• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.41-49
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• 2013

In vitro and in situ incubation studies were conducted to determine effects of yeast culture supplements (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on cellulolytic bacterial function and fiber digestion in rice straw. In vitro dry matter digestibility of rice straw gradually increased according to supplemental levels of yeast culture (0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0%). Digestibility of rice straw started to increase apparently when yeast culture was added more than 0.6% level (p<0.05). Also, we reconfirmed that in vitro dry matter digestibility was significantly increased by 0.6% of yeast culture addition in 4% NaOH treated and non-treated rice straws (p<0.05). When in situ dry matter digestibility was tested in Korean native goats fed basal diet or experimental diet which contained 1.0% of yeast culture, the yeast culture feeding improved in situ dry matter digestibility in both 4% NaOH treated and non-treated rice straws (p<0.05). In case of real-time PCR monitoring cellulolytic bacterial function, the bacterial population attached on rice straw showed the increasing trends with higher level of yeast culture spraying on rice straw. F. succinogenes and R. flavefaciens were significantly increased in accordance to spraying levels of yeast culture (0.0, 0.1 and 0.3%) at both 12 and 24 hrs of in situ incubation (p<0.05). R. albus was significantly higher population in yeast culture spraying than non-soraying at 12 hrs of in situ incubation (p<0.05). These bacterial populations were showed the increasing trends with digestibility enhancement of rice straw according to the higher levels of yeast culture supplement. Overall, these results clearly suggest that the presence of yeast culture result in noticeable increase of rice straw digestion, which is modulated via good effect on cellulolytic bacterial attachment to fiber substrates.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.38-46
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• 2003

In this study, nano-sized Ni-ferrite and $Fe_2$$O_3$＋NiO powder was fabricated by spray pyrolysis process in the condition of 1kg/$\textrm{cm}^2$ air pressure using the Fe-Ni complex waste acid solution generated during the manufacturing process of shadow mask. The average particle size of the produced powder was below 100 nm. The effects of the reaction temperature, the concentration of raw material solution and the nozzle tip size on the properties of powder were studied. As the reaction temperature increased from $800 ^{\circ}C$ to $1100^{\circ}C$, the average particle size of the powder increased from 40 nm to 100 nm, the structure of the powder gradually became solid, yet the distribution of the particle size appeared more irregular. Along with the increase of the reaction temperature, the fraction of the Ni-ferrite phase were also on the rise, and the surface area of the powder was greatly reduced. As the concentration of Fe in solution increased from 20g/l to 200g/l, the average particle size of the powder gradually increased from 30 nm to 60 nm, while the distribution of the particle size appeared more irregular. Along with the increase of the concentration of solution, tie fraction of the Ni-ferrite phase was on the rise, and the surface area of the powder was greatly reduced. Along with the increase of the nozzle tip size, the distribution of the particle size appeared more irregular, yet the average particle size of the powder showed no significant change. As the nozzle tip size increased from 1 mm to 2 mm, the fraction of the Ni-ferrite phase showed no significant change, while the surface area of the powder slightly reduced. As the nozzle tip size increased to 3 mm and 5 mm, the fraction of the Ni-ferrite phase gradually reduced, and the surface area of the powder slightly increased.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.872-878
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• 2014

This study aimed to enhance storage and freshness of strawberry fruits and foliage vegetables by spray treatment with Chlorella vulgaris as a bio-fertilizer. The tested strain, C. vulgaris CHK0008, was isolated from an organically cultivated rice paddy and identified as C. vulgaris by its morphology and 18S rDNA and 23S rDNA sequence homology. We successfully cultured C. vulgaris CHK0008 in BG11 modified medium (BG11MM) and adjusted $2.15{\times}10^6cell/mL$ C. vulgaris CHK0008 to one OD value by measuring the optical density at 680 nm using a UV-vis spectrophotometer. The soluble solid content of 'Seolhyang' and 'Yukbo' strawberry fruits treated by spray application with C. vulgaris CHK0008 was enhanced by 22.2% and 11.5% respectively, compared to untreated controls. Additionally, the decay rates of treated 'Seolhyang' and 'Yukbo' strawberry fruits decreased 63.8% and 74.4% respectively, compared to untreated control. Surface color changes and chlorosis of leaves in leaf vegetables such as lettuce, kale, red ornamental kale, white ornamental kale and beet were observed in samples treated with water spray for 10 days after cold storage. However, the decay rate of leafy vegetables treated with foliar application of 25% C. vulgaris CHK0008 liquid culture was significantly decreased compared to that of the untreated control during storage at $4^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.45-53
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• 2022

In order to improve the emission of diesel engines, natural gas-diesel dual fuel combustion compression ignition engines are in the spotlight. In particular, a reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) combustion strategy is investigated comprehensively due to its possibility to improve both efficiency and emissions. With advanced diesel direct injection timing earlier than TDC, it achieves spontaneous reaction with overall lean mixture from a homogeneous mixture in the entire cylinder area, reducing nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) and improving braking heat efficiency at the same time. However, there is a disadvantage in that the amount of incomplete combustion increases in a low load region with a relatively small amount of fuel-air. To solve this, sensitive control according to the diesel injection timing and fuel ratio is required. In this study, experiments were conducted to improve efficiency and exhaust emissions of the natural gas-diesel dual fuel engine at low load, and evaluate combustion stability according to the diesel injection timing at the operation point for power generation. A 6 L-class commercial diesel engine was used for the experiment which was conducted under a 50% load range (~50 kW) at 1,800 rpm. Two injectors with different spray patterns were applied to the experiment, and the fraction of natural gas and diesel injection timing were selected as main parameters. Based on the experimental results, it was confirmed that the brake thermal efficiency increased by up to 1.3%p in the modified injector with the narrow-angle injection added. In addition, the spray pattern of the modified injector was suitable for premixed combustion, increasing operable range in consideration of combustion instability, torque reduction, and emissions level under Tier-V level (0.4 g/kWh for NOx).

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.225-232
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• 2003

Nutrients and water absorption by Citrus unshiu Marc. cv. Miyagawa Wase were examined using spray type of out-door hydroponics system. Three different concentration levels of nutrient solution were treated to citrus trees to examine nutrient uptake. To do so, concentration and the volume change of nutrient solution was measured for each treatment. By weighing the volume of solution and citrus trees, amounts of water uptake and fresh weight increase were observed periodically. Water uptake by trees increased as tree grew and time elapsed, but was lower at high level of nutrient concentration than the rest, due partly to the reduction in hydraulic conductance and to the sustained high salt concentration. Rapid increase in fresh weight and nutrient uptake occurred from May to July and from August to September. The amounts of nutrient uptake were significantly different among nutrient levels: the higher concentration, the greater uptake by citrus tree. The absorbed amounts of $NO_3$, K and Ca were much higher than those of $NH_4$, S, P, Mg, and Fe. Most mineral contents in leaves were proportional to the concentration of supplied nutrient solutions. From the results of nutrient absorption and contents in leaves at different levels of nutrient solutions, the composition of major elements for citrus nutrient solution can be modified as follows: 27.1, 16.5, 66.0, 80.0, and $24.0mg\;L^{-1}$ for N, P, K, Ca, and Mg, respectively.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.108-113
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• 2008

Azoxystrobin applied by aqueous WP suspension 50 mg/l was slightly absorbed into cucumber leaf in the absence of activator surfactant 24 h after spraying, but was increased to 25.7% by adding polyoxyethylene monohexadecyl ether (12 moles of ethylene oxide, CE-12) 500 mg/l. Only 4.1% of kresoxim-methyl WDG 100 mg/l in the absence of surfactant was absorbed into cucumber leaf 24 h after spraying, but was increased to 58.0% by adding polyoxyethylene monooctadecyl ether (14 moles of ethylene oxide, SE-14) 1,000 mg/l. The effect of CE-12 500 mg/l on foliar uptake of kresoxim-methyl at 50 mg/l was twice bigger than on azoxystrobin. Fungicidal activity of azoxystrobin WP against cucumber powdery mildew was marginally increased by adding surfactants to facilitate foliar uptake of azoxystrobin, so that the further increase of azoxystrobin uptake into cucumber plant by the addition of adjuvant was not a practical mean for enhancing the formulation efficacy in view of fungicidal activity. It was not possible for kresoxim-methyl to assess the adjuvant effect on the fungicidal activity in a greenhouse trial due to the vapor effect of active ingredient.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.621-630
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• 2013

Several techniques for steel corrosion detection are proposed and HCP (half cell potential) technique is widely adopted for field investigation. If concrete has cracks on surface, steel corrosion is rapidly accelerated due to additional intrusion of chloride and carbon dioxide ions. This study is for an evaluation of HCP in cracked concrete exposed chloride attack. For this work, RC (reinforced concrete) beams are prepared considering 3 w/c ratios (0.35, 0.55, and 0.70) and several cover depths (10~60 mm) and various crack widths of 0.0~1.0 mm are induced. For 35 days, SST (salt spraying test) is performed for corrosion acceleration, and HCP and corrosion length of rebar are evaluated. With increasing crack width, w/c ratios, and decreasing cover depth, HCP measurements increase. HCP evaluation technique is proposed considering the effects of w/c ratios, crack width, and cover depth. Furthermore anti-corrosive cover depths are obtained through Life365 program and the results are compared with those from this study. The results shows relatively big difference in cracked concrete, however provide similar anti-corrosive conditions in sound concrete.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.52 no.5
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• pp.435-440
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• 2010

Whey protein concentrate (WPC) is widely used to increase the nutritional and functional properties of food. In this study, the physiochemical and functionality of WPC-30 hydrolysates were examined to evaluate the possibility of application in the food industry. The WPC-30 was manufactured using ultrafiltration and spray-drying, and then hydrolyzed with proteolytic enzyme including alcalase, flavourzyme, nuetrase and protamex. Enzymatic hydrolysis had a significant influence on the physicochemical properties as evident from the increased foaming capacity, solubility. Alcalase caused highest protein hydrolysis (3.26%) and the bitterness. Foaming capacity was largest in WPC-30 hydrolysate treated with flavourzyme. Protein solubility at various levels of pH was highest in protamex-treated WPC-30 hydrolysate. However, the solubility of WPC-30 hydrolysates was significantly improved in alkaline condition than in acidic and neutral conditions. The study revealed that spray dried enzyme modified WPC can be used in various functional food.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.355-362
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• 2004

Fission products and Inter reaction layer of $U_3Si-Al$ dispersion fuel, irradiated in HANARO research reactor with 121 kW/m of maximum liner power and 63 at% of average burn-up, was characterization by EPMA (Electron Probe Micro Analyzer). The fuel punching system developed by Irradiated Materials Examination Facility (IMEF) has used to make these samples for the EPMA. With this system a very small and thin specimen which is 1.57 mm in diameter and 2 mm in thickness respectively has been fabricated to protect the EPMA operator from high radioactive fuel and to mini-mize the equivalent dose rate less than 150 mSv/h. EPMA was performed to observe layers of sectional, Inter-reaction and oxide with specimens of cutting and polished. Stoichiometry in the Inter-reaction layer with $16{\mu}m$ of thickness was $U_{2.84}$ Si $Al_{14}$ with calibration of $UO_2$ and $U_{3.24}$ Si $Al_{14.1}$ with calibration of standard specimen. metallic precipitates in this layer were not observed using fission products examination.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.502-510
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• 2021

The objective of this study was to develop a novel ticagrelor-loaded self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system with an enhanced solubility and dissolution rate. Numerous oils and surfactants were screened, then medium chain triglyceride (MCT) oil and the surfactants polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and Labrafil M1944CS were selected for the preparation of the ticagrelor-loaded self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system. A pseudo-ternary phase diagram was constructed to detect the nanoemulsion region. Of the various formulations tested, the liquid SNEDDS, composed of MCT (oil), Tween 80 (surfactant), and Labrafil M1944CS (cosurfactant) at a weight ratio of 20/70/10 produced the smallest emulsion droplet size (around 20.56±0.70 nm). Then, particle size, polydispersity, and zeta potential were measured using drugs containing liquid SNEDDS. The selected ticagrelor-loaded liquid SNEDDS was spray-dried to convert it into a ticagrelor-loaded solid SNEDDS with a suitable inert carrier, such as silicon dioxide, calcium silicate, or magnesium aluminometasilicate. The solid SNEDDS was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and in vitro dissolution studies. SEM, PXRD, and DSC results suggested that amorphous ticagrelor was present in the solid SNEDDS. Also, the solid SNEDDS significantly increased the dissolution rate of ticagrelor. In particular, the emulsion particle size and the polydispersity index of the solid SNEDDS using silicon dioxide (SS1) as a carrier was the smallest among the evaluated solid SNEDDS, and the flowability and compressibility result of the SS1 was the most suitable for the manufacturing of solid dosage forms. Therefore, solid SNEDDS using silicon dioxide (SS1) could be a potential nano-sized drug delivery system for the poorly water-soluble drug ticagrelor.