• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.887-892
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• 2011

This study was to find out influence of heavy metal concentration in plant on microbial activities during decomposition of Artenmisia princeps var. orientalis and Equisetum arvense collected from an abandoned mine and control site in Cheongyang-gun Chungcheongnam-do. Microbial respiration rate showed the highest value at the time of the first collection, and then tended to decline over time. The highest microbial respiration rate appeared in leaf litters with low heavy metal contents, and A. princeps var. orientalis and E. arvense collected and decomposed at the control site showed the fastest decomposition rate. For both A. princeps var. orientalis and E. arvense, litters with low heavy metal content appeared to have higher microbial biomass. There was apparent quantitative correlation between decomposition rate and cumulative respiration rate of leaf litters, and between decomposition rate and microbial biomass of leaf litters. Thus, the study result showed that leaf litter with higher heavy metal content had a negative impacts on the growth and activity of microbial decomposer during decomposition processes.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.902-910
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• 2012

This study has been carried out to determine the effects of disturbances from wild boar grubbing on the functions of ecosystem. The experiments was performed in Mt. Jumbong of Long-term Ecological Research Sites of the Ministry of Environment. We measured soil physical properties, soil respiration($CO_2$), microbial biomass C, and soil enzyme activities from both disturbed and control plots. The disturbance sites were divided into two parts, mounds and pits. Soil organic matter contents were highest value at the control plots and lowest at the pit plots, respectively at 20.22% and 15.52%. The soil bulk densities were highest at the pit plots. Soil microbial biomass C and $CO_2$ evolution were significantly higher at the control plots compared to the disturbed plots. The results were positively correlated with soil organic matter contents. The cellulase activity and invertase activity in the soil showed similar pattern as the microbial biomass C and $CO_2$ evolution results. The cellulase activity and invertase activity in the soil were positively correlated with soil microbial biomass C. Soil organic matter contents seemed to affect the soil enzyme activities. The nitrate reductase activities were highest at the pit plots, which showed positive correlation with soil bulk density. The study results showed that the grubbing disturbances by wild boars induced the changes in soil properties, which affected soil microbial activities.

• Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Sciences Society Conference
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• 2006.05a
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• pp.423-427
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• 2006

1) 바실러스는 불리한 환경조건에서 포자를 형성하며 포자는 균체가 죽어도 살아 남고, 외부 환경이 좋아지면 다시 발아하여 영양형 균체를 형성하게 된다. 본 연구에서 바실러스를 우점화와 포자의 활성화를 위해 열처리(80$^{\circ}C$, 10min)를 한다 울산분뇨처리장 슬러지 Cake를 배양하여 포자화 전 후 상태의 미생물의 EPS 추출결과 RCF법을 적용하였을 때 Carbohydrate물질이 다른 추출법에 비해 가장 많이 추출되었고, Steaming extraction법을 적용하였을 때 Protein이 가장 많이 추출되는 것으로 나타났으며, 포자화 전 보다 포자화 후의 EPS 양이 더 많이 추출될 것이라는 가설을 가지고 실험한 결과 포자화 전보다 포자화 후의 EPS 양이 더 많이 추출되었다. 울산분뇨처리장의 슬러지 Cake를 배양하여 포자화 전 후의 Cu의 제거정도를 비교한 결과 포자화 후의 EPS물질이 포자화 전의 EPS물질보다 Cu를 더 많이 제거하는 것으로 나타났으며 EPS 물질이 중금속 제거능력이 탁월하다고 할 수 있겠다. 2) 용인분뇨처리장과 천안하수처리장의 MLSS의 중금속 제거능력을 알아보기 위해 미생물량을 고려했을 경우와 미생물량을 고려하지 않은 경우로 나누어서 실험을 하였는데 울산분뇨처리장의 슬러지 Cake를 가지고 실험한 결과와 마찬가지로 Bacillus의 EPS물질이 중금속 제거에 탁월하다는 것을 알 수 있다. 3) Baillus를 사용하는 김천 식품폐수 처리장과 활성슬러지를 사용하는 천안하수처리장과의 EPS 함량을 비교한 결과 김천 식품폐수 처리장의 EPS 물질중 Protein과 Carbohydrate가 천안하수처리장의 활성슬러지보다 더 많은 것으로 나타났다.TEX>, DIN/DIP비 표층수 $23.91\pm3.42$, 저층수 $23.43\pm3.38$이었으며, 전반적으로 해역별 수질기준 I등급 내지는 II등급을 유지하고 있었고, 공간적으로는 외해측으로 갈수록 외해수와 혼합 확산되어 양호한 수질을 나타내었다. 장기적인 변동특성은 세그룹으로 구분되어진다.기 실험결과 용출용매로 증류수와 해수를 이용했을 때, 제강 슬래그에서 용출되는 납, 구리, 카드뮴, 수은의 용출 경향의 차이를 확인할 수 있었고 이에 따라서, 납, 구리, 카드뮴의 용출 유해성은 낮기 때문에 해양구조물로의 제강슬래그 유효이용은 적합할 것으로 판단되었다.im80%$로 계산되었다. 열형광선량계로 측정된 방사선량은 각각 1.8, 1.2, 0.8, 1.2, 0.8 (70 cm 거리) cGy로 측정되었으며, 환자의 복부 표면에서의 서베이메터를 이용한 측정량은 10.9 mR/h였다. 차폐구조물의 사용 시 전체 치료 동안에 태아선량은 약 1 cGy 정도로 평가되었다. 결론 : AAPM Report No.50의 자료에 따르면, 임산부의 방사선 치료 시 태아의 방사선 피폭선량은 5 cGy 이하일 경우에 방사선 피폭에 따른 태아의 위험이 거의 없는 것으로 제시되고 있다. 본원에서 차폐 구조물을 설치하였을 경우에 측정된 태아선량은 약 1 cGy로 측정되었고, 고안된 차폐구조물은 태아에 도달하는 방사선량을 감소시키기에 적합한 설계임이 입증되었다. 아니라 일반종합병원에서도 CTX-M형 ESBL 생성 E. coli와 K. pneumoniae가 존재하며 확산 중임을 시사한다. 앞으로 CTX-M형 ESBL의 만연과 변종 CTX-M형 ESBL의 출연을 감시하기 위한 정기적인 연구와 조사가 필

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.292-299
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• 2006

Batch experiments were performed to evaluate the effects of the electron donor dosage and the initial biomass on the reductive dechlorination of perchloroethene(PCE) with benzoate as an electron donor. When benzoate was added less than the theoretical requirement for dechlorination(electron donor/acceptor ratio=0.5 and 1), the dechlorination efficiency increased from 71% to 94.3% with the increase in benzoate dosage, but the fraction of electron equivalent utilized for dechlorination decreased from 92.7% to 79.6%. Methane production was observed when the hydrogen concentration was higher than the threshold value(10 nM) after PCE and trichloroethene (TCE) were reduced to cis-1,2-dichloroethene(cDCE). When benzoate was added more than the theoretical requirement, the residual hydrogen converted into methane after the completion of dechlorination. The increase in the seeding biomass shortened the lag time for dechlorination, but it did not affect the maximum dechlorination rate as it was mainly governed by the benzoate fermentation rate. When the seeding biomass concentration was high, active dechlorination during the early period increased dechlorination efficiency while decreasing methane production.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.54 no.6
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• pp.143-150
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• 2012

바이오에탄올 생산공정은 당 (Sugar)을 기반으로 하는 공정과 합성가스를 이용하는 공정으로 분류할 수 있다. 이 가운데 합성가스를 이용하는 공정은 촉매를 이용한 화학적 공정과 혐기성 발효에 의한 생물학적 공정의 두 가지로 나뉜다. Clostridium ljungdahlii는 일산화탄소와 수소가 주요 성분으로 구성되는 합성가스를 이용하여 에탄올과 아세트산을 생산할 수 있는 균주 중의 하나로 알려져 있다. 합성가스 발효공정에서 pH는 미생물의 증식과 에탄올 등의 생산에 아주 중요한 요인 중의 하나이다. 본 연구에서는 pH 조건이 미생물의 생장과 에탄올 생산성에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. C. ljungdahlii 배양은 엄격한 혐기성 조건에서 100 ml의 serum bottle과 pH 제어가 가능한 반응기를 이용한 실험결과, 회분식 배양 조건에서는 미생물의 생장과 에탄올 생산을 위한 최적 초기 pH는 7.0로 나타났다. 미생물 농도는 0.57 g/L, 에탄올 농도 0.91 g/L로 나타났다. pH 4.5 이하에서는 미생물의 생장이 멈추는 것으로 나타났다. pH 제어가 가능한 생물반응기에서는 pH 6.0 일때 에탄올 생산량이 pH 7.0 일때 보다 높게 나타났다. 일정 수준의 미생물 농도를 유지한 조건에서 합성가스를 기포식으로 주입하고 pH 5.9에서 5.4까지 제어하였을 때 미생물량과 에탄올 농도가 증가하였다. 60 시간이 지난 후에 미생물의 농도는 0.498 g/L, 에탄올은 1.056 g/L까지 이르렀다.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.149-153
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• 2004

The influences of pH on hydrogen production were also investigated over the pH range from 4.1 to 8.0 at HRT 10 hours. The hydrogen content for the produced gas was changed from 41 to 71% with corresponding pHs throughout this experiment. The produced hydrogen/carbon dioxide ratio was not vary significantly up to 6.0, then steepenly increased with increases in the pH. The maximal hydrogen yield was found to be 3.16 $\ell$/g sucrose at pH 5.0. Acetate production yield increased with increased pH, but butyrate production yield decreased with increased pH. Biomass yield increased with increased pH.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.987-994
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• 2010

To investigate the effect of long term application of organic matter in upland soils, plots for treatments of NPK, NPK+pig manure compost, rape seed cake, rice straw compost, and green manure were set up. Populations of Bacillus and Gram negative bacteria were high in the plot treated with green manure application, but microbial biomass was increased with chemical fertilizer or pig manure compost in upland soils. Activities of phosphomonoesterase and dehydrogenase were high with organic matter application comparing to control. Cluster patterns analysed using phospholipid fatty acid of plots treated with rice straw and or pig manure compost were clearly different comparing with other treatments. Dominant bacteria in upland soils were Bacillus flexus, B. subtilis and B. megaterium. And the strains isolated from upland soils had amylase, protease and lipase activities.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.58-72
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• 2009

In this study, the organic matter and biomass was characterized by using respirometry based on ASM No.2d (Activated Sludge Model No.2d). The activated sludge models are based on the ASM No.2d model, published by the IAWQ(International Association on Water Quality) task group on mathematical modeling for design and operation of biological wastewater treatment processes. For this study, OUR(Oxygen Uptake Rate) measurements were made on filtered as well as non-filtered wastewater. Also, GC-FID and LC analysis were applied for the estimation of VFAs(Volatile Fatty Acids) COD(S_A) in slowly bio-degradable soluble substrates of the ASM No.2d. Therefore, this study was intended to clearly identify slowly bio-degradable dissolved materials(S_S) and particulate materials(X_I). In addition, a method capable of determining the accurate time to measure non-biodegradable COD(S_I), by the change of transition graphs in the process of measuring microbial OUR, was presented in this study. Influent fractionation is a critical step in the model calibrations. From the results of respirometry on filtered wastewater, the fraction of fermentable and readily biodegradable organic matter(S_F), fermentation products(S_A), inert soluble matter(S_I), slowly biodegradable matter(X_S) and inert particular matter(X_I) was 33.2%, 14.1%, 6.9%, 34.7%, 5.8%, respectively. The active heterotrophic biomass fraction(X_H) was about 5.3%.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.173-184
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• 1990

This study is an experimental research on the treatment of phenolic wastes by Rotating Biological Contactors(RBC). The objective of this study is to determine the optimum range of influent phenol concentration and organic loading rate. Organic removal rates were analyzed with increasing organic loading and influent phenol concentration, together with the observation of microorganism. Biomass, SCOD, and phenol concentration were measured under the steady state after a step change of influent phenol concentration. As the result, at the phenol concentration less then 98.8 mg/L there were no evidence of substrate inhibition. As the results, organic removal rates in each stage at various organic loading, were decreased with increasing phenol concentration. First order kinetic was observed on the removal of SCOD for which phenol concentration is within the range of substrate inhibition. And also, microorganisms were changed with influent phenol concentration. Namely, at low influent phenol concentration, thin biofilm with filamentous growth was produced. To the contrary, thick biofilm with nonfilamentous growth was produced at high influent phenol concentration.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.45-53
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• 1987

The purpose of this research was to study the kinetics of a packed bed aerobic biofilm process. Experiments were carried out by feeding an aerated packed bed reactor with a synthetic wastewater. The reactor packed with glass beads as media had a nominal hydraulic detention time of 5 hours. The flow pattern in the reactor was determined by a tracer test using a NaCl solution to be a completely-mixed type. The results of the research showed that the F/M ratio in the reactor was almost constant since the the biomass increased due to the growth of biofilm as the volumetric organic loading increased. It was also proved theoretically and experimentally that packed bed aerobic biofilm process could be analyzed by the kinetics of completely-mixed activated sludge process with sludge recycle.