• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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• 1999.10c
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• pp.525-527
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• 1999

본 논문은 사이버 쇼핑몰의 일반적인 제약사항으로 모든 사용자들이 ID 등록을 해야만 물품 구매를 할 수 있는 불편을 해소하였다. 본 논문은 이러한 불편을 해소하고자 사이버 쇼핑몰 사용자 ID 등록 절차 대신에 각 사용자를 구분하는 카운트를 사용한다. 이 카운트를 상호 배타적으로 할당하는 것을 보장하기 위한 분산 상호 배제 록 알고리즘(Distributed Mutual Exclusion Lock Algorithm)을 사용한다. 록 알고리즘의 정확한 구현으로 사용자들이 모든 사이버 쇼핑몰에 자신의 ID 등록을 통해서 물품 구매를 하는 불편함을 해결할 수 있다. 록 알고리즘은 사용자가 웹 페이지에 접속하게 되면 각 사용자를 구분하는 카운트 값을 배타적으로 할당하게 된다. 이러한 기능을 실제 웹 환경에서 설계 및 구현되었다. 또한 실제 웹 환경에서 설계 및 구현된 내용을 실험하였다. 실험 결과 각 사용자들에 대한 배타적인 카운트 값이 할당됨을 확인할 수 있었다.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.147-169
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• 2009

This paper deals with disputes incurred from the CISG provisions in relation with the conformity of goods with a view to finding the general way of approach made by the court and arbitration tribunal in the case laws for the interpretation of CISG based on 6(six) cases thereon. Throughout this study, it has been noted that the German Supreme Court devoted most in creating the general principle of CISG interpretation in relation with national compulsory law of regulation applicable on the conformity of goods. It was New Zealand mussels case in which the German supreme court decided that the exporting country's compulsory law of regulation would be applied in determining the conformity of goods. Furthermore, German supreme court added that CISG does not place an obligation on the exporter to supply goods, which conform to all statutory or other public provisions in force in the import state unless the same provisions exist in the export State as well, or the importer informed the exporter about such provisions existing in the import state, or the exporter had knowledge of the provisions due to special circumstances. It is stipulated in CISG that the goods conform with contract if they are fit for the purpose for which goods of the same description would ordinarily be used. When questions arise concerning matters governed by the CISG that are not expressly defined in the CISG, the question is to be settled in conformity with general principles on which the convention is based. Only when such a general principle cannot be found may the tribunal turn to other sources such as UNIDROIT Principles, Principles of European Contract Law and Lex Mercatoria, etc. Interpretation of CISG should be autonomous, in the sense that it should not depend on principles and concepts derived from any national legal system. Even where a CISG rule is directly inspired by domestic law, the court should not fall back on its domestic law, but interpret the rule by reference to the CISG with a view to its international character and to the need to promote uniformity in its application and the observance of good faith in international trade.

• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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• v.7 no.5
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• pp.1053-1059
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• 2012

Barcode labels are being widely used for identifying products since they are cheap and easy to use. As the barcode labels are massively produced by seal printing, some labels have defects such as poor printing quality or data mismatch between barcode and the text. Barcode read errors and business errors caused by defected barcodes result in delay in logistics and increased processing costs. In this paper, we propose an on-line barcode verification system that uses image processing technique to verify the quality of labels at the production stage. The proposed system captures label images through the vision camera and then checks the print quality and verifies the combination of barcodes and texts in a label. If any defected label is found, the proposed system gives alarm signals and marks the defected labels so that they are removed at early stage of the production.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.12
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• pp.133-162
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• 1999

The international sale transaction is in essence a sale of goods and presents all those commercial and legal problems in any sale of goods. As a result, A International sales contract imposes several duties on the parties : the seller must deliver the goods and transfer ownership in them, while the buyer must pay the price and take delivery of the goods. However, there are several problems which impede a active transaction between seller and buyer who have their places of business in other countries each other. Therefore, It is necessary to provide the concept on the conformity of goods in the Int'l Sale of Goods. Especially, In our consideration for the point of time when defects occurs, the existence of non-conformity of goods should be judged on the basis of time of delivery rather than time of contract. Moreover, The burden of proof about nonconformity of goods is another fact which make an international dispute between the contractual parties in an international trade. Thus, The consistency in the interpretation of law must be maintained betweened the warranty and seller's liability. In the Uniform Commercial Code and UN Convention, non-conformity of contract is made of contract liability. And in our civil and commercial law provisions of warranty should be understand as the special ones of the provisions of general non-performance of obligation liability. As a result, More concrete study of them is required because they may have a great influence especially on international trade. As a result, We should be our best in finding a helpful and systematic structure that the dualistic structure of nonperformance of obligation liability and warranty liability must be unified by studying the theories of English and American warranty and our legal system, as well as international practice and usage being used in an international trade.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.239-261
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• 2008

Documentary credit transactions are judged by the principle of strict compliance. The compliance of the tendered documents with the credit's teams ensures the proper completion of the underlying transaction. But if the documents tendered by beneficiary differ, a discrepancy of documents occurs. Such a discrepancy raises difficult problems for the bank to which the documents are tendered. It has to decide whether to reject or accept them or to accept them under a protective mechanism. Therefore, this study is to examine the case study of complying presentation of the description of the goods in documentary credit through the Korean Supreme Court Cases. The objectives of this paper are as follow : 1. To examine two point of views on document compliance such as strict compliance and substantial compliance. 2. To analyze Korean Case Law which challenges the legal conclusions, standard for examination of documents and New ISBP. 3. To draw out the criterion for conformity and discrepancy of description in invoices and WC and to provide the guidelines for determining the nature and extent of an issuing bank's duty of documentary compliance. 4. Finally to suggest some implications through the Korean case law. By using the examination standards for description of goods suggested in Korean Case Law and New ISBP, the traders will be able to prepare documentation more perfectly and document checkers will be able to examine the negotiation documents more easily.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.51
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• pp.187-210
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• 2011

International transactions have the threat of non-payment by the buyer or non-performance by the seller. Parties tend to search for additional means of securing performance and payment beyond the mere agreement in the contract. Such security may be achieved by means of a letter of credit. When contracting parties have agreed to pay by means of a letter of credit, the buyer's bank takes upon itself the obligation to pay the purchase price when the seller tenders the documents that are stipulated in the letter of credit. The documents must comply strictly with the terms of the credit.. The documents play a crucial role in letter of credit transaction. The principles of abstraction, separability and strict compliance governing the letter of credit transaction are considered. The concept of fundamental breach of Article 25 CISG was discussed. This article examines whether a failure to deliver documents conforming to the terms of the letter of credit can constitute a fundamental breach of the sales contract as defined by Article 25 of the CISG by the seller and thereby enable the buyer to avoid the contract. For letter of credit transactions it should be accepted that the delivery of non-performing documents constitutes a fundamental breach, if the result of this breach is that the bank refuses to pay the price for the goods. On the other hand, in the interpretation of Article 25 CISG, it should be noted that if the parties have agreed to payment by means of a letter of credit, they have simultaneously agreed to apply the strict compliance principle to the delivery of documents in the sales contract. Finally the parties should ensure that inconsistency between the requirements under the documentary credit and the requirements under the contract of sale is avoided, since the buyer may be in breach of his payment obligation if the seller cannot get paid under the documentary credit when his documents conform with the contract of sale.