• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.243-249
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• 2005

Esterification of lactic acid with alcohols catalyzed by Amberlyst-type ion exchange resins and sulfuric acid was carried out in a batch reactor with total /or partial recycle of distilled condensates, respectively. The esterification of lactic acid in the total-recycling reactor (n-butanol/lactic acid = 4, $100^{\circ}C$) was promoted by decreasing the residual water and increasing the mole ratio of n-butanol/lactic acid. Also, it was confirmed that methanol with simple structure and tert-butanol with superior substitution reactivity were more effective in increasing the conversion of esterification reaction, compared to ethanol, n-butanol, and iso-butanol. In a partial-recycling reactor (n-butanol/ammonium lactate = 4, $115^{\circ}C$), the conversion of ammonium lactate into butyl lactate with 1.0 wt% Amberyst-type resins was higher in comparison to that with 0.2 mol $H_2SO_4$ (per 1.0 mol ammonium lactate). The esterification was gradually occurred during the initial stage of reaction in the presence of solid catalyst, whereas the initial addition of $H_2SO_4$ did not affect the initial rate of esterification reaction because of ammonium sulfate formation by the neutralizing reaction of ammonium lactate with sulfuric acid.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.505-514
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• 2014

To examine the anti-obese activity of miscellaneous cereal grains, 80% ethanol extracts from eight selected miscellaneous cereal grains were compared for their cytotoxic effects on 3T3-L1 murine preadipocytes. The ethanol extract of proso millet exhibited the highest cytotoxicity. Further fractionation of the ethanol extract with methylene chloride, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol showed that the cytotoxicity of the ethanol extract was mainly partitioned into the butanol fraction. As compared with differentiated mature adipocytes, 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were more susceptible to the cyctotoxicity of the butanol fraction. When each organic solvent fraction (25 ${\mu}g/ml$) was added during the differentiation period for 6 days, the cell viability was not affected significantly except for the butanol fraction, but the intracellular lipid accumulation declined to a level of 81.5%~50.3% of the control. The Oil Red O staining data also demonstrated that the ethanol extract as well as the butanol fraction could inhibit the differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes into mature adipocytes. The presence of the butanol extract during the induced adipocytic differentiation also resulted in a significant reduction in the expression levels of critical adipogenesis mediators $(C/EBP{\alpha}$, $PPAR{\gamma}$, aP2, and LPL) to a barely detectable or undetectable level and the cells retained the fibroblast-like morphology of 3T3-L1. In 3T3-L1 cells, the cytotoxicity of the butanol fraction (50-100 ${\mu}g/ml$) was accompanied by mitochondrial membrane potential (${\Delta}{\psi}m$) loss, caspase-3 activation, and PARP degradation. Taken together, these results indicate that proso millet grains possess pro-apoptotic and anti-adipocytic activities toward adipocytes, which can be applicable to prevention of obesity.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.331-337
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• 2017

To evaluate the antioxidant activity of hexane, ethyl acetate, and butanol fractions obtained from Agastache rugosa extract, we measured the total polyphenol levels, DPPH radical scavenging activity, and reducing power. The ethyl acetate fraction of A. rugosa (AREA) displayed high phenolic levels, potent DPPH radical scavenging effect, and powerful reducing power. In addition, we examined the ability of AREA to inhibit nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated BV-2 microglia. AREA suppressed NO production and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression and downregulated interleukin-6 (IL-6) mRNA level in LPS-stimulated BV-2 microglia. Furthermore, we detected rosmarinic acid in AREA by HPLC, which suggested that rosmarinic acid could be one of the bioactive materials responsible for the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of AREA. These results suggested that AREA may be a good source of functional foods with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.192-198
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• 2015

This study was performed in order to analyze the fibrinolytic, thrombin inhibitory, anti-oxidative, acetylcholinesterase inhibitory, and immuno-enhancing activities of the water extract and solvent fractions isolated from Grifola frondosa. Fibrinolytic activity was analyzed using the fibrin plate method, and thrombin inhibitory activity was assayed using the substrate H-D-Phe-piparg- pna. Anti-oxidative activity was estimated using the DPPH assay, and AChE inhibitory activity was measured using the spectrophotometric method. Immuno-enhancing activity was examined using the nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Cell viability was determined using the MTS assay. Fibrinolytic activities were the highest in water extract (1.55 plasmin units/mL) followed by water fraction (0.85 plasmin units/mL). The thrombin inhibitory activities of the water and ethyl acetate fractions were determined to be 76.43% and 72.59%, respectively. The acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities of chloroform and hexane fractions exhibited values of 95.14% and 94.74%, respectively. The butanol fraction showed the highest anti-oxidative activity at 94.47%. Anti-proliferating activity against Raw 264.7 cells showed no cytotoxicity. The production of NO in Raw 264.7 cells increased up to 2-fold by adding the water fraction compared to the untreated control. These results suggest that Grifola frondosa may serve as a useful functional food for the enhancement of immune function and the prevention and therapy of cardiovascular diseases.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.109-117
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• 2001

Cordyceps militaris is a parasitic fungus that has been used as a Chinese medicine for the treatment of fatigue, debility, kidney disease, tuberculosis, asthma and cardiac insufficiency etc. This study was carried out to determine the antioxidative and antimutagenic effects of Cordyceps militaris using DPPH free radical donating method and Ames test, respectively. They were extracted with ethanol and then further fractionated to n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol and water, stepwise. Among five fractions, the EtOAc and BuOH fractions showed the highest electron donating activities, about 2-fold higher than other fractions. In Ames test, most of the extracts had strong antimutagenic effects against the mutagenesis induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine(MNNG), 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide(4NQO), benzo($\alpha$)pyrene(B($\alpha$)P) and 3-amino-1,4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indol (Trp-P-1). The EtOH extracts of C. militaris (200 $\mu\textrm{g}$/plate) showed 62.8%, 74.4% and 67.2% inhibitory effects on the mutagenesis induced by 4NQO, B($\alpha$)P and Trp-P-1, respectively, against TA98 strain, whereas 78.1%, 78.6%, 78.6% and 82.7% inhibition were observed on the mutagenesis induced by MNNG, 4NQO, B($\alpha$)P and Trp-P-1, respectively, against TA100 strain. Especially, the BuOH fraction showed the highest antimutagenic effects against mutation induced by MNNG.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.464-470
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• 1994

The biological activities of Humulus japonicus were extracted by water and methanol. Methanol was better solvent than water in the extraction for antimicrobial activities against six different species of bacteria and two yeasts. The methanol extract was systematically fractionated with various organic solvents which have different polarities. From the result of antimicrobial activities against six species of bacteria and two species of yeasts, methanol extract was superior to water extract. The methanol extract of Humulus japonicus showed antimicrobial activity against the all species of microorganisms tested except Escherichia coli . The butanol fraction of methanol extract showed antimicrobial effect on the all species tested. The minimal inhibition concentration(MIC) of the butanol fraction on the growth of microorganisms was ranged between $0.1{\sim}0.4%$. The water extract of Humulus japonicus did not show inhibition of the activity of trypsin but methanol extract showed inhibitory activity. The chloroform fraction of methanol extract showed comparatively higher trypsin inhibitory activity than other fractions. The concentration of 50% inhibition$(IC_{50})$ by chloroform fraction was 1.0 mg/ml. Enzyme-inhibitor complex formation was above 90% of the while for 20 min. It was revealed that methanol extract of Humulus japonicus inhibited peroxide production of lard and soybean oil as substrate by antioxidative test. The chloroform fraction of methanol extract had the highest activity. When 0.2% of chloroform fraction was added, induction period of soybean oil and lard were extended 15, 9 days, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.8
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• pp.955-959
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• 2007

This study was carried out to determine the antioxidative and antigenotoxic effects of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) sprout using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical donating method and micronucleus test. Buckwheat sprout were extracted with 70% ethanol and then further fractionated to n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate (EtOAc), butanol and water. Among the five fractions, the EtOAc fraction showed the highest electron donating activity ($RC_{50}$ 26.1 ${\mu}g/mL$). The effects of buckwheat sprout extracts on the frequencies of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCEs) induced by MNNG (N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine) were investigated in the bone marrow. 10, 20, 40 and 80 mg/kg of each extract were administered to animals immediately after injection of MNNG and the exposure time was 36 hrs. Inhibition effects of buckwheat sprout ethanol extract were 23.4%, 40.6%, 56.3% and 73.4%, respectively. When the fraction of hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol and water from 70% ethanol extract were treated with concentration of 80 mg/kg, the suppression rates of the MNPCE were 64.1, 67.9, 75.8, 74.2 and 63.3%, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.7
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• pp.1026-1034
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• 2016

To develop a natural antimicrobial agent, we investigated the antimicrobial activities of 13 species of edible herbal plant extracts against major Gram-positive foodborne bacteria. Among the 13 screened edible herbal plants, Caesalpinia sappan L. showed the highest antimicrobial activity. In the paper disc agar diffusion assay, Caesalpinia sappan L. extracts had strong antibacterial activities against most Gram-positive bacteria but did not have antibacterial activities against most Gram-negative bacteria. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of the ethanol extract were 0.06 mg/mL against Clostridium difficile and Listeria monocytogenes and 0.03 mg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus. Their inhibitory activities were not reduced by heat treatment or pH adjustment against C. difficile, L. monocytogenes, and S. aureus. Antimicrobial activities were higher in ethanol extract than in distilled water extract. These results support the potential use of Caesalpinia sappan L. ethanol extract as an antimicrobial agent or functional food components against Gram-positive bacteria.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.921-927
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• 2001

This study was performed to investigated the effects on the cytotoxicity and antigenotoxicity of Cordyceps militaris extracts on the human cancer cell lines. The ethanol extract and five fractions which were hexane, chloroform, ethylacetate, butanol and aqueous were screened for crytotoxicity on human lung carcinoma(A549). human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) human epitheloid carcinoma(HeLa), human fibrosarcoma(HT1080) human hepatocellular carcinoma(Hep3B), human gastric carcinoma(KATOIII) and chronic myelogenous leukemia(K562) cell by SRB and MTT assays. The results showed that growth inhibition rates of the human cancer cell in the presence of Cordyceps militaris were inhibited with increasing concentration of the extract. The ethanol extract from Cordyceps militaris had strong inhibitory effects in1 mg/mL treatment by SRB assay , showing 89.4%, 85.7%, 72.9% and 65.5% inhibition in HT1080, HeLa, Hep3B and A549, respectively. The treatment of 1 mg/mL hexane fraction by SRB assay had the strongest cytotoxicity with 97.0% on HT1080 followed by MCF-7(92.9%) and HeLA(90.3%). The inhibition ration on KATOIII by MTT assay was much higher in the butanol (83.7%) and aqueous (80.4%) than in the ethanol extract (61.5%) And also, K562 showed similar tendency with KATOIII. The effects of Cordyceps militaris extracts on the frequencies of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCEs) induced by N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidime(MNNG) were investigated in the bone-marrow cells of ICR male mice. The amount of 10, 20, 40 and 80 mg/kg of each extract were administered to animals immediately after injection of MNNG, and the exposure time was 36 hours. Significant reductions(p<0.05) with 39.7%, 52.7%, 71.4% and 83.9% were observed in the frequencies of MNPCE when 10, 20, 40 and 80 mg/kg of the hexane fraction of Coryceps militarus extracts were given to the mice.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.11
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• pp.1587-1594
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• 2010

This study was designed to investigate the effect of Artemisia capillaris extracts on the intestinal microflora. In agar diffusion method, the solvent fractions of Artemisia capillaris showed growth inhibition against the intestinal microflora. In particular, the chloroform fraction of Artemisia capillaris had strong antibacterial activity against Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium difficile, Eubacterium limosum, and Bacteroides fragilis, but did not show antibacterial activity against Bifidobacterium bifidum and Lactobacillus acidophilus. Most chloroform fraction of Artemisia capillaris inhibitory activities were not reduced by heat treatment or pH variation against C. perfringens, C. difficile, E. limosum, and B. fragilis. MICs of the chloroform fraction were 1.25 mg/mL against C. perfringens, E. limosum and B. fragilis and 2.5 mg/mL against C. difficile. MBCs of chloroform fraction were 5 mg/mL against C. perfringens, E. limosum and 2.5 mg/mL against C. difficile, B. fragilis. The ethyl acetate fraction of Artemisia capillaris showed $3.08{\pm}0.03$ mg/10 mg total polyphenol and $1.91{\pm}0.03$ mg/10 mg total flavonoid contents. In vivo tests were performed to investigate the influence of Artemisia capillaris extract on the intestinal microflora in rats. The results showed the possibilities of utilizing Artemisia capillaris extracts as a functional food component to control intestinal microflora.