• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2020

Hydrogen production from biogas has received consistent attention due to the great potential to solve simultaneously the issues of energy demands and environmental problems. Practically, biomethane produced by purification/upgrading of biogas can be a good alternative to the natural gas which is a main reactant for a steam methane reforming process. Judging from the economic and environmental impacts, however, the steam biogas and dry reforming are considered to be more effective routes for hydrogen production because both processes do not require the carbon dioxide elimination step. Herein, we highlight recent studies of hydrogen production via reforming processes using biogas and effective applications for earlier commercialization.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2007.06a
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• pp.598-601
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• 2007

셀룰로오스, 헤미셀룰로오스, 리그닌으로 구성된 목질계 바이오매스를 이용한 가스화의 경우 30%의 리그닌 성분이 열에 안정한 상태인 타르로 형성되면서 가스화 후단공정에서의 정제, 발전 등에 직접 사용하기 어려우며, 가스화 효율을 저하시키는 원인이 된다. 이의 문제 해결을 위하여 본 연구에서는 촉매를 이용한 수증기 개질 반응을 통하여 타르를 합성가스로 개질시킬 수 있는 방법을 모색하기 위하여 다양한 온도, 촉매, 스팀 주입량 및 촉매크기에 따른 전환율, 생성가스 특성을 알아보았다. 타르 대상 물질로는 타르 내 상당부분을 차지하고 있는 톨루엔을 이용하였다. 일반적으로 반응온도, 스팀 주입량이 증가할수록 수소 생성량이 증가하였으며, 지르코니아로 증진된 니켈 촉매의 경우 600$^{\cdot}C$ 에서도 100%의 높은 전환율을 보였다. 일반적인 가스화기에서 배출되는 타르의 농도보다 10배 높은 조건에서도 100%의 높은 전환율을 얻을 수 있었으며, 이를 통하여 실제 공정으로의 적용시에도 후단 공정의 부담을 줄일 수 있는 개질기로 적용 가능할 것으로 보인다.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.34 no.12
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• pp.840-846
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• 2012

Global climate changes caused by $CO_2$ emissions are currently debated around the world; green sources of energy are being sought as alternatives to replace fossil fuels. The sustainable use of biogas for energy production does not contribute to $CO_2$ emission and has therefore a high potential to reduce them. Catalytic steam reforming of a model biogas ($CH_4:CO_2$ = 60%:40%) is investigated to produce $H_2$-rich synthesis gas. The biogas utilized 3D-IR matrix burner in which the surface combustion is applied. The ruthenium catalyst was used inside a reformer. Parametric screening studies were achieved as Steam/Carbon ratio, biogas component ratio, Space velocity and Reformer temperature. When the condition of Steam/Carbon ratio, $CH_4/CO_2$ ratio, Space velocity and Refomer temperature were 3.25, 60% : 40%, $14.7L/g{\cdot}hr$ and $550^{\circ}C$ respectively, the hydrogen concentration and methane conversion rate were showed maximum values. Under the condition mentioned above, $H_2$ yield, $H_2$/CO ratio, CO selectivity and energy efficiency were 0.65, 2.14, 0.59, 51.29%.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2008.05a
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• pp.243-246
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• 2008

목질계 바이오매스 가스화 발전에 있어서는 가스화 가스중에 함유되어있는 타르를 가능한 한 가연성 가스로 전환하여 냉가스효율을 향상시키는 것 및 잔유하는 타르는 후단기기에 악영향을 초래할 우려가 있기 때문에 타르를 저감 제거하는 것이 바람직하다. 본 연구에서는 공기 수증기를 사용하여 타르개질 프로세스의 개선을 위해서 타르에서 가스성분으로의 전환에 관한 개질 실험을 실시하여 Wood chip 타르의 열분해 개질 생성물 거동에 대하여 검토하였다. Wood chip 열분해로 생성된 타르의 원소분석 및 $^1H$ NMR분석의 결과로 타르를 치환기를 가지지 않는 방향족, alkyl-기를 가지는 방향족, 산소 함유 방향족, 지방족의 4개로 분류하였다. 개질제에 의해 경질 타르, 중질 타르 모두 감소하였다. 개질 공기는 타르를 연소시키지만 그 속도는 가연성 가스와 경합하고 $900^{\circ}C$에서는 타르의 연소는 나타나지 않았다. alkyl-기를 가지는 방향족은 메탄과 치환기를 가지지 않는 방향족으로 전환되고, 치환기를 가지지 않는 방향족은 수소와 soot로 전환되고, 산소 함유 방향족은 일산화탄소와 치환기를 가지지 않는 방향족으로 전환되는 것을 알았다. 또한, 개질제에 의해alkyl-기를 가지는 방향족, 치환기를 가지지 않는 방향족, 산소 함유방향족 모두가 일산화탄소,이산화탄소로 전환되는 것을 알았다.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.528-534
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• 2006

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the optimal operating condition for the hydrogen production by biogas reforming using the plasmatron induced thermal plasma. The component ratio of biogas($CH_4/CO_2$) produced by anaerobic digestion reactor were 1.03, 1.28, 2.12, respectively. And the reforming experiment was performed. To improve hydrogen production and methane conversion rates, parametric screening studies were conducted, in which there are the variations of biogas flow ratio(biogas/TFR: total flow rate), vapor flow ratio($H_2O/TFR$: total flow rate) and input power. When the variations of biogas flow ratio, vapor flow ratio and input power were 0.32~0.37, 0.36~0.42, and 8 kW, respectively, the methance conversion reached its optimal operating condition, or 81.3~89.6%. Under the condition mentioned above, the wet basis concentrations of the synthetic gas were H2 27.11~40.23%, CO 14.31~18.61%. The hydrogen yield and the conversion rate of energy were 40.6~61%, 30.5~54.4%, respectively, the ratio of hydrogen to carbon monoxide($H_2/CO$) was 1.89~2.16.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.423-429
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to investigate the optimal condition for the hydrogen-rich gas production and the CO removal by reforming of gliding arc plasma reforming system using biogas. The parametric screening studies were carried out according to changes of steam feed amount, catalyst bed temperature in water gas reactor and catalyst bed temperature, input air flow rate in preferential oxidation reactor. The standard condition is as follows. The steam/carbon ratio, catalyst bed temperature, total gas flow rate, input electric power and biogas composition rate ($CH_4$ : $CO_2$) were fixed 3, $700^{\circ}C$, 16 L/min, 2.4 kW and 6 : 4, respectively. The results are as follow, HTS optimum operating conditions were S/C ratio of 3 and reactor temperature of $500^{\circ}C$. LTS were S/C ratio of 2.9 and temperature of $300^{\circ}C$. Also, PROX I optimum conditions were input air flow rate of 300 mL/min and reactor temperature of $190^{\circ}C$. PROX II were 200 mL/min and $190^{\circ}C$ respectively. After having passed through each reactor, the results were as follows: 55% of $H_{2}$ yield, 0% of CO selectivity, 99% of $CH_4$ conversion rate, 27% of $CO_2$ conversion rate, respectively.

• New & Renewable Energy
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.126-134
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• 2024

Biogas, composed mainly of methane (CH₄) and carbon dioxide (CO₂), is a renewable gas that can serve as an alternative energy source. In this study, we developed a new microwave reformer and analyzed its reforming characteristics. We observed that higher temperatures of the microwave receptor led to increased reforming efficiency. By supplying appropriate amounts of methane and steam, we could prevent carbon generated from the thermal decomposition reaction of carbon dioxide from depositing on the catalytic active layer, thus avoiding the inhibition of catalytic activity. Hydrogen generation was enhanced when maintaining the biogas ratio and steam supply at adequate levels. Increasing the SiC ratio in the receptor improved the uniformity of temperature distribution and growth rate, resulting in higher conversion rates of the reforming process.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2013.08a
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• pp.71.1-71.1
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• 2013

메탄가스와 이산화탄소는 지구온난화 가스이기 때문에 배출규제가 점차 강화될 것으로 전망되고 있다. 또한 이들 가스는 매립지 또는 바이오 공정을 통해 발생되는 가스이기 때문에 단순히 배출을 억제하는 데 그치지 않고 보다 적극적으로 활용해야할 필요성이 있다. 현재 메탄과 이산화탄소를 동시에 활용하는 기술로는 촉매공정을 통해 메탄과 이산화탄소를 수소와 일산화탄소로 전환하는 방법이 대표적이나, 본 공정은 $800{\sim}900^{\circ}C$의 고온조건을 필요로 하고 고압조건에서 다량으로 생성되는 탄소에 의한 촉매 활성도의 저하문제로 인해 해당 기술의 실제 보급에 어려움이 있는 것으로 알려져 있다. 한편, 플라즈마를 활용한 메탄가스 개질(reforming) 기술은 고온 플라즈마인 경우 60~70년 전부터 상용화 사례가 있으며, 저온 플라즈마의 경우는 약 10여 년 전부터 개질반응의 공정온도를 낮추려는 연구를 중심으로 기초연구가 수행되어왔다. 이들 플라즈마를 활용한 메탄개질 기술은 메탄의 직접분해, 부분산화, 수증기 개질 및 건식개질 등으로 분류되는 데, 최근 지구온난화가스인 이산화탄소의 처리에 대한 관심이 높아지면서 이산화탄소를 활용하는 건식개질 기술에 대한 관심이 높아지고 있는 상황이다. 현재 플라즈마 건식개질기술에서 주된 이슈는 높은 전력비용이고, 이를 낮추기 위해 촉매를 활용하거나 플라즈마 발생을 최적화하려는 연구가 진행되고 있다. 본 발표에서는 플라즈마를 활용한 건식개질 기술의 장단점, 실용화 가능성 및 향후의 과제를 다루고 있으며, 이를 위해 기계연구원에서의 연구결과 및 국내외 연구실의 결과를 살펴보았다.

• Transactions of the Korean hydrogen and new energy society
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.111-118
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• 2019

Greenhouse gas emissions have a profound effect on global warming. Various environmental regulations have been introduced to reduce the emissions. The largest amount of greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide, is produced in the steel industry. To decrease carbon dioxide emission, hydrogen-based iron oxide reduction, which can replace carbon-based reduction has received a great attention. Iron production generates various by-product gases, such as cokes oven gas (COG), blast furnace gas (BFG), and Linz-Donawitz gas (LDG). In particular, COG, due to its high concentrations of hydrogen and methane, can be reformed to become a major source of hydrogen for reducing iron oxide. Nevertheless, continuous COG cannot be supplied under actual operation condition of steel industry. To solve this problem, this study proposed to use two alternative COG-based fuel mixtures; one with natural gas and the other with biogas. Reforming study on two types of mixed gas were carried out to evaluate catalyst performance under a variety of operating conditions. In addition, methane conversion and product composition were investigated both theoretically and experimentally.

• Transactions of the Korean hydrogen and new energy society
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.236-242
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• 2012

This study has been carried out the experiment for the possibility of biogas reforming using waste heat. The source of this waste heat is the exhaust gas from a small-sized gas engine generator. For recovering the waste heat, Two-stage heat exchanger is manufactured. The two-stage heat exchanger is composed of a heat exchanger for the exhaust gas and a heat exchanger for the water. This two-stage heat exchanger is used for reforming the biogas by means of on-site hydrogen production at the small-sized gas engine generator. The two-stage heat exchanger is coupled with the biogas reformer which is a kind of catalytic reformer. To confirm a heat recovery efficiency of the two-stage heat exchanger, temperature differences of inlet and outlet locations are measured. Also, the variations of syngas concentrations with various biogas flow rates are investigated. As a result using manufactured two-stage heat exchanger, the biogas can be reformed from waste heat recovery. This experiment suggests that the exhaust gas heat exchanger is available for reforming the biogas.