• Korea Trade Review
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.145-161
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• 2022

For multinational manufacturers, China is an attractive consumer market, but the unique attributes and tastes of Chinese customers present challenges in achieving desired investment performance. In this paper, the influence (mediating function) of consumer-centered market orientation adopted as a strategic means by multinational companies entering China on investment performance was examined utilizing samples collected through questionnaires and statical analysis through structural equation models. This paper, based on value chain and product attributes, divided market orientation into two types: production impacted market orientation and service impacted market orientation. The empirical analysis results of 233 samples showed that, service impacted market orientation with downstream activities and support service (as a variable) has a greater impact on investment performance than production impacted market orientation with upstream activities and product attributes. This indicates to managers that focusing on service impacted market orientation when implementing consumer-centered marketing strategies in the Chinese local market is an efficient/effective localization strategy to increase expected investment performance.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.83-93
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• 2020

Sanctions by the international community can increase their effectiveness with the participation of major countries with global economic influence, and can lead to efficient sanctions against the target countries when different sanctions procedures and methods can be operated in an integrated manner. To this end, it is being carried out with the aim of maximizing the performance of sanctions through collective economic solidarity by inducing international participation centered on the joint agenda, such as drawing up a resolution for sanctions. In this study, the definition and purpose of sanctions imposed by the international community and by major specific countries were explained and an empirical analysis was conducted on the economic impact of each sanctions, focusing on the United Nations Security Council and the United States, which directly implement them. Based on the selected research model, the effects of economic sanctions on the international community and countries subject to sanctions by certain countries were mutually compared and analyzed in the data. Finally, the conclusion obtained from this study was stated and the implications were derived and the possibility of further research expansion was described.

• International Area Studies Review
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.117-144
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• 2009

This paper analyzes how Korea's trade intensity with major ASEAN countries changed from 2000 to 2005. For this purpose, we measured the trade intensity index, the trade complementarity index, and the special country bias index between Korea and ASEAN countries by the trade intensity index model developed by Yamazawa (1970). The OECD trade matrix was used as data. We found that Korea's trade intensity with Indonesia increased from 8.91 in 2000 to 10.88 in 2005 due to a considerable increase in Korea's special country bias with Indonesia from 9.58 in 2000 to 10.75 in 2005. Therefore Korea's special country bias with Indonesia should be enhanced further by increasing capital movements and reducing discriminatory tariffs and other import restrictions between Korea and Indonesia. It was also found that trade intensity between Korea and other ASEAN countries (i.e., Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand) shows a similar pattern of the above trade intensity between Korea and Indonesia except the trade complementarity.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.270-277
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• 2022

Today, due to the serviceization of the economy, volume and position Global trade in Services have gradually increased. Stable and fair trade can be achieved through solid international trade law. Multilateral discussions on service trade agreement have been stagnant, but have recently shown considerable outcome. Service trade agreement(GATS) deal with various service trade barriers in member countries that hinder free trade in services. Recently, a group of WTO members have established the 「Joint Initiative on Services Domestic Regulation」. The agreement aims to ensure that licensing and qualification requirements and procedures, as well as technical standards do not constitute unnecessary barriers to services trade. This study is to understand the type and statistics of service trade barriers that affect actual service transactions. At the same time, It aims to examine the progress of discussions on multilateral service trade agreement for resolving service trade barriers.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.1-15
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• 2019

This study aims to analyze the effects of trade on human capital accumulation and economic growth in Korean manufacturing industry. The results of empirical analysis by dynamic panel model are as follows. The increase in exports of skilled labor intensive industries has a positive effect on human capital and economic growth, and the impact of import on human capital accumulation and economic growth has alst a positive impact. The exports of unskilled intensive labor industries have a negative impact on human capital accumulation and economic growth. Imports of unskilled labor intensive industries have negative on human capital accumulation and economic growth. It is difficult to derive statistically significant results for the effects of trade on human capital accumulation and economic growth before and after 2008. However, as a result of the financial crisis in 2008, it seems that the effects have decreased since 2008.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.159-172
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• 2019

An important issue in trade transactions is risk management. Trading partners focus on how to recognize risks and how to address these areas. This article discusses whether the quality of a substantial period of time remains appropriate to the contract even after the risk has been transferred. If the contracted product is not delivered, then the risk is not transferred because it does not fulfill the obligations of delivery. In order to prevent such risks, the Seller must regard the quality of the goods of their fulfillment and provide them to the Buyer in detail. In addition, it is necessary to carry out several times of transportation or insurances of insurance according to the transaction conditions. Commercial practice comes from repetitive trading activities over many years. I think it is constantly changing as the transaction continues. Changes in the way of international commerce always create new orders and regulations. We need to keep a close eye on them.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.1-24
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• 2021

The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is designed to intensify bilateral trade between China and the BRI countries through the improvement of transportation connections. However, little research has empirically investigated the impacts of this policies on the trade patterns. This paper attempts to evaluate the impacts of BRI on the trade patterns of Tanzania. Our study extends the original gravity model of bilateral trade by adding GDP per capita, population and proximity as the explanatory variables. According to our research, we observed that the BRI significantly impacted the Tanzania's trade patterns, as it led to the increase of bilateral trade flow between Tanzania and China more importantly between Tanzania and its adjacent countries. It indicates that the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) has boosted Tanzania's trade exclusively, hence the Tanzania's export sector earns greater trading potential with the adjacent countries.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.109-126
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• 2019

Import refusals can be considered a new method of non-tariff barriers. This study aims to analyze reputation spillover effects on fish and fishery products imported from ASEAN countries to the U.S. FDA. The supply of aquatic products is not stable due to various factors such as reduction of fish stocks and climate change. Fish is a basic food ingested directly, but there are many ways to control the safety of aquatic products. ASEAN countries account for about 20% of U.S.imports in fish and fishery products. For Southeast Asian countries, fish and fishery products comprise a high proportion of exports revenue. Despite the large share of exports to the U.S., Southeast Asia countries have been receiving many import refusals from the United States. In this study, a theoretical model for examining import refusals is suggested using the negative binomial counting process. The reputation spillover effect, was divided into two spillover effects of 'neighbor reputation' and 'sector reputation'. Results show that there exists a neighbor reputation spillover effect. It can be said if there was a import refusal of the same product from neighboring countries in the preceding year, the home country have a possibility to experience import refusals of the same product. Therefore, it is interpreted that neighboring countries have good standard compliance can help home countries to effectively reach the target markets. Our findings have a important policy implication for ASEAN exporters of fish and fishery products.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.219-243
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• 2018

This study focused on the rapidly growing Chinese market by developing an evaluation model for overseas direct sales websites for Chinese consumers. In addition, we developed specific strategic alternatives for each sub-market by conducting multi-group analysis for each consumer's characteristics. Results showed that the level of concern about site use had a stronger impact on persistent use behavior. In addition, among antecedents that affect the level of assurance and concern, we found that these includes not only the perceived benefits and perceived risk factors identified in previous studies but also social-cultural factors. In addition, this study compares the evaluation of overseas direct sales website according to the level of involvement of users. This study analyzes the differences in coefficients among the paths and suggest practical implications for each group.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.67-91
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• 2018

A number of studies have been conducted on the evaluation of bi-national products, but studies that may be applied in practice are lacking. This study suggests several implications for bi-national products in the sub-market using a more specific approach than previous studies. To this end, this comprehensive comparative study reflects the purchasing routes, product category, and consumers' personal characteristics (regulatory focus, prior knowledge) of bi-national products. Results found the evaluation of bi-national products according to purchase routes showed that consumers in offline stores were more favorable than consumers in online stores. In comparison with product categories, necessities were more positive than luxury goods. On the other hand, according to consumer's personal characteristics, consumers with promotion focus tendency perceived brand preference more highly than consumers with preference focus tendency. Also, it was found that groups with high prior knowledge had a positive evaluation of products compared to low knowledge groups.