• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.16 no.3 s.32
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• pp.163-170
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• 1977

Potato diseases, especially mosaics and leaf roll, appear to reduce potato yield in Korea more than any other factor. A seed potato certification program was established at the Alpine Experiment Station (AES) in 1961 to produce high quality seed potatoes for distribution to Korean farmers. The present program for production of certified seed of Namjak (Irish Cobbler), the only variety recommended for spring plantings, is outlined. In 1976, approximately 10,000 MT of certified grade Namjak seed was produced by members of two Seed Producers Cooperatives in the Daekwanryeong area for distribution by the Office of Seed Production and Distribution (OSPD). The seed was inspected and certified by officers of the National Agricultural Products Inspection Office (NAPIO). Although the quality of the certified seed is far superior to that used by many farmers, the supply planted less than 1/5 of the 1977 potato crop. Certified seed of Shimabara, the variety recommended for autumn plantings, is not produced in Korea. The yield response of virus infected seed to improved cultural practices is poor. Therefore, an increase in potato acreage and yields appears to be possible only if more good quality seed is used by Korean farmers. A two or three fold increase in seed supply would be desirable. The volume of seed could be increased by expanding the production area and by improving yield in seed fields. More land is available in the alpine area and good seed potatoes could be grown in other parts of Korea. Planting better quality seeds and using better cultural pracitces would improve seed yields. Several techniques could be used to improve the quality of elite seed produced at AES. Changes in seed potato certification program should be made so that healthy seed stocks of new varieties can be released rapidly.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.239-247
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• 2008

The objective of this investigation was to examine oxygen consumption (OC) and operculum movement number (OMN) of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss as a function of changes in water temperature (WT). The WT of the rearing facility was increased from $4^{\circ}C$ to $28^{\circ}C$ stepwise at $1^{\circ}C$ day at each WT (5, 10, 15, 17, 20, 23, 26, and $28^{\circ}C$) then OC and OMN were measured. The OC of the fish increased linearly with WT: O=25.0240 WT+17.5400 in the range of $4{\sim}23^{\circ}C$ However, at 26 and $28^{\circ}C$ the OC declined to around the level at $10^{\circ}C$. The OMN also increased linearly with temperature: OMN=4.4847 WT+59.2150 in the range of $4{\sim}23^{\circ}C$ but at 26 and $28^{\circ}C$ the OMN of the fish dropped slightly. The OC and OMN of the fish showed peak at $23^{\circ}C$ with the lowest values at $4^{\circ}C$. In the range of $4{\sim}23^{\circ}C$, the relationship between OC and OMN of the fish was expressed as a linear equation: OC=0.0923 OMN-308.2100. The OC of fish transferred from $15^{\circ}C$ to certain temperatures without acclimation showed a lower OC at 5 and $10^{\circ}C$ but above $15^{\circ}C$ the OC increased/decreased with temperature. The trout died in temperatures above $28^{\circ}C$ even when acclimated step by step with a $1^{\circ}C$ day increase in WT. In this experiment, a negative physiological changs occurred in the experimental fish at $23^{\circ}C$ suggesting that the optimal physiological temperature range of rainbow trout is $10{\sim}20^{\circ}C$.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.115-136
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• 2008

The development of the aviation technology is beyond the people's imagination. For example, with some exaggeration, If the autopilot engage upon take off, You will realize that you are on the centerline of the foggy JFK runway 13R after 15 hours with only once or twice of intervention. But the more aviation technology develops, the more responsible the pilot will be who has the final authority of the aviation safety. In the JAL 706 accident caused by unidentified reason, the pilot increased pitch abruptly and overrode the control from the autopilot. The result of this process made the death of a flight attendant and some injuries of a few passengers. The district court found the pilot not guilty at the first trial on the ground that the control override was not connected to the possibility of foresight and avoidance of the human death. The pilot was proved to be innocent through the analysis of the DFDR and ADAS that the override did not precede the unidentified pitch up motion. The judicial precedent related to aviation accidents in Korea requires pilots' absolute and extended care compared to the ordinarily prudent or reasonably careful behaviors in the vehicle and medical accidents. Although there is some controversy about the standard care, the care required in the actual operation of high tech aircraft by a pilot should include objective and standard care and be judged by analysis of the scientific data. Although the pilot maintained the unusual hi speed that doesn't have safety margin and descended under turbulence in case of the JAL 706 accident, the court negatived its relation to the cause of pitch up. Also, the override of the control after initial pitch up might have caused the possibility of the death and injury, but the court denied it. Because of this complex cause of the aviation accidents, it is important for a court to figure out the core reason of the event and casual relationship with the pilot Now, It is required that the judgement of negligence in the aviation accidents should include an objective care with scientific data from simulated circumstances(or a simulator) as the Japanese court not from the theory of vehicle's negligence.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.7
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• pp.959-967
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• 2005

Lead is a ubiquitous environmental and industrial pollutant that causes a major health concerns. It is known to induce a broad range of physiological, biochemical, and behavioral dysfunctions in laboratory and humans, including hematopoietic system, kidneys, liver, and reproductive system. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of Saengshik supplementation on the lead-induced toxicity in rats. Five week old male Sprague­Dawley rats were randomly assigned to five groups for six weeks as followings: control group (CT), lead acetate treated group (PT), and lead acetate groups administered with three different dosages of Saengshik $(SI2.5-12.5\%,\;S25-25\%,\;and\;S50-50\%).$ Lead acetate (12 mg/rat) was intragastrically administered daily for 6 weeks. The results were summarized as follows; Weight gain and food efficiency ratio were significantly lower (p<0.05) in lead administered group compared with those of the control group. Also, significant lead-induced alteration in blood hemoglobin (HGB), hematocrit (HCT), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and reticulocyte distribution width (RDW) were observed. In the liver of lead-exposed animals, there was an increase in the lipid peroxidation (MDA) and the level of glutathione (GSH), but superoxiede dismutase (SOD) activity did not change. Lead-exposed animals with $25\%\;and\;50\%$ Saengshik supplementation showed marked improvements in the values of MCH, MCV, and RDW. Also, the level of HCT was significantly increased by $50\%$ Saengshik supplementation. The levels of liver MDA in $12.5\%\;and\;50\%$ Saengshik administered groups and GSH level in $50\%$ Saengshik administered group were significantly decreased compared to the lead administered group. Also, hepatic SOD activity tended to increase in the presence of Saengshik supplementation. Furthermore, the accumulation of lead in liver and kidney was reduced by presence of Saneghshik supplementation. Liver lead concentration was significantly reduced by both $25\%\;and\;50\%$ Saengshik supplementations and kidney lead concentration was significantly reduced by the $25\%$ Saengshik supplementation. These results show that Saengshik may have a protective effect against lead intoxication but the mechanism of their effects remains unclear.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.149-155
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• 2002

Recent advances in radiation transport algorithms, computer hardware performance, and parallel computing make the clinical use of Monte Carlo based dose calculations possible. To compare the speed and accuracies of dose calculations between different developed codes, a benchmark tests were proposed at the XIIth ICCR (International Conference on the use of Computers in Radiation Therapy, Heidelberg, Germany 2000). A Monte Carlo treatment planning comprised of 28 various Intel Pentium CPUs was implemented for routine clinical use. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of our system using the above benchmark tests. The benchmark procedures are comprised of three parts. a) speed of photon beams dose calculation inside a given phantom of 30.5 cm$\times$39.5 cm $\times$ 30 cm deep and filled with 5 ㎣ voxels within 2% statistical uncertainty. b) speed of electron beams dose calculation inside the same phantom as that of the photon beams. c) accuracy of photon and electron beam calculation inside heterogeneous slab phantom compared with the reference results of EGS4/PRESTA calculation. As results of the speed benchmark tests, it took 5.5 minutes to achieve less than 2% statistical uncertainty for 18 MV photon beams. Though the net calculation for electron beams was an order of faster than the photon beam, the overall calculation time was similar to that of photon beam case due to the overhead time to maintain parallel processing. Since our Monte Carlo code is EGSnrc, which is an improved version of EGS4, the accuracy tests of our system showed, as expected, very good agreement with the reference data. In conclusion, our Monte Carlo treatment planning system shows clinically meaningful results. Though other more efficient codes are developed such like MCDOSE and VMC＋＋, BEAMnrc based on EGSnrc code system may be used for routine clinical Monte Carlo treatment planning in conjunction with clustering technique.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.474-480
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• 1995

Background: In spite of initial intensive and long-term chemotherapy for pulmonary tuberculosis, many problems remain in the treatment of the residual lesion. The role of surgical intervention for pulmonary tuberculosis is getting rid of such residual lesion of pulmonary tuberculosis to support the healing process and to induce bacteriologically negative conversion in the end. Method: We experienced 30 cases of pulmonary resection for pulmonary tuberculosis from Aug. 1994 through Apr. 1995 in National Masan Tuberculosis Hospital. We conducted retrospective study to analyze several variables for the cases. Results: 1) The ratio between male and female was 4:1(male 24, female 6) and the age of peak incidence was in 3rd and 4th decades. 2) Indications for pulmonary resection in the radiographic findings were cavitary lesions of 19 cases(63.3%), destroyed one side of 8 cases(26.7%) and destroyed one lobe of 3 cases(10%). 3) 16 of 20 cases with unilateral lesions and all of 10 cases with bilateral lesions on chest X-ray films showed AFB positive on preoperative sputum smears. 14 cases(87.5%) of unilateral lesions and 9 cases(90%) of bilateral ones were converted into AFB negative postoperatively. Negative conversion rates of pneumonectomy and lobectomy cases were 100% and 85.7%, respectively. 4) Preoperative combined disease was 3 cases(10%) of DM and postoperative complications were 2 cases(6.7%) of dead space and no death. Conclusion: Chemotherapy only has some limitation in treatment of all tuberculosis. So, surgical intervention for pulmonary tuberculosis is an effective method as partner of chemotherapy.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.175-184
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• 2011

With a development of implant restoration technique, there are increasing use of computer-guided system for edentulous patients. It was carried out simulated operation based on CT information about patient's bone quantity, quality and anatomical landmark. However, there are some difference between the programmed implant and post-operative implant about it's position. If the deviation was severe, it could happen a failure of 'passive fit' and not suited for path of implant restoration. The aim of this presentation is to evaluate about a degree of deviations between programmed implant and post-operative implant. Five patients treated by 'NobelGuide' system (Nobel Biocare AB, G$\ddot{o}$teborg, Sweden) in Department of Prosthodontics, Inha University were included in this study. The patients were performed CT radiograph taking and intra-oral impression taking at pre-operation. Based on CT images and study model, surgical stent was produced by NobelBiocareTM. To fabricated a pre-operative study model, after connected lab analog to surgical template, accomplished a pre-operative model using type 4 dental stone. At final impression, a post-operative study model was fabricated in the conventional procedures. Each study model was performed CT radiograph taking. Based on CT images, each implant was simulated in three dimensional position using $Procera^{(R)}$ software (Procera Software Clinical Design Premium, version 1.5; Nobel Biocare AB). In 3D simulated model, length and angulation between each implant of both pre- and post-operative implants were measured and recorded about linear and angular deviation between pre-and post-operative implants. A total of 24 implants were included in this study and 58 inter-implant sites between each implant were measured about linear and angular deviations. In the linear deviation a mean deviation of 0.41 mm (range 0~1.7 mm) was reported. In the angular deviation, a mean deviation was $1.99^{\circ}$ (range $0^{\circ}{\sim}6.7^{\circ}$). It appears that the both linear and angular mean deviation value were well acceptable to application of computer-guided implant system.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.129-138
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• 1976

The causes and problems underlying deaths in perinatal period are often similar and might be expected to yield to same type of preventive measures. This is one of the reasons for attempting to develop a reporting of perinatal mortality and its related matters. This study aims at figuring out the biologic risk factors onto the perinatal death. Considering stillbirth and early neonatal mortality separately, considerable associations between stillbirth and reproductive history of women, are observed, ana it is found that prematurity is the the far most important factor in the early neonatal mortality.

• 대한공업교육학회지
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.111-129
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• 2015

This study tried to investigate the possibility and expectation effect to organize and operate NCS(national competency standards)-based vocational education curriculum in technical specialized high schools and meister high schools and the perceptions of specialty subject teachers about support plans for effective operation of the NCS-based curriculum. For this, the survey was conducted targeting 286 specialty subject teachers in technical specialized high schools and meister high schools. And the results are as follow: First, the specialty subject teachers in the technical specialized high schools and meister high schools recognized that the positive expectation effect can be obtained through the NCS-based vocational education curriculum and the NCS-based vocational education curriculum should very much be applied to the school curriculum but it is impractical to organize and operate the NCS-based vocational education curriculum as the school curriculum from 2016. Second, the specialty subject teachers in the technical specialized high schools and meister high schools recognized that industrial education needs can be analyzed, industry duties-based educational objectives and contents can be set up, industrial duties-based education can be done, the capability to develop and operate teachers' curriculum can be improved, and the NCS-based curriculum will be effective for industrial and academic cooperation and connection with communities by applying it but the realistic possibility will relatively be low. Third, the specialty subject teachers in the technical specialized high schools and meister high schools recognized that tools for practice should be reorganized and expanded, the number of students targeting practical classes should be reduced by 15 to 20 persons, teachers' field education capability should be strengthened, supply and demand of teachers should be supported, industrial and academic cooperation-based field-centered education should be reinforced, and support of the NCS-based teaching materials to be textbooks should be required in terms of operating schools to operate the NCS-based vocational curriculum effectively. Support of finding jobs and field education which correspond with the NCS-based vocational curriculum should be provided, field instruction by ability of the national competency standards should be supported, field practice education projects about the NCS-based vocational curriculum should be provided and introduction and operation of the industrial employee performance evaluation system should be required in terms of the support plans of relevant organizations.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.300-305
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• 2011

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the various NiTi rotary instruments regarding their ability to provide a circular apical preparation. Materials and Methods: 50 single canal roots were selected, cut at the cementodentinal junction and the coronal 1/3 of the canals was flared using Gates Glidden burs. Samples were randomly divided into 5 experimental groups of 10 each. In group I, GT files, Profile 04 and Quantec #9 and #10 files were used. In Group II Lightspeed was used instead of Quantec. In Group III, Orifice shaper, Profile .06 series and Lightspeed were used. In Group IV, Quantec #9 and #10 files were used instead of Lightspeed. In Group V, the GT file and the Profile .04 series were used to prepare the entire canal length. All tooth samples were cut at 1 mm, 3 mm and 5 mm from the apex and were examined under the microscope. Results: Groups II and III (Lightspeed) showed a more circular preparation in the apical 1mm samples than the groups that used Quantec (Group I & IV) or GT files and Profile .04 series.(Group V)(p < 0.05) There was no significant difference statistically among the apical 3, 5 mm samples. In 5 mm samples, most of the samples showed complete circularity and none of them showed irregular shape. Conclusions: Lightspeed showed circular preparation at apical 1 mm more frequently than other instruments used in this study. However only 35% of samples showed circularity even in the Lightspeed Group which were enlarged 3 ISO size from the initial apical binding file (IAF) size. So it must be considered that enlarging 3 ISO size isn't enough to make round preparation.