• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.19
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• pp.251-270
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• 2010

The subject of the paper is to discern the validity of the translation theory put forward by the ESIT(Ecole Sup?rieur d'Interpr?tes et de Tranducteurs, Universit? Paris III) and how it differentiates from the other translation theories. First, the paper will analyze the theoretical aspects put forward by examining the equivalence that may be discerned between the french and korean translation in relation to the original english text that is being translated. Employing the equivalence in translation may shed new insights into the unterminable discussions we witness today between the literal translation and the free translation. Contrary to the formal equivalence the dynamic equivalence by Nida suggests that the messages retain the same meanings whether it be the original or a translated text to the/for the reader. In short, the object of the dynamic equivalence is to identify the closest equivalence to the suggested source language. The concept of correspondence and equivalence defined by theoriticians of translation falls to the domain of dynamic equivalence suggested by Nida. In translation theory the domain of usage of language and the that of discourse is denoted separately. by usage one denotes the translation through symbols that make up language itself. In contrast to this, the discourse is suggestive of defining the newly created expressions which may be denoted as being a creative equivalence which embodies the original message for the singular situation at hand. The translator will however find oneself incorporating the two opposing theories in translating. Translation falls under the criteria of text and not of language, thus one cannot regulate or foresee any special circumstances that may arise in translation of discourse, the translation to reflect this condition should always be delimited. All other translation should be subject to translation by equivalence. The interpretation theory in translation (of ESIT) in effect is relative to both the empirical and philosophical approach and is suggestive of new perspective in translation. In conclusion, the above suggested translation theory is different from the skopos theory and the polysystem theory in that it only takes in to account the elements that are in close relation to the original text, and also that it was developed for educational purposes opening new perspectives in the domain of translation theories.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.33
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• pp.309-330
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• 2013

This paper explores the concept of pure language introduced in Walter Benjamin's "The Task of the Translator" and looks at various perspectives on this concept represented in theories of Paul De Man and Gilles Deleuze and a short story of Jorge Luis Borges. According to "The Task of the Translator," pure language is defined as a vessel of which fragments are the original and the translation. Just as fragments are part of a vessel, so the original and the translation are fragments of a greater language, which is pure language. On the other hand, De Man, from a deconstructive criticism, says that pure language does not exist except as a permanent disjunction, which inhabits all languages as such, and that any work is totally fragmented in relation to this pure language and every translation is totally fragmented in relation to the original. While De Man consider pure language incorporeal, Deleuzian interpretation regards it as a virtual object or differenciator in relation to which the two series of the original and the translation coexist and resonate. Finally in Borges's "Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote" Menard attempt to translate Cervantes's Don Quixote identically in every detail. By showing a case in which the original and the translation are the same, Borges raises a question what would take place in relation to pure language if the original and the translation were identical. In Deleuze, identity and resemblance are the result of a differenciator, but in Borges, identity is a differenciator which produces differences. If we apply this logic to the last paragraph of "The Task of the Translator," we can say the interlinear version of Scriptures, as the prototype or ideal of all translation, in the form of which the original and the translation must be one, is a differenciator, an endless difference-making machine.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.82-119
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• 2010

"Gongchengzuofazeli" was published by the Ministry of Engineering (工部) in 1734, the 12th year of the Yongzheng(雍正) emperor of China's Ching Dynasty. Its purpose was the standardization of building construction and the strengthening of management policies The book records exact measurements of every material used in the building, dividing the building into sections called "dugu (斗口)." It also contains records of the funds that were needed for fair management. Today, it has great historical value because it provides information as to the state of architectural technology and environment of that time. However, the research of Korean architectural historians tends to focus on the "Yingzaofashi(營造法式)" which was written in the Northen Song Dynasty. While the significance of "Gongchengzuofazeli" is widely acknowledged, not enough interest has been garnered to even begin a full-scale translation project. This article, by summarizing in the introduction the basic contents of "Gongchengzuofazeli" and a translation of the first volume in the body, seeks as its purpose to provide data to become the foundation of future research in this area.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.279-285
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• 2024

This study aims to evaluate the accuracy and completeness of Korean and English closed captions for Netflix's "Squid Game" and to present implications based on the findings. To achieve this, the closed captioning guidelines of the U.S. Federal Communications Commission, DCMP, and the Korea Communications Commission were identified and analyzed. The analysis of the subtitle of the entire "Squid Game" series reveals that, while Korean closed captions accurately present slangs and titles, they present non-existent information in speaker identification. In English closed captions, speaker identification guidelines are well followed, but omissions of slangs and title mistranslations are observed. In terms of completeness, both Korean and English closed captions are found to omit certain audio parts. To address these issues, the study suggests strengthening the QA process, establishing a system to communicate original text problems during translation, and utilizing general English subtitles.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.46
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• pp.85-112
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• 2017

Donald Trump, the $45^{th}$ president of the United States, has revived the 'English Only' policy since the beginning of his presidential campaign. The monolingualism not only underscores his extremely conservative ideas, but it also reflects the nativist tendency that prevents the demographic and cultural transformation of the US, which is accelerated by globalization and transnational migration. In particular, Donald Trump tries to reconfirm the mainstream American culture that is now thought to have been threatened by Hispanization and the growing number of Spanish speakers. This paper examines the effects of "code-switching" and the possibility of a bilingual community by contrasting Donald Trump with Gloria $Anzald{\acute{u}}a$, one of the representative Latina writers who created a "border language." Borderlands/La Frontera (1987) includes Spanish glossaries and expressions to represent her bilingual realities, while attempting to translate from English to Spanish, and vice versa. However, the text occasionally demonstrates the impossibility of translation. In doing so, $Anzald{\acute{u}}a$ indirectly states that it is indispensable to present both languages at the stage; she also invites monolingual readers to make more efforts to learn and better understand the Other's language. A "border language" she attempts to embody throughout the text is created in the process of encounters, conflicts, and negotiations among languages of different ethnicities, classes and generations. It does not signify an established form: rather it appears as a constantly transforming language, which can provide us with new perspectives and an alternative way of communication beyond monolingualism.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.1-14
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• 2021

This study attempted to examine the loving pigeon culture practiced in traditional gardens and to illuminate the aspect of pigeons as a landscape animal material. In order to understand the culture of enjoying old garden through pigeons, the contents were analyzed for the translated version of the old literatures and paintings. Pigeons have been used as Jeonseo-gu(傳書鳩) and also for medicinal purposes and food. Pigeons have various symbolic meanings such as abundance, hospitality, and longevity. From the Goryeo Dynasty to the early Joseon Dynasty, pigeons were raised in the palace and private garden. In the late Joseon Dynasty, temporary trend of ornamental pigeon culture occurred. Pigeons were synesthesia materials that enriched the forest. Various beautiful pigeons created a variable landscape of the primeval forest as a moving landscape material. The bell sounds that appear differently depending on the pigeon's movement led to a rich auditory experience of the landscape. The pigeon house was an ornamental element that enriched the old garden along with the pigeon. The owners of garden were involved in gardening through the act of buying a pigeon house and placing it in the garden or making a pigeon house themselves. In addition, the writers planted plum trees, peach trees, apricot trees, and hawthorn trees as a symbol of spring and a source of food for pigeons, and expressed them in poems and paintings. This study has a limitation in that the translation of the old text was used as an analysis data. The follow-up studies on specific cases of raising pigeons in the old garden, in modern and contemporary landscape spaces are urged.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.117-137
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• 2010

The purposes of this study are to review the historical development of food and culture in the KDC (Korean Decimal Classification) and to propose improvements of the KDC to classify materials of food and culture by using the KDC effectively. First of all, changes of classification numbers and headings related to food and culture from the 1st edition to the 5th edition of the KDC were examined. Recent books about food and culture were examined and were classified according to the latest edition of the KDC. Several problems were found including a lack of headings, including notes in food and culture, a lack of headings about Korean foods in particular and reflections about various foods from other countries, a lack of detailed relative headings, and the remaining western oriented headings. Other classification systems about food and culture were analyzed and it was found that there was a need to have new headings for classifying Korean traditional foods and table services, new formats for a relative index, detailed notes, and changes in western oriented headings.

• KLA journal
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• v.43 no.3 s.334
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• pp.99-101
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• 2002

지난 2001년 8월 보스턴에서 열린 IFLA 이사회에서는 최근 일련의 국제무역 부문의 각종 협상에서 도서관과 정보서비스에 대한 문제들이 제기되고 있는 것에 주목하고 이에 대해 IFLA 회원국들이 관심을 가져줄 것을 촉구하면서, '세계무역기구(WTO)에 대한 IFLA의 입장'(이하 '입장')이라는 문건을 최종 승인하였다. 현재 세계무역기구가 도서관과 밀접한 관련이 있는 서비스일반협정과 무역관련 지적재산권 협정 등에서 도서관 활동에 중대한 영향을 미칠 수 있는 논의들을 전개하고 있는 것으로 알려져 있다. 따라서 IFLA는 도서관과 정보서비스의 역할과 중요성을 강조하고 재인식시키면서 지적재산권 및 다문화와 관련된 정책에 영향을 미치기 위해 국제적인 무역 협상과 조약체결 과정에 참여하여 도서관과 정보서비스와 같은 비영리 부문이 계속 발전할 수 있도록 하도록 확실한 결정을 이끌어 내고자 하고 있다. 이번에 채택된 '입장'은 지난해 11월 초 카타르 도하회의에서 열리는 세계무역기구 각료회의에 전달되었다. 이러한 내용을 IFLA에서 우리 협회에도 전달해 왔기에, 우선 '입장'을 번역하여 우리나라 도서관계에 널리 알리고 세계적인 움직임에 대한 적절한 대응책을 마련하기 위해 노력하고자 한다.

• KLA journal
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• v.41 no.5 s.324
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• pp.30-62
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• 2000

일본의 ‘도서관문제연구회’에서는 1998년 제45회 전국대회에서 사서의 전문성 확립을 위하여 도서관의 직무를 분석하기로 하고, 연구회 내에 ‘직원문제위원회’를 설치하였다. 동 위원회는 그후 도서관의 직무를 면밀히 검토하여 “공공도서관 직무 구분표 2000년판”을 작성하였다. 동 위원회는 각 도서관별로 개최된 검토회와 제47회 전국대회를 통하여 동 구분표에 대하여 논의를 하였으며, 위원회 홈페이지에(http://www.jca.apc.org.tomonken) '공공도서관 직무 일람표 2000년판(안)‘을 게재하였다. 이에 우리 협회 ’도서관문화‘ 편집실에서는 도서관의 직무와 그 직무를 위해 어떤 지식과 경험이 필요한지가 설명되어 있는 이 ’도서관 직무 일람표‘가 우리나라 도서관의 운영과 사서의 전문성을 완성하는데 좋은 참고가 될 것으로 보여 동 위원회의 농의를 얻어 번역 게재하게 되었다.

• Proceedings of the KAIS Fall Conference
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• 2009.12a
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• pp.200-203
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• 2009

이 연구는 간호사의 환자안전 인식에 대한 조사이다. 이 조사는 2차, 3차의료기관 886명 간호사를 조사했다. 그것은 미국 AHRQ가 개발한 Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture를 김 등이 번역한 것을 수정하여 사용하였다. 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1) 환자안전문화에 관한 인식은 3.46(${\pm}$0.37) 로 보통 이상이었다. 2) 대상자의 일반적 특성에 따른 환자안전문화에 대한 인식의 차이는 2년미만인 간호사와 주 45시간미만 근무자가 환자안전점수가 유의하게 높았다. 3) 환자안전활동수준은 3.79(${\pm}$0.56)이었다. 결론적으로 첫째, 병원간호사의 인력충원, 간호등급 상향조정, 적정근무시간 이 필요하다. 둘째, 자발적으로 보고 할 수 있는 제도가 필요하다.