• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.323-336
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• 2006

In this paper, we present a pilot system that can extract paraphrases from a parallel corpus using to-training method. Paraphrases are useful for the applications that should rreate a varied ind fluent text, such as machine translation, question-answering system, and multidocument summarization system. One of the difficulties in extracting paraphrases is to find a rich source from which we can extract paraphrases. The bible is one of the good sources fur extracting paraphrases as it has several Korean versions in which every sentence can be easily aligned by the chapter and the verse. We ran extract not only the lexical-level paraphrases but also the phrasal-level paraphrases from the parallel corpus which consists of the bibles using co-training method.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartB
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• v.19B no.2
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• pp.135-148
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• 2012

This paper proposes a model for recognizing sentential paraphrases through Predicate-Argument Tuple (PAT)-based approximate alignment between two texts. We cast the paraphrase recognition problem as a binary classification by defining and applying various alignment features which could effectively express the semantic relatedness between two sentences. Experiment confirmed the potential of our approach and error analysis revealed various paraphrase patterns not being solved by our system, which can help us devise methods for further performance improvement.

• KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.27-36
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• 2019

In this paper, we propose a method to find the most similar answer to the user's response from the question-answer database in order to avoid generating a redundant question in retrieval-based automatic question generation system. As a question of the most similar answer to user's response may already be known to the user, the question should be removed from a set of question candidates. A similarity detector calculates a similarity between two answers by utilizing the same words, paraphrases, and sentential meanings. Paraphrases can be acquired by building a phrase table used in a statistical machine translation. A sentential meaning's similarity of two answers is calculated by an attention-based convolutional neural network. We evaluate the accuracy of the similarity detector on an evaluation set with 100 answers, and can get the 71% Mean Reciprocal Rank (MRR) score.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.50-58
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• 2012

Objectives : This study examined the selective deficits of executive function in patients with mild traumatic brain injury that in normal range of general intelligence level and aimed to analysis of the correlation between K-WAIS result and executive function. Methods : 59 subjects were included in this study, who were diagnosed as mild traumatic brain injury(MTBI) and they have visited in neuropsychiatric department of Wonkwang University Hospital during from March, 2005 to September, 2010. For measurement of general intelligence quotient, the Korean-Wechsler Adults Intelligence Scale(K-WAIS) was administered and for measurement of executive intelligence quotient(EIQ), Executive Intelligence Test(EXIT) was administered. Results : Of patients, 50.8% included at abnormal EIQ group. The patients of abnormal EIQ showed poorer full scale IQ(FIQ), performance IQ(PIQ) and in subscale that picture arrangement, digit symbol, digit span, block design, object assembly and comprehension were significantly different. In terms of relationships between K-WAIS and EIQ, FIQ and PIQ have positive correlation with EIQ. And in subscale, picture arrangement, digit symbol, digit span, block design, object assembly and comprehension show positive correlation with EIQ. Conclusion : This study suggest that MTBI patients with have normal range of general intelligence level may have deficit of executive function is common. The decline of FIQ, PIQ and some subscales of K-WAIS may suggest executive dysfunction in MTBI patients.

• Journal of Korean language education
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.265-289
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• 2017

외국어를 학습하는 데 있어서 해당 외국어의 의사소통 능력을 향상시키고 평가한다는 것은 상당히 큰 중요성을 가진다. 교실에서 학습자의 듣기, 말하기, 읽기, 쓰기 능력을 통해 학습자의 언어 능력을 함양하고 평가하기 위해 어떠한 연습문제나 시험 혹은 평가방법을 사용하느냐 하는 것은 학습자의 학습동기에 지대한 영향을 미친다. 왜냐하면, 보통 학습자들은 교수자가 무엇을 가르치고 기대하며 평가하느냐에 따라 자신들의 학습방법을 맞춰 나가기 때문이다. 이러한 맥락에서 본 연구는 보다 적극적인 학습자들의 참여를 유도하고 유연성 있는 학습자 중심의 학습법을 고양시키며 다양한 언어능력을 고취시키기 위하여, 효과적인 외국어 학습법의 하나로 알려진 paraphrasing을 학습에 활용하고자 한다. 특히 paraphrasing은 일상생활 속에서도 의사소통을 원활히 하기 위한 수단으로서 글 바꿔 쓰기 혹은 말 바꿔 말하기로 활용되기도 하나, 본 소논문에서는 paraphrasing이 학습을 목적으로 하는 학습현장에서 활용되었다는 것을 감안하여 의역을 통한 학습 혹은 의역학습법을 소개하고자 한다. 실제로 paraphrasing은 언어 및 외국어 학습자들에게 상당히 효과가 있는 것으로 알려진 것에 비해 실제로 한국어 교육현장에서 사용한 연구들은 거의 찾아 볼 수가 없다고 해도 과언이 아니다. 따라서, 의역학습법을 학습현장에서 도입했을 때 경험한 여러 시행착오를 바탕으로 실질적으로 교실에서 사용된 예시들을 소개하고, 한국어를 가르치는 교수자들과 한국어를 배우는 외국인 학습자들에게 paraphrasing을 사용한 새로운 한국어 교수방법과 평가 도구를 제안하고자 한다. 이를 통해, paraphrasing이 한국어를 가르치는 교수자들과 한국어를 배우고자 하는 외국 학습자들에게 효과적인 언어학습 도구로서 실질적으로 교육현장에서 널리 사용될 수 있는 계기가 되었으면 한다.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.211-218
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• 2005

Objectives : The purpose of the study was to evaluate the related factors of depression in mothers bringing their offspring for evaluation or treatment of problematic behaviors. Methods : Fifty mothers were recruited through their offspring's evaluation or treatment for offspring's problematic behaviors. Psychological tests battery including Korean Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale and the Korean Educational Development Institute-Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children was administered to all mothers and their offspring. Mothers completed Korean version of Child Behavior Checklist (K-CBCL), and teachers completed Teacher's Report Form (TRF). On the basis of the maternal depression, the mothers were divided into two groups. Results : 1) Among the fifty mothers, $42\%$ of the mothers had depressive disorder, $16\%$ had anxiety disorder, and $42\%$ had no psychiatric disorder. 2) Depressed mothers rated significantly higher in aggressive behaviors, externalizing problems of K-CBCL in their children. 3) Children of depressed mothers had lower score in picture arrangement and coding subtests of KEDI-WISC than those of no psychiatric disorder mothers. 4) After controlling for the total problematic behavior scores of TRF, mother's depression is positively correlated with aggressive behaviors, externalizing problems, total problematic behaviors of K-CBCL, and negatively correlated with coding of KEDI-WISC. Conclusion : Children's aggressive behavior, externalizing behavior, total problematic behaviors and low coding score may be associated with mother's depression.

• Journal of Korean language education
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.63-86
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• 2017

This research aims to evaluate the effects and the shortcomings of strategies for teaching paraphrasing to foreign university students. For this study, the effects of teaching paraphrasing skills on student's academic writing was investigated through the assessment of pre- and post-test writing tasks and through a focus group interview. The teaching of paraphrasing was divided into 3 instructional sessions and the focus group interview was conducted at the end of the last session. After each instructional session three trained assessors evaluated the outcomes of pre and post task writings; the in-depth focus group interviews were conducted on seven of the students in order to define better positive effects as well as shortcomings. By comparing the scores of pre- and post-task assignments it is possible to affirm that there is a meaningful difference for overall scores; moreover, in an analysis conducted on each single sub-element of the paraphrasing skill, it emerged that except for "task completion", all other four elements of "structure", "understanding core content", "change of expression" and "academic expressions" showed a statistically significant improvement in performance. On the other hand, as a result of the focus group interview, it was possible to individuate as main shortcomings insufficient vocabulary knowledge, poor overall comprehension of the reference material, lack of practice and difficulty in connect sentences organically. It is possible to consider these elements as limiting factors in understanding the reference material and making correct citations by the students. Therefore, we suggest as supplementary instructional strategies a deeper attention to the difficulty level of the text, the introduction of devices to understand better the content of the reference material and an integrated practice of the paraphrasing skill.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.122-132
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• 2005

Objectives: The objective of this study is to assess cognitive functions and their relationship with sleep symptoms in young narcoleptic patients. Methods: Eighteen young narcolepsy patients and 18 normal controls (age: 17-35 years old) were recruited. All narcolepsy patients had HLA $DQB_1$ *0602 allele and cataplexy. Several important areas of cognition were assessed by a battery of neuropsychological tests consisting of 13 tests: executive functions (e.g. cognitive set shifting, inhibition, and selective attention) through Wisconsin card sorting test, Trail Making A/B, Stroop test, Ruff test, Digit Symbol, Controlled Oral Word Association and Boston Naming Test; alertness and sustained attention through paced auditory serial addition test; verbal/nonverbal short-term memory and working memory through Digit Span and Spatial Span; visuospatial memory through Rey-Osterrieth complex figure test; verbal learning and memory through California verbal learning test; and fine motor activity through grooved pegboard test. Sleep symptoms in narcolepsy patients were assessed with Epworth sleepiness scale, Ullanlinna narcolepsy scale, multiple sleep latency test, and nocturnal polysomnography. Relationship between cognitive functions and sleep symptoms in narcolepsy patients was also explored. Results: Compared with normal controls, narcolepsy patients showed poor performance in paced auditory serial addition (2.0 s and 2.4 s), digit symbol tests, and spatial span (forward)(t=3.86, p<0.01; t=-2.47, p=0.02; t=-3.95, p<0.01; t=-2.22, p=0.03, respectively). There were no significant between-group differences in other neuropsychological tests. In addition, results of neuropsychological test in narcolepsy patients were not correlated with Epworth sleepiness scale score, Ullanlinna narcolepsy scale score and sleep variables in multiple sleep latency test or nocturnal polysomnography. Conclusion: The current findings suggest that young narcolepsy patients have impaired attention. In addition, impairment of attention in narcolepsy might not be solely due to sleep symptoms such as excessive daytime sleepiness.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.338-351
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• 1994

This study was to find out whether there were differences in the levels of depressions between positive and negative schizophrenics. This research was derived from the fact that negative schizophrenics show higher levels of depression than positive schizophrenics. This study also examined the levels of psychomotor dysfunction in positive and negative schizophrenics. For this study, there were 453 subjects. They consisted of 119 positive schizophrenics, 122 negative schizophrenics and 212 normal people. They were asked to complete Zung's Self-Rating Depression Scale(SDS) and to perform one subtest, Digit Symbol of KWIS(Korean Wechsler Intelligence Scale). Subjects' levels of depression were measured by the SDS. the level of psychomotor dysfunction was measured by Digit Symbol subtest of Korean Wechsler Intelligence Scale. ANOV A and Duncan's multiple comparison analysis were used to examine whether there were differences of depression and psychomotor dysfunction among the normal people, positive and negative schizophrenics. The results were as follows: It was found that the depression level was higher in the negative schizophrenic patients than positive schizophrenic patients. Levels of depression were significantly higher in negative schizophrenics than positive schizophrenics. Psychomotor retardation symptom was the most effective variable that discriminates between the normals and the schizophrenics. And it would be concluded that the psychomotor dysfunction was more severe in negative schizophrenics than positive schizophrenics.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.196-204
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• 2003

Objectives: It is known that sedative hypnotics would make cross tolerance with alcohol and deteriorate quality of sleep in alcoholics. Light therapy is effective non-pharmacological intervention for sleep disturbance in circadian phase disorders, jet-lag, shift-work and age-related sleep disorders. Authors would investigate the effects of morning light therapy on sleep of patients with alcohol dependence during recovery state without withdrawal symptoms. Methods: 13 patients with alcohol dependence who have not any alcohol withdrawal symptom were recruited. Light therapy during 1 hour in the morning had been administered by 2500 Lux light box through serial 3 days. Sleep state of subjects were assessed by sleep log and the subjective satisfaction at sleep was by 100 mm visual analogue scale. Sleepiness, depressive mood, anxiety were evaluated by 100mm visual analogue scale at 8 AM, 2 PM and 8 PM. For assessment of performance ability that would be associated with sleepiness and vigilance, trail making test A, B and digit symbol substitution test were performed by two times on base line and 4th day. Univariate repeated-measures ANOVAs were performed for each measures except performance tests which were analysed by paired t-test. Results: Sleep latency and sleep efficiency were significantly improved with light therapy and satisfaction at sleep was. There was no significant difference in sleepiness at 2 PM with light therapy but sleepiness at 8 AM significantly decreased and at 8 PM increased. The time to complete Trail making test and digit symbol substitution test were significantly shortened at 4th day compared with baseline. Fatigue at 8 AM were not significantly changed with light therapy but at 2 PM and 8 PM significantly decreased. Depressive mood and anxiety were not significantly changed with light therapy. Conclusion: Although this study had some limitations, it showed that light therapy would be effective modality on sleep disturbance of patients with alcohol dependence who have recovered from alcohol withdrawal symptoms. It is proposed that short term light therapy could be used clinically for alcoholics with insomnia. In the future, long term controlled studies using more objective tools for sleep are required to further investigate the effect of light therapy in alcoholics.