• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.858-864
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• 2001

This study was performed to investigate the effect of sodium lactate (SL, 60%) and a mixed fat replacer (FR) on the product quality and shelf-life effect of low-fat bologna sausage (LFBS) in a model system during refrigerated storage. Low-fat and regular-fat bologna sausages had pH values ranged from 6.15 to 6.30 and water activity values ranged from 0.95 to 0.96. LFBS had a moisture content of 74~76%, <2% fat and 14~15% protein, whereas regular-fat bologna had 60% moisture, 22% fat and approximately 12% protein in the final products. Expressible moisture (%) increased (p<0.05) in all bolognas, resulting in the soft texture, as the storage time (weeks) increased. LFBS manufactured with SL and a FR had lower (p<0.05) the cooking loss (%) and had higher (p<0.05) texture profile analysis (TPA) values than the regular-fat counterpart. As the sodium lactate level increased up to 5% in the formulation of LFBS, vacuum purge and TPA hardness values also increased (p<0.05), but thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values decreased (p<0.05). Total plate counts of LFBS were reduced (p<0.05) when the addition level of 60% SL solution was more than 3.3%. This result indicated that the increased level of SL (>3.3%) in the combination of a FR in the formulation of LFBS improved the product quality and did inhibit the total microbial growth of LFBS during storage, as compared to the control.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.99-110
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• 2012

The purpose of the study is to collect basis data for to establish standard administrative processes of liquid fertilizer treatment. From this survey we could make out the key point of each step through a case of effective liquid manure treatment system in pig house. It is divided into six step; 1. piggery slurry management step, 2. Solid-liquid separation step, 3. liquid fertilizer treatment (aeration) step, 4. liquid fertilizer treatment (microorganism, recirculation and internal return) step, 5. liquid fertilizer treatment (completion) step, 6. land application step. From now on, standardization process of liquid manure treatment technologies need to be develop based on the six steps process.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.67-74
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• 2006

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of complex probiotics and enzyme on air quality in finishing pig building and the performance of finishing pigs. A total 117 crossbred $[(Landrace{\times}Yorkshire){\times}Duroc]$ pigs were randomly arranged into nine groups and assigned to three treatments. Pigs were fed a basal diet supplemented with 0, 0.1% level of probiotics and 0.1% level of complex probiotics and enzyme until the market weight for 42 days of the experimental period. Ammonia and hydrogen sulfide concentrations in the finishing pig building were significantly (p<0.05) decreased by dietary supplementation of complex probiotics and enzyme compared with those of control, however, indoor carbon dioxide concentration was not affected by dietary supplementation of probiotics or complex probiotics and enzyme. Average daily feed intake and feed conversion ratio were significantly improved (p<0.05) with dietary supplementation of 0.1% complex probiotics and enzyme; however, average daily gain was not affected by dietary supplementation of probiotics or complex probiotics and enzyme. In conclusion, the results obtained from this experiment suggest that the dietary supplementation of complex probiotics and enzyme for finishing pigs may improve air quality in the finishing pig building and the performance.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.119-132
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• 1989

Gamma irradiation as a new physical treatment was applied to comparative investigates with a conventional ethylene oxide fumigant on the microbiological and physicochemical qualities of selected spices and dry vegetables such as powdered red pepper, black pepper, welsh onion, onion, garlic, carrot, korean cabbage and instant ramyon soup. The microorganisms contaminated in the sample, including total viable count, thermophilic bacteria, aerobic spore and fungi counts between the $10^4\;to\;10^6/g$ range. Coliforms were found only in black pepper and welsh onion powder as the $10^2\;to\;10^3/g$ level. A radiation dose of 7 to 10 KGy were sterilized completely to the contaminated microorganisms, while ehthylene oxide (E.O.) fumigation reduced of them to the $10^3/g$ level. An optimum dose of irradiation was less detrimental than E.O. fumigation to the physicochemical properties of the sample. Sensory evaluation after three months of storage at room temperatures showed that the overall acceptability of irradiated sample was higher than that of the non treated control as well as E.O. fumigated samples. Comparison gamma irradiation with E.O. gas treatment showed that E.O. treatment was less effective than radiation in cotrolling microbial contamination of spices and vegetables.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2001.02a
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• pp.29-48
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• 2001

일반적인 폐수처리 시 여러 광물들이 사용되는 데 예를 들면, 수산화칼슘 및 탄산나트륨은 중화제, 점토는 응집제, 알룸(alum) 및 염화철은 인 제거제로 사용되고 있다. 산성광산배수인 경우에는 알칼리성의 중화제로 석회 (CaO), 석회석 (CaCO$_3$), 가성소다 (NaOH), 탄산나트륨 (NaCO$_3$) 등이 사용된다. 그러나, 설비비 및 유지비가 많이 들어 몇 십년 동안 계속해서 침출되는 산성광산배수를 처리하기에는 문제가 있다. 산성광산배수 (Acid Mine Drainage, AMD)는 pH가 6.0 미만이고 총산도 (totalacidity)가 총알카리도 (total alkalinity)를 초과하는 물로서 노천광이 가행되었던 지역, 가행중이거나 휴광 또는 폐광된 광산에서 유출된다. 또한 도로사면 절개부나 지하철 터널에서도 황철석(pyrite)이나 백철석 (marcasite)을 함유하는 층이 공기 중에 노출되면 산성수가 침출되어 나오기도 한다. 산성광산배수에 의한 하천수의 오염이 매우 극심하여 때로는 미생물마저도 그 속에 살 수 없게 된다. 산성광산배수에 의해 오염된 하천수의 오염범위는 산성수의 양, 농도, 하천에 유입되는 산성수의 분포, 상류에서 흘러드는 오염되지 않은 물의 양, 지류에서 유입되는 물의 양에 따라 좌우된다. 산성광산배수 오염이 문제시되고 있는 나라는 미국을 포함하여 호주, 일본, 한국, 러시아, 남아연방 등이다. 산성광산배수는 환원환경에서 생성된 석탄층 및 접촉교대 또는 열수에 의해 생성된 금속광이 공기 및 물에 노출되어 생성되는 자연적인 현상이다. 그러나 국지적인 지역에서 인간이 이 광상들을 환경영향을 고려하지 않고 대규모로 개발할 때 인간 생활에 심각한 영향을 미치는 것이다. 광산산성배수를 처리하기 위해 상기와 같이 여러 기술이 도입 적용되었으며 일부 기술들은 현재도 사용되고 있다. 각 기술마다 일장일단이 있으므로 경비의 과다, 유지 및 관리에 대한 지속성 여부, 공간의 확보 여부, 지역적 특수성에 맞춰 가장 적합한 방법을 채택하여야 하며 꾸준히 채택한 기술의 개량 및 새로운 기술의 첨가가 요구되고 있다. 따라서, 산성광산배수 오염지대에 대해 획일적으로 같은 처리방법을 채택하여 사용하는 것보다 각 지역 또는 광산산성폐수가 유출되어 나오는 광산폐기물의 특성 등을 고려하여 거기에 맞는 기술들을 복합적으로 또는 단독으로 사용하되 처리방법 채택 시 신중을 기할 것이 요망된다.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.34 no.s02
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• pp.115-120
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• 1989

Universal characteristics of ginseng replanting problems appeared to be decrease in root yields due to root rot and inhibition of root growth. Incitants of ginseng replanting problems have not been clearly elucidated, however, it appeared to be a complex phenomenon with several pathogenic soil microorganisms and environmental changes in the soil due to decomposition of ginseng debris such as rootlets and shoots. Decomposition of ginseng debris may cause direct or indirect damage to the root. The effect of conventional fungicide on the control of the problems has not been recognized. However, it has been suggested that treatment with soil fumigants may solve the problems. Meanwhile paddy-rice and ginseng rotation system appeared to be the best way of solving the problems so far.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.765-769
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• 2002

Improvement of hygienic quality of powdered raw grains and vegetables by fermentation was investigated. Luc-tobacillus sp. isolated from kimchi was used as a starter. The cell counts of coliform group and SS enteric bacteria on the SS agar plate in raw grains and vegetables were 2.3$\times$103 cfu/mL and 8.6$\times$10$^3$ cfu/mL, respectively. The starlet, Lactobacillu sp., reached 10$^{7}$ cfu/mL after 48 hr in fermentation. At that time, the coliform group and enteric bacteria on the SS agar plate were gradually inactivated and eliminated after 60 hr of fermentation. During the fermentation process, pH of the suspension was lowered and acidity increased. Antimicrobial activity of the acidic supernatant of fermented raw grains and vegetal]les against the E. coli sp. and Salmonella sp. was higher than that of lactic acid solution or neutralized supernatant. Therefore, it was considered that antimicrobial effect of the fermented raw grains and vegetal]les might be accelerated by tile synergic effect of acid and bacteriocin, and liquid fermentation of powdered raw grains and vegetables will be effective for inactivation of hygienic microorganisms.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.379-385
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• 2005

This study was conducted to find out a useful bioremediation technology for heavy metal contaminated soil and water. We isolated strain CPB from heavy metal contaminated soil and evaluated the tolerance level and adsorption capacity of strain CPB to heavy metals (Strain is not determined yet). Strain CPB showed variable tolerance limit to different kinds heavy metal or concentrations of heavy metals. The growth of strain CPB was significantly inhibited by mixed heavy metals (Cd+Cu+Pb+Zn) than that of by single heavy metal. Strain CPB showed high binding capacity with Pb (Pb>Cd>Cu>Zn). In general, strain CPB showed high uptake of heavy metals such as Pb, Cd and Cu. It was observed that the capacity of heavy metal uptake from mixture of heavy metals was reduced in comparison with single heavy metal treatment. But total contents of heavy metal bound with cell in mixed heavy metal showed higher than in single heavy metal treatment. Heavy metal adsorption in cells was affected by several external factors, such as temperature and pH etc.. The optimum temperature and pH of the adsorption of heavy metal into cells were ca. $25{\sim}35^{\circ}C$ and pH ca. $5{\sim}7$, respectively. A large number of the electron dense particles were found mainly on the cell wall and cell membrane fractions, which was determined by transmission electron microscope. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy revealed that the electron dense particles were the heavy metal complexes the substances binding with heavy metals.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Applied Microbiology Conference
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• 1979.10a
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• pp.234-236
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• 1979

인구의 도시집중과 고도산업사회 건설에 필연적으로 수반되는 도시하수 및 산업폐수등은 하천을 심각하게 오염시켜 하천수가 지니고 있는 자정능력 한계를 초과하고 있어 재생될수 없는 상태이므로 수자원의 보호가 요청된다. 이런 상황의 하천오염 증가 추세와 주요 오염원 및 오염물에 대하여 고찰하고 대책에 방향을 제시한다. 먼저 전국의 급수 현황과 장래를 보면 다음과 같다. 한편 수도권 한강수계를 오염시키는 주요 오염원인 폐수를 보면 주거지의 생활하수, 상업행위로 발생되는 폐수와 공장의 산업폐수로 대별할 수 있으며 수도권 한강에 유입 되는 지천 수질을 보면 다음과 같다. 위와 같은 상태의 총폐수량은 280만톤인데 비하여 청계, 중량하수처리장과 서부 북부 동부분뇨처리장의 일일 처리능력은 16.4%에 불과하다. 한편 서울지역 오염원구성비를 보면 다음과 같다. 이런 계속적인 오염물은 1977년 경우 갈수기에 80~100t/sec의 하천유량으로 희석되고 있어 자정능력 한계를 벗어나서 하류의 물은 혼탁하고 용존산소의 고갈현상을 초래하고 있다. 그러므로 도시 하천에서는 수류침체로 인한 하상퇴적을 방지하여 국소적 오염의 심화를 방지하며 유량을 증가 시켜야 한다. 수도권 한강 수계의 수질의 일부는 다음과 같다. 한편 생활수준의 향상과 더불어 수요가 급증되며 처리장의 효율과 하천수의 수질을 악화시키는 합성세제의 총생산량은 1971년에 21000톤이던 것이 1978년에는 약 50,000톤에 이르고 있으며 이중 55~60%가 서울지역에서 소모되는 것으로 추산되어 진다' 결과 한강수에서 검출되는 합성세제의 오염 현황을 보면 다음과 같이 이미 몇개 지점에서는 세계 보건기구의 허용량인 0.5ppm을 초과 하고 있는 실정이다. 또한 오염의 연쇄현상을 나타내는 중금속의 일종인 csduium의 검출 정도를 보면 다음과 같다. 이상의 하천오염에 따른 수중생태계의 변화는 물리적 화학적 생물학적 환경요인이 복합적으로 작용하는 세부적 기계에 대하여는 규명되지 않은 문제가 아직도 많으며 지표생물의 표현형은 중요한 가치를 부여하고 있다. 식물성 plankton의 우점종의 출현 빈도에 따른 수질계급을 보면 뚝섬지역 BOD 3.3~5.3 빈부수성 $~\alpha$ 중부수성, 보광동 BOD 6.0~10.3중부수성, 제 2한강교 BOD10~28 $\alpha$ 강부수성, 난지도 BOD29 $\beta$ 강부수성 등이며 이와 상이한 결과도 보여주고 있다. 이상으로 볼 때 1) 가정하수의 질을 높이기 위하여 분뇨정화조 의 효율증대 2) 산업폐수의 공정별 폐수량의 조절 및 폐수성 상에 따른 총량규제에 대비한 효율증대 3) 하천의 오염부하와 자정능력 최대한 부여 4) 폐수처리를 위한 미생물제개발 및 오염지표 종 연구와 오염내성 생물의 연구등이 종합적 으로 수행되어야 한다. 5) 이상의 모든 조사와 연구결과를 객관적으로 표기할 수 있도록 하천의 이정표가 정해져야 하겠다.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.527-539
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• 2010

This study was conducted to determine the effect of probiotics as an alternative for antibiotics on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, noxious gas emission and fecal microbial population in growing piglets. A total of 96 piglets ($22.5{\pm}1.3$kg average body weight) were allotted to 3 different treatment groups and replicated 4 times with 8 piglets per replicate in randomized complete block design. Treatments were T1) (Control, basal diet+0.2% antibiotics), T2) 0.2% probiotics complex and T3) 0.3% Bacillus probiotics. During the whole experiment period, there were no differences (p>0.05) in average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed efficiency. However, digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, nitrogen free extract and crude ash were showed higher in probiotics groups (T2 and T3) than those of control. In noxious gas emission, ammonia, amine, hydrogen sulfide and mercaptan were significantly (p<0.05) reduced in T2 and T3 treatments compared to those in control. Moisture content of feces was not significantly different among treatments. The colony forming units (CFU) of total bacteria, E. coli and thermoduric bacteria in feces were significantly different among treatments. The CFU of total bacteria, E. coli and thermoduric bacteria in T3 treatment were reduced by feeding probiotics B. From this study, we suggest that probiotics A and B are likely able to improve the growth performance and nutrients digestibility, reduce noxious gas emission and change the fecal microbial composition in growing piglets.