• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.480-485
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• 2010

This study reports on the morphological characteristics and distribution for conservation and practical use in the Korean Peninsula of Chrysosplenium flaviflorum through a comparison with relative species. The morphological characters that were newly investigated in this study included subhypogaeus stolons and glabrous on the surface of leaves. The former has not been described by any taxonomist who had previously treated this species with the exclusion of Hara. Despite this, the latter is a very important key to using the identification of varieties of Ser. Pilosa though there were no descriptions which included Ohwi. C. flaviflorum Ohwi which was endemic and known to be distributed only in the northern area of the Korean Peninsula, was also observed in the Gapyeong-gun, Gyeonggi-do, Cheorwon-gun, Gangwon-do, and Yeongdonggun, Chungcheongbuk-do middle area since the latest collection report in 1943. There is a requirement for further study to be conducted on the distribution and management by designation for the Special Plant Species by the Korean Ministry of Environment.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.32 no.1 s.55
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• pp.17-22
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• 2006

Phosphatidyiserine (PS) is a phospholipid which plays the structural role in membranes and serves as a cofactor of signaling enzymes for diverse cellular functions. In this study, we observed that topical treatment with PS significantly decreased trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL) induced by tape-stripping in hairless mice. Also, ceramides in epidermis were increased in PS-treated group compared to vehicle-treated one in vivo. the amounts of non-hydroxyl ceramide (NHCER) (1.4 fold) and glucosylceramide (glucosylCER) (1.6 fold), in the skin of hairless mice, were increased by topical treament with PS. Also, we demonstrated that PS stimulated keratinocyte differentiation. We observed that PS treatment morphologically altered normal human keratinocyte (NHK) from the proliferating phase to the differentiating one, suggesting that PS stimulated epidermal differentiation in NHK. We also showed that the expressions of the specific markers for epidermal differentiation, involucrin (INV) (3.5 fold up) and transglutaminase 1 (TG'ase 1) (3 fold up), were significantly increased by PS treatment, compared to untreated control in vitro. In addition, topical treatment with PS resulted in a progressive increase in INV and loricrin protein levels in vivo. In conclusion, we provide the first evidence for the physiological activities of PS in skin, and we suggest that PS strengthen the epidermal permeability harrier by stimulation of keratinocyte differentiation.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.79-83
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• 2004

In order to investigate the beneficial effects of parsely (Petroselinurn sativum) extract on skin, we measured the synthesis of total collagen and type I procollagen in cultured normal human fibroblast (NHF), the synthesis of prostaglandin E$_2$(PCE$_2$), interleukin 1 ${\alpha}$(IL -1 ${\alpha}$) and tumor necrosis factor ${\alpha}$ (TNF ${\alpha}$) in HaCaT cell and we also measured dermal thickness and density in hairless mouse (Female albino hairless mice, Skh:hr-1). As the results, the synthesis of total collagen and type I procollagen were increased 23％ and 18％ respectively, after 1 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL parsley extract treatment. The producions of PGE$_2$ induced by UVB irradiation were decreased 60％ after 1 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL parsley extract treatment. The treatment with 1 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL parsley extract also decreased the synthesis of IL -1 ${\alpha}$ and TNF ${\alpha}$ induced by 10 uM RA, 100 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL SLS and 30 mJ/$\textrm{cm}^2$ UVB irradiation, After 4 days treatment with 1％ parsley extract, the dermal thickness of hairless mouse was increased 1.5 times and the density of dermis was tighter than control. These results indicate that parsley extract have anti-aging and anti-irritation effects on skin.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.21-29
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• 2011

Balneotherapy has been widely used for the treatment of skin diseases in the world. The purpose of this study was to determine the bath effect of the alkaline reduced spring water with the properties of high pH and low oxidation reduction potential (ORP) on the skin injury induced by ultra violet (UV) irradiation. For this purpose, hairless mice were irradiated with UV-B to cause skin injury, and individually taken a bath in spring water (experimental group) and tap water (control group) once a day for 40 min during 21 days. We observed histological changes of the back skin through macro- and microscopic methods compared to the control group. We found that skin injury of the experimental group was more quickly recovered than that of the control group. Under the light microscope, the experimental group showed that epidermal thickening (p<0.01) and the mast cell activation (p<0.001) were lower compared with the control group, in addition infiltration of inflammatory cells and degranulation of mast cells were less observed. These results suggest that regular bath in the spring water with the properties of high pH and low ORP has a positive effect on the skin injury induced by UV irradiation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.20-26
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• 2008

This study investigated the antioxidative effect of mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris L.) extracts in hairless mouse skin from oxidative stress induced by UV-irradiation. After topical application on hairless mouse back with basic skin lotion group (control), ascorbic acid group (AA-0.5%, AA-1.0%, AA-2.0%, and AA-5.0%), and mugwort extract group (ME-0.5%, ME-1.0%, ME-2.0%, and ME-5.0%), the animals were irradiated to increasing doses of UVB (60 $mJ{\sim}100$ mJ) for 4 weeks. Hydrogen peroxide of hairless mouse skin homogenate significantly decreased in 2% (p<0.05) and 5% (p<0.05) of ME and AA groups. Hydroxyl radicals were decreased significantly in both of 2% and 5% ME groups as compared to AA groups (p<0.05). Oxidative stress levels deduced by oxidized protein contents were greatly decreased ($14.6{\sim}18.5%$) in all ME treatment groups, while only at 2% of AA treatment group. Lipid peroxide contents were greatly inhibited in all ME and AA treatment groups (p<0.01). Application of ME significantly increased catalase activity, over 25% in all mugwort and AA groups. Glutathione peroxidase activities were increased up to $20.5%{\sim}32.8%$ in 2.0% and 5% ME groups, whereas it increased in all AA groups. These results suggested that mugwort extract was more effective than that of ascorbic acid in protecting hairless mouse skin from photo-irradiation, and can be used as an potential anti-aging cosmetic ingredients.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.27-44
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• 2003

전반적인 피부세포의 생리적 지능 자하로 인한 자연노화와 더불어, 여러 피부 스트레스 요인들이 다양하게 작용하여 발생하는 외인성노화를 방지하거나, 개선할 수 있는 항노화소재로서의 개발 가능성을 알아보기 위해, 예로부터 항염활성이 있다고 알려진 oleanolic acid(OA)를 포함한 ursolic acid(UA), betulin, betulinic acid(BA) 등의 triterpenoids가 어떻게 피부에서의 항노화 활성을 나타내는지를 알아보았다. 시험 결과, OA는 자외선에 의한 각질형성세포에서의 PGE$_2$ 생성과 섬유아세포(NHF)에 의한 matrix metalloproteinase-1(MMP-1) 분비를 억제하였다. 그리고, NHF의 procollagen 생성을 촉진하였으며, 이런 procollagen 생성촉진활성이 in vivo에서도 발현되는 것을 무모생쥐의 실험을 통해서 확인하였다. 또한 OA는 각질세포의 증식과 분화를 촉진하여 표피세포로 하여금 세라마이므와 필라그린 생성을 증가시키도록 하는 작용도 있음을 보여주었다. 더불어 실험한 UA, betulin, BA 들은 비록, betulin, BA의 경우 세포 독성이 다른 물질 들에 비해 높았고, UA가 각질세포의 분화를 오히려 억제하는 양상을 보이기는 했지만, 대부분의 기능은 OA와 유사하였다. 피부세포보호작용과 진피 기질물질에 대한 작용, 그리고, 표피의 장벽기능과 보습기능에 대해 시험한 본 연구는, 식물성분인 triterpenoids가 피부를 위한 항노화소재로서의 개발 가능성이 있음을 확인하는 계기가 되었고, 그 중에서도 OA가 보다 우수한 항노화 소재가 될 수 있음을 시사하고 있다.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.10 no.7
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• pp.267-279
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• 2019

The study studied dermal protection and crease improvement from the sunlight of the lipid extract and narinjin. Sunlight was investigated in HR-1 (motherless mice) to identify changes in epithelial thickness and changes in collagen fibers, which account for around 90% of dermis, as the inhibitory efficacy of collagenase dissolving collagen also plays an important role in wrinkles. The experiment was validated using narinjin and jisil extract. First: The components of jisil and narinjin were analyzed. Second, antioxidant capabilities were confirmed with DPPH. Third: The inhibitory activity of collagen was measured. Studies have shown that the skin's upper skin thickness suppression of dermal extracts and narinzine has increased and that collagen thicknesses and wrinkles have decreased significantly compared to controls.

• School Mathematics
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.491-502
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• 2014

This paper analyzed pre-service teachers' justification of $0.99{\cdots}$=1 from their disproof of $0.99{\cdots}$ <1. Some pre-service teachers thought of the difference between $0.99{\cdots}$ and 1 as an infinitesimal. On the contrary, the others claimed that the difference between $0.99{\cdots}$ and 1 was zero as the standard real, but were content with their intuitive justifications. The pre-service teachers' limitation revealed in the process of disproving $0.99{\cdots}$ <1 can be closely related to the orthodox view: the standard real number system is the only absolutely true number system. The existence of nonstandard real number system in which $0.99{\cdots}$ is less than 1, shows that the plain question of whether or not $0.99{\cdots}$ equals 1, cannot be properly answered by common explanations of textbooks or teachers' intuitive justification.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.42-46
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• 2010

This study was performed to investigate anti-wrinkle effects of Acanthopanax senticosus (AS) on ultraviolet B (UVB)-induced photoaging with wrinkle formation. AS extract showed higher DPPH radical scavenging activity (3 ${\mu}g/mL$ as $IC_{50}$) and collagenase inhibition (1.52 mg/mL as $IC_{50}$) than those of ascorbic acid (50 ${\mu}g/mL$ and 2.17 mg/mL, respectively). Cell proliferation and type I pN collagen synthesis were increased by 11.4% and 96.4%, respectively, compared with non treatment control. In vivo, SKH-1 hairless mice were administrated AS 400 mg/kg for 10 weeks with UVB irradiation three times a week. After 10 weeks, a visual assessment and replica assay were performed on each mouse. According to visual assessment of close-up photos and skin replica, oral administration of A. senticosus affected on inhibition of wrinkle formation caused by UVB irradiation on the skin of mice as compared to the vehicle treated control mice. These results indicated that A. senticosus could protect skin wrinkle formation caused by collagen synthesis of fibroblast cells and photo-irradiation of UVB in hairless mice.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.211-217
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• 2012

UV-irradiation is a major factor of photo-aged skin, by which pigmentation, wrinkles and laxity are increased. In addition, the epidermal barrier is disrupted, ultimately causing dryness in photo-aged skin. As an effort to search dietary sources for improving the dryness of UV irradiated skin, the dietary effect of red ginseng based functional foods on the epidermal level of ceramides, a major lipid maintaining epidermal barrier, was determined in this study. Albino hairless mice were fed either a control diet [group UV (UV-irradiated control)] or diets with 0.5% (group M0.5) or 1% (group M1.0) of red ginseng extracts mixed with Torilis fructus and Corni fructus (66.7% red ginseng) in parallel with UV irradiation for 5 wks. A normal control group (group C) was fed a control diet without UV irradiation for 5 wks. The epidermal level of ceramides in group UV was significantly lower than that in group C, in which ceramidase, an enzyme involved in ceramide degradation, was highly expressed. In group M0.5, the epidermal level of ceramide was significantly increased to the level even higher than in group C. In addition, protein expression of serine palmitoyl transferase (SPT), a key enzyme involved in de novo ceramide synthesis, was increased in group M0.5. However the epidermal levels of ceramides as well as of ceramidase protein expression in group M1.0 did not differ from those in group UV. In conclusion, we demonstrate that dietary supplementation of red-ginseng extracts mixed with Torilis fructus and Corni fructus at a level of 0.5% level in diet increased the epidermal level of ceramides coupled with the elevated expression of SPT protein.