• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.18-29
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• 2000

호흡기 바이러스 감염은 모든 연령층의 천식에 상당한 영향을 미치는 데 영아에서 RSV는 천명을 야기하고 대부분 일시적이나 재발성 일수도 있다. 어릴 때 바이러스 감염은 면역체계 형성에 영향를 미쳐 알러지와 천식의 위험을 완하할 수있다고 한다. 또한 소아와 성인 천식에서 RV같은 감기 바이러스는 천식의 급성 증상을 유발한다. 호흡기 바이러스 감염에 대한 면역반응이, 기관지로 부터 바이러스 제거 기능외에 기도수축과 호흡기 증상에 관여한다고 한다. 이러한 변화가 일어나는 기전은 호흡기 바이러스가 proinflammatory 사이토카인과 매개체 생성을 유도하는 능력과 연관성이 있는 것 같고 이들이 상하기도 호흡기 증상 및 기도반응 변화에 관여하는 것으로 생각된다. 호흡기 바이러스 감염에 대한 면역반응을 요약하면 바이러스 감염으로 상피세포, 내피세포, 과립백혈구가 활성화되며, 상피세포는 사이토카인, 키모카인, 매개체들을 분비하여 항 면역 반응를 주도하다. 이와 같은 상피세포와 다른 기관지 세포들의 조기 활성화로 내피 세포에 유착분자 표현을 증가시켜 백혈구 동원 증가 및 혈관 투과성을 증가시켜 부종과 분비물을 증가시킨다. 바이러스 또는 바이러스 유발 사이토카인에 의해 활성화된 과립 백혈구, 대식세포, T세포들도 기도염증 증가, 기도폐쇄를 야기하고 기도반응을 증가시킨다. 세포독성 임파구에 의한 바이러스 감염세포의 분해, TGF-$\beta$ IL-10 같은 사이토카인에 의해 부분적으로 염증억제, 기도 remoldeling에 의한 기도구조의 재생등이 바이러스 감염후 기관지 기능의 지속적 변화를 결정한다. 끝으로 천식환자에서 RV 감염의 병인에 관한 기본적 문제는 RV감염이 정상인에서는 경한 증상을 나타내는 데 천식환자에서는 왜 심한 임상증상을 나타내는지 아직 완전히 밝혀지지 않았다. 항 바이러스에 대한 면역반응이 천식환자에서 손상되었는지 또는 천식환자에서 RV감염에 의한 중증의 임상증상은 어떤 다른 세포가 관여하는지? 이들에 대한 답은 기도염증이 천식에서 어떻게 조절되는지 또한 바이러스 감염에 의한 악화된 증상을 어떻게 치료할 것인가에 대한 방향을 제시해줄 것이다.

• Korean Journal Plant Pathology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.48-52
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• 1986

The virus isolated from white clover, Trifolium repens showing mosaic symptom was identified as bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV) based on the host range, physical properties, aphid transmission, serology and morphology of the virus particles. Chenopodium amaranticolor and C. quinoa produced local lesions on the inoculated leaves and chlorotic spot on the upper leaves. Broad bean and cowpea produced local lesions on the inoculated leaves and mosaic with vein necrotic symptoms on the upper leaves. French bean showed vein necrosis on the inoculated leaves, yellow mosaic on the upper leaves and bud blight. The average size of virus particles was 740nm in length. The virus was also transmitted by Myzus persicae. The thermal inactivation point of the virus isolate was $60\;to\;65^{\circ}C$, the dilution end point $10^{-3}\;-\;10^{-4}$ and the longevity in vitro was 3 days Serological tests with the virus purified from Trifolium repens were positive to BYMV antiserum.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2023.05a
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• pp.227-227
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• 2023

상수도 관망의 수질 관리는 매우 중요한 목표이지만, 2019년도 적수 사태를 비롯하여 여러 수질사고를 경험하고 있다. 이러한 수질 사고는 내부의 각종 부착물 및 침전물들로 인해서 발생하거나 파손된 관로를 통해 외부에서 유입될 수도 있다. 수질 사고는 다양한 경로를 통해 발생할 수 있으며 외부에서의 바이러스 유입의 가능성 역시 늘 존재하고 있다고 할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 상수도 관망으로의 잠재적인 바이러스 유입에 따른 위험도 분석 체계를 구현하였으며, 다양한 바이러스 유입에 따른 상수도 관망 위험도의 민감도 분석을 수행하였다. 제안한 분석 체계는 상수도 관망의 주요 소독 물질인 염소와 바이러스의 반응을 모의할 수 있도록 EPANET-MSX 모형을 탑재하였으며, 위험도 분석을 위한 QMRA(Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment)를 적용하였다. 바이러스 유입 시나리오 구축을 위해 상수도 관망 내 유입되거나 인체에 유해 한 영향을 줄 수 있는 바이러스를 우선 선별 하였고, 인체에의 영향 및 염소와의 반응에 대해 정리하였다. 또한 바이러스는 모든 절점에서 유입이 가능한 것으로 가정하였으며, 최악의 상황 모의를 위해 바이러스가 지속적으로 유입되는 시나리오를 구축하였다. 적용 관망은 미국 내 실제 관망 중 반응계수에 대한검토가 완료된 관망으로 선정하였으며, 관망의 구조 및 탱크의 유무에 따라 분류하여 적용한 인자들의 불확실성 및 경향을 파악하기 위한 MCS(Monte Carlo Simulation)를 통해 민감도 분석을 수행하였다. 제안한 분석 체계는 향후 수질 사고에 대한 위험도를 최소화할 수 있는 운영에 근거를 제공해 줄 수 있을 것이다.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.93-107
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• 1973

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is an important vegetable crop for the Korean people and has long been cultivated extensively in Korea. More recently it has gained importance as a source of certain pharmaceuticals. This additional use has also contributed to the increasing demand for Korean garlic. Garlic has been propagated vegetatively for a long time without control measures against virus diseases. As a result it is presumed that most of the garlic varieties in Korea may have degenerated. The production of virus-free plants offers the most feasible way to control the virus diseases of garlic. However, little is known about garlic viruses both domestically and in foreign countries. More basic information regarding garlic viruses is needed before a sound approach to the control of these diseases can be developed. Currently garlic mosaic disease is most prevalent in plantings throughout Korea and is considered to be the most important disease of garlic in Korea. Because of this importance, studies were initiated to isolate and characterize the garlic mosaic virus. Symptom expression in test plants, physical properties, purification, serological reaction and morphological characteristics of the garlic mosaic virus were determined. Results of these studies are summarized as follows. 1. Surveys made throughout the important garlic growing areas in Korea during 1970-1972 revealed that most of the garlic plants were heavily infected with mosaic disease. 2. A strain of garlic mosaic virus was obtained from infected garlic leaves and transmitted mechanically to Chenopodium amaranticolor by single lesion isolation technique. 3. The symptom expression of this garlic mosaic virus isolate was examined on 26 species of test plants. Among these, Chenopodium amaranticolor, C. quince, C. album and C. koreanse expressed chlorotic local lesions on inoculated leaves 11-12 days after mechanical inoculation with infective sap. The remaining 22 species showed no symptoms and no virus was recovered from them whet back-inoculated to C. amaranticolor. 4. Among the four species of Chtnopodium mentioned above, C. amaranticolor and C. quinoa appear to be the most suitable local lesion test plants for garlic mosaic virus. 5. Cloves and top·sets originating from mosaic infected garlic plants were $100\%$ infected with the same virus. Consequently the garlic mosaic virus is successively transmitted through infected cloves and top-sets. 6. Garlic mosaic virus was mechanically transmitted to C, amaranticolor when inoculations were made with infective sap of cloves and top-sets. 7. Physical properties of the garlic mosaic virus as determined by inoculation onto C. amaranticolor were as follows. Thermal inactivation point: $65-70^{\circ}C$, Dilution end poiut: $10^-2-10^-3$, Aging in vitro: 2 days. 8. Electron microscopic examination of the garlic mosaic virus revealed long rod shaped particles measuring 1200-1250mu. 9. Garlic mosaic virus was purified from leaf materials of C. amaranticolor by using two cycles of differential centrifugation followed by Sephadex gel filtration. 10. Garlic mosaic virus was successfully detected from infected garlic cloves and top-sets by a serological microprecipitin test. 11 Serological tests of 150 garlic cloves and 30 top-sets collected randomly from seperated plants throughout five different garlic growing regions in Korea revealed $100\%$ infection with garlic mosaic virus. Accordingly it is concluded that most of the garlic cloves and top-sets now being used for propagation in Korea are carriers of the garlic mosaic virus. 12. Serological studies revealed that the garlic mosaic virus is not related with potato viruses X, Y, S and M. 13. Because of the difficulty in securing mosaic virus-free garlic plants, direct inoculation with isolated virus to the garlic plants was not accomplished. Results of the present study, however, indicate that the virus isolate used here is the causal virus of the garlic mosaic disease in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2007

We describe a multiplex PCR method that can detect and differentiate simultaneously four different kinds of DNA viruses, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), hepatitis B virus (HBV) and parvovirus B19 (B19). Primers for the multiplex PCR reaction were designed to amplify specific regions of the EBV (pol), CMV (pol), HBV (pol) and B19 (ns) viral genomes and used to simultaneously detect individual viruses. In order to achieve optimal sensitivity and specificity for multiplex PCR, the thermo-cycling parameters, primer sequences, and concentration of each reaction components were optimized systematically. The sensitivity of the detection method ranged between 5 and 10 copies of viral genome with a mixture of multiple primer pairs. Furthermore, this highly sensitive test showed no cross-reactivity among the four viruses. Thus, the results obtained in this study provide evidence that the assay system is a good tool for supporting the diagnosis of viral infection and contamination.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.320-325
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• 2018

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection accounts for 20 million annual infections worldwide. HEV can be fatal in approximately 20-30% of pregnant women. HEV infections are normally self-limiting and mostly asymptomatic. However, in patients with insufficient immunity, such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients, chronic and often fatal infections may ensue. Therefore, it is likely that host immune responses, especially interferon responses, play a critical role in HEV infection control. Here, we report that an HEV-encoded non-structural protein down-regulates type I interferon response. In addition, some other immune genes involved in the induction of type I interferon may be regulated as well. Detailed molecular mechanisms are currently being studied.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.417-423
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• 1997

돼지 생식기 호흡기 증후군 바이러스의 nucleocapsid와 반응을 하는 SDOW17 단크론항체를 이용하여 중성 포르말린에 고정시킨 자연감염된 포유자돈의 폐장에서 면역조직화학법을 이용하여 돼지 생식기 호흡기 증후군 바이러스 항원을 확인하였다. 서울대학교 수의과대학 병리학교실에 의뢰된 포유자돈들 중에서 병리조직학적으로 폐장에서 간질성 폐렴이 관찰된 포유자돈 7두를 임의로 선택하여 본 실험을 실시하였다. 간질성 폐렴의 병변으로 많은 수의 대식세포 침윤을 동반한 폐포벽 두께의 증가와 제II형 폐포세포의 비후가 관찰되었다. 검사한 7두 포유자돈중에서 6두에서 돼지 생식기 호흡기 증후군 바이러스에 대한 항체를 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay에 의해 확인하였다. SDOW17 단크론항체를 이용한 면역조직화학염색과 간질성 폐렴의 대식세포에서 돼지 생식기 호흡기 증후군 바이러스의 항원을 검출하였고, 항원은 (주로)대식세포의 세포질에서만 진한 갈색의 양성반응이 관찰되었다. 이상 검사결과 돼지 생식기 호흡기 증후군 바이러스는 폐장의 간질과 폐포강에 분포되어 있는 대식세포에서 주로 증식하는 것으로 판명되었다. 본 실험에서 사용한 면역조직화학법은 돼지 생식기 호흡기 증후군 바이러스 감염여부를 바이러스 분리 또는 혈청검사 없이 진단하는데 사용할 수 있는 유용한 진단방법으로 판명되었다.

• Proceedings of the KOR-BRONCHOESO Conference
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• 1993.05a
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• pp.87-87
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• 1993

Polymerase chain reaction is widely used as a powerful tool in modern molecular biology. As there is agreement that the HPV is an important factor in the head and neck cancers, the detection of HPV DNA sequence in the head and neck cancer tissue has been tried in several ways. We used the PCR to detect the E1 open reading frames of the HPV in paraffin-embedded tissue of the patients with the head neck cancers. Eleven of the fifty-four tested samples (30%) showed positive result. We have analysed the clinical courses and characteristics related with Human Papillomavirus in those patients.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.71-78
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• 2012

Purpose: Human bocavirus (hBoV), a recently discovered virus, has been detected in children with respiratory tract infections worldwide. The aim of this study was to analyze the frequency and molecular phylogeny of hBoV in the respiratory samples of children with acute respiratory tract infections in 2010. Methods: Nasopharyngeal samples were collected from 953 children with lower respiratory tract infections at Severance children's hospital in Korea from January 2010 to December 2010. We applied the multiplex PCR technique for the identification of 12 respiratory viruses from the samples. Among the total specimens, hBoV positive samples were subjected to phylogenetic analysis by sequencing a fragment of the VP1/VP2 gene junction. Results: hBoV was detected in 141 (14.8%) among 953 patients. The 61.7% of hBoV-positive samples were found to co-exist with other respiratory viruses. The results of phylogenetic analysis showed that all 141 hBoV-positive isolates were identified as hBoV 1, revealing a high similarity among the isolates (>98%). Conclusion: hBoV 1 with minimal sequence variations circulated in children with acute respiratory infections during 2010. More research is needed to determine the clinical severity and outcomes of the minimal sequence variations.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.198-204
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• 2002

Poliovirus is a member of enterovirus which causes paralytic poliomyelitis, encephalitis and aseptic meningitis. Since poliovirus is spread by the fecal-oral route and poliovirus-contaminated water could be a potential threat for public health, detection of poliovirus in drinking water resource is important. Infectious poliovirus and poliovirus inactivated by heat or UV were used to test three detection methods such as cell culture method, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and integrated cell culture (ICC)-PCR. Infectious poliovirus was detected by all three methods and ICC-PCR was the most sensitive and fast in detecting poliovirus. Inactivated polioviruses could not be detected by cell culture or ICC-PCR methods. On the other hand, heat- inactivated viruses could be detected by RT-PCR. Thus it is suggested that ICC-PCR method is the most sensitive and effective in detecting infectious polioviruses in water sample.