different fat sources appeared to be of the same tendency. Though the shank pigmentation was not statistically different among the treatments, the chicks fed the fat-supple ented diets tended to have slightly less pigments than the control. Organoleptic scores of thigh or breast of chicks fed the animal fat diet were of the same range as those of the other two groups. The contents of total lipids, free fatty acids, iodine values and peroxide values of breasts from broilers fed the various diets appeared to be in the same ranges among the treatments. The values for control, yellow grease and animal fat groups were 7.77, 6.66 and 6.32% for total lipids, 9.23, 9.7 and 9.31mg oleic acid/g fat for free fatty acids, 65.36, 63.89 and 59.25g/ 100g fat for iodine values, and 9.62, 10.46 and 8.79 meq/kg fat for peroxide values, respect vely. Changes of free fatty acids contents of breast during a storage for 10 da s at 4$^{\circ}C$ were also not different among the dietary groups. From the observations n. this experiment, it seems possible to conclude that the animal fat containing 38.6% free fatty acid can be used as efficiently as yellow grease in broiler diets without any adverse effects on meat quality.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.213-221
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• 2001

Propose : Tsutsugamushi fever is a acute febrile disease, which is caused by O. tsutsugamushi. Recently, this disease is increasingly reported in children. This study was undertaken to investigate clinical features of tsutsugamushi fever in children. Methods : This study involved 17 children with tsutsugamushi fever who were admitted to Masan Samsung hospital between September 1997 and December 2000. We investigated the age, sex ratio, clinical manifestations, laboratory findings, response of therapy and prognosis. Results : The age of patients was $6.9{\pm}3.6$ years, ranging from 6 months to 12 years and male predilection(58.8%) was noted and all cases of patients occured in October or November. The most common symptoms were fever in all cases and headache in 8(47.1%). The most common signs were skin rash in all cases, eschar in 14(82.4%) and lymphadenopathy 8(47.1%). Locations of the eschars were back and inguinal area in each 3 cases, neck and chest in each 2, popliteal area in 2, scalp and thigh in each 1. Laboratory findings included anemia in 1 case, leukopenia and thrombocytopenia in each 5, hematuria and proteinuria in each 1, ESR elevation in 2 and positive CRP in 12, AST elevation in 9 and ALT elevation in 7. Serologic diagnosis was made by passive hemagglutination assay(PHA) in 8 cases(47%) on admission, 4 cases in initial negative group were performed follow-up test at 2nd or 3rd weeks of illness and then all cases of 4 were converted to positive reaction. Clinical improvement was noticed in all cases after treatment to chloramhenicol or doxycycline. Mean duration for defervescence after treatment was $1.4{\pm}0.8$ days. Complications were interstitial pneumonia in 1 case and aseptic meningitis in 3, but all cases of patients were recovered without sequelae or recurrence. Conclusions : Tsutsugamushi fever in children was similiar to adult in the clinical features except male predilection. Early diagnosis and empirical treatment based on clinical manifestations such as fever, skin rash, eschar, lymphadenopathy is important and serologic diagnosis need to perform follow-up test at 2nd or 3rd weeks of illness.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.166-177
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• 2005

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to examine the molecular epidemiology and genetic variability of adenovirus(Ad) serotypes Ad1, Ad2, and Ad5 over 14 years in Korea. Methods : A total of 382 adenoviral strains isolated from the nasopharyngeal aspirates of children with lower respiratory tract infections in Seoul, Korea from November 1990 to February 2003 were serotyped by neutralization assay with type-specific antisera. Viral DNAs were extracted from infected cell lysates by the modified Hirt procedure. Genome type(GT) was determined by DNA restriction analysis with 12 restriction enzymess(BamHI, BclI, BglI, BglII, BstEII, EcoRI, HindIII, HpaI, SalI, SmaI, XbaI, and XhoI). To evaluate the genetic relatedness, pairwise comigrating restriction fragments(PCRF) analysis was performed. Results : Of 382 strains, 33 strains(9%) were Ad1, 45 strains(12%) were Ad2, and 24 strains(6%) were Ad5. Eighteen GTs(Ad1p1-Ad1p7, Ad1a, Ad1b, Ad1b1-Ad1b3, Ad1c, Ad1d, Ad1e, Ad1e1, Ad1e2, Ad1f) among Ad1, 24(Ad2p1-Ad2p11, Ad2a, Ad2a1-Ad2a6, Ad2b, Ad2c, Ad2d, Ad2e, Ad2e1-Ad2e3) among Ad2, and 10(Ad5p1, Ad5p2, Ad5a, Ad5a1-Ad5a7) among Ad5 strains were identified. One or two strains of the vast majority of GTs were isolated during the study period while a few GTs were identified sporadically with more than 2 strains. It is notable that some GTs such as Ad1p5 and Ad5a1 appeared in cluster during a short period. In analysis of genetic relatedness, the degree of PCRFs(pairwise comigrating restriction fragments) for Ad1 varied from 79 to 99%, for Ad2, 82 to 99%, and for Ad5, 85 to 99%. Conclusion : This study established the comprehensive nomenclature systems of Ad1, Ad2, and Ad5. Diverse GTs identified in this study have crucial implications in the genomic diversity and epidemiological characteristics of Ad1, Ad2, and Ad5.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.41-49
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• 2003

Methane emission was measured in a rice paddy under different water management and organic amendments. Methane emission from planted chambers and unplanted chambers was monitored to evaluate the rice-mediated methane emission. In flooding methane emission from planted chambers with NPK, NPK(+P), was $0.174g\;CH_4\;m^{-2}\;d^{-1}$ while that from unplanted chambers with NPK, NPK(-P), was $0.046g\;CH_4\;m^{-2}\;d^{-1}$ Methane emission from planted chambers with rice straw compost amendment, RSC(+P), was $0.214g\;CH_4\;m^{-2}\;d^{-1}$, while that from unplanted chambers with rice straw compost amendment, RSC(-P), was $0.076g\;CH_4\;m^{-2}\;d^{-1}$. Methane emission from planted chambers with rice straw amendment in Fehruary, RS2(+P), was $0.328g\;CH_4\;m^{-2}\;d^{-1}$, while that from unplanted chambers with rice straw amendment in February, RS2(-P), was $0.1g\;CH_4\;m^{-2}\;d^{-1}$. Methane emission from planted chambers with rice straw amendment in May, RS5(+P), was $0.414g\;CH_4\;m^{-2}\;d^{-1}$, while that from unplanted chamhers with rice straw amendment in May, RS5(-P), was $0.187g\;CH_4\;m^{-2}\;d^{-1}$. In intermittent irrigation methane emission from NPK(+P) was $0.115g\;CH_4\;m^{-2}\;d^{-1}$, while that from NPK(-P) was $0.041g\;CH_4\;m^{-2}\;d^{-1}$. Methane emission from RSC(+P) was $0.137g\;CH_4\;m^{-2}\;d^{-1}$, while that from RSC(-P) was $0.06g\;CH_4\;m^{-2}\;d^{-1}$. Methane emission from RS2(+P) was $0.204g\;CH_4\;m^{-2}\;d^{-1}$, while that from RS2(-P) was $0.09g\;CH_4\;m^{-2}\;d^{-1}$. Methane emission from RS5(+P) was $0.273g\;CH_4\;m^{-2}\;d^{-1}$, while that from RS5(-P) was $0.13g\;CH_4\;m^{-2}\;d^{-1}$. Methane transport via rice plant under flooding for NPK plot, RSC plot, RS2 plot and RS5 plot was 73.6%, 64.5%, 69.5% and 54.8%, respectively, and mean was 65.6%. Methane transport via rice plants under intermittent irrigation for NPK plot, RSC plot, RS2 plot and RS5 plot was 64.3%, 59.2%, 55.9% and 52.4%, respectively, and mean was 58.0%.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.93-104
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• 2002

A field survey and experiment was conducted from 1996 to 1998 to develop rational technology for turfgrass vegetation of runway side of Incheon International Airport on the reclaimed tidal land in Young-Jong Island. Backfill of the experimental site was finished on August 1995. The experimental site was 8 ha located in the middle of the construction place for the main parking lot in front of the terminal building construction. The experimental field was drained by main open ditch, and divided three main plots, no subsurface tile drain, subsurface tile drain spacing with 22.5m, and with 45 m, respectively. The 17 sub plots were designed to test the effect of soil covering with red earth loam by 5 cm and 20 cm depth, application of chemical compound fertilizers and livestock manures, dressing of artifical soils and hydrophylic soil conditioners. The tested turfgrasses were three transplanting indigenous turfgrasses, Zoysia koreana, Zoysia sinica and Zoysia japonica, and two hydroseeding mixed exotic turgrasses, cool type I(tall fescue 30%, kentucky blue grass 40%, perenial ryegrass 30%), and cool type II(tall fescue 40%, perenial ryegrass 20%, fine fescue 20%, alkaligrass 20%). The soil backfilled with dredged seasand was sand textured with high salt concentration and low fertility. The soil showed high pH, low organic matter and low available phophate contents. The percolation rate was fast with high hydraulic conductivity. Desalinization was fast after installation of the main open drainage system. No subsurface tile drainage effect was found showing little difference in turfgrass growth. The covering and visual growth of turfgrasses were the best in the 20-cm soil covering with compound fertilizer treatment. The covering and visual growth of turfgrasses were satisfactory in the 5 cm soil covering with compound fertilizer treatment and with livestock manure treatments. The hydrophillic soil conditioner treatments were effective but expensive at present. The coverage and visual quality of turfgrasses were good for Zoysia koreana and Zoysia japonica. The coverages of turfgrasses by the hydroseeding with the mixed exotic turfgrasses were less than transplanting of native turfgrasses. In conclusion, for the runway side vegetation purposes, the subsurface tile drainage might not necessary as main open ditch drainage be sufficient due to fast percolation rate of the backfilled dredged seasand. The 5 cm soil covering with red earth might be sufficient for the runway side, but the 20 cm soil covering might be necessary for the runway side where high density of turfgrass coverage was necessary to protect from the airplance air blow.