• Journal of Life Science
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• v.18 no.7
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• pp.974-979
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• 2008

The powdery mildew, a fungal plant disease found in varieties of plant cultures, is occurred by attack with Fusarium sp., Sphaerotheca sp., Leveilluna sp., and Eryshipe sp.. In this study we investigated the control of Fusarium graminearum, a barley powdery mildew fungus, by natural plant extracts. Among the 900 plant extracts tested, Zanthoxylum schinifolium, Ligusticum acutilobum, Bidens frondosa L., Dictamnus dasycarpus, Evodia officinalis, Disporum sessile, Scopolia japonica Max., Styrax japonica S. et Z., Dictamnus dasycarpus Turcz., Sinomenium acutum Rehder et Wils., Eugenia aromaticum, Rubus parvifolius L., Reynoutria elliptica, Coptis chinensis, Paeonia lactiflora Pall., Rheum undalatum, Paeonia suffruticosa, Oenothera odorata Jacq., Euphorbia pekinensis Rupr., and Nepeta cataria were selected based on spore germination inhibition assay. Further mycelial growth inhibition assay with economical and safety considerations led us to finally select Z. schinifolium (sancho) for control of F. graminearum. To produce antifungal sancho extract, methanol was suitable for extraction and subsequent fractionations of the extract showed that the water residue mainly had antifungal activity. The sancho extract and its fractions showed minor antibacterial activity against different pathogenic or food spoilage bacteria, but they did not show any harmful effects against young tomato plant by treatment of $1,000\;{\mu}g/ml$ in green chamber test. These results suggested that the extract of sancho has high potentials on control of a powdery mildew fungus, F. graminearum.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.349-358
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• 2003

Objectives : Aseptic meningitis is a major cause of Korean childhood morbidity late spring and early summer. However, the nationwide incidences of the disease have not been reported. This study was conducted to evaluate the availability of National Health Insurance data (NHID) for the study of an epidemiological trend in the surveillance of aseptic meningitis in children. Methods : All the claims, under A87, A87.8, and A87.9 by ICD-10, among children below 15 years of age, to the National Health Insurance Corporation, between January and December 1998, were extracted. A survey of the medical record of 3,874 cases from 136 general hospitals was peformed. The availability of the NHID was evaluated by the three following methods: 1) The diagnostic accuracy (the positive Predictive value : proportion of the confirmed aseptic meningitis among the subjects registered as above disease-codes in NHID) was evaluated through a chart review, and according to age, gender, month and region of disease-occurrence. 2) The distribution of confirmed cases was compared with the distribution of total subjects from the NHID, for subjects in General hospitals, or the subjects surveyed. 3) The proportion of confirmed CSF test was confirmed, and the relating factor, which was the difference in CSF-test rate, analyzed. Results : Among 3,874 cases, CSF examinations were peformed on 1,845 (47.6%), and the CSF-test rates were different according to the medical utility (admission vs. OPD visit) and the severity of the symptoms and signs. The diagnostic accuracy for aseptic meningitis, and during the epidemic (May-Aug) and sporadic (Sept-Apr) periods, were 85.0 (1,568/1,845), 86.0 (1,239/l,440) and 81.2% (329/405), respectively. The distributions by age, sex, month or period (epidemic/sporadic) and region, in the confirmed cases, were similar to those in the NHID, in both the subjects at General hospitals and in those surveyed, to within ${\pm}7%$. Conclusions : In this paper, the NHID for the subjects registered with an aseptic meningitis disease-code might be available for an epidemiological study on the incidence-estimation of childhood aseptic meningitis, as the NHID could include both the probable and definite cases. On the basis of this result, further studies of time-series and secular trend analyses, using the NHID, will be peformed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.29-37
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• 2011

The purpose of this research is to measure Quality of Life indices using Factor Analysis and Principle Component Analysis and to analyze the spatial patterns of Quality of life distribution in the Seoul Metropolitan Area in terms of spatial association using spatial statistics and spatial exploratory technique. In order to check the degree of clustering, this study used spatial autocorrelation indices, global Moran's I index. In addition, local scale analysis was conducted using Moran Scatterplot and Local Moran's I to identify the spatial association pattern and the high Quality of life. The analysis based on global statics showed that, in the Seoul Metropolitan Area, QoL Indices had been distributed with positive spatial association. According to the local spatial statistics, the general tendency of clustering H-H clusters which were mainly concentrated on the Seoul, L-H clusters were concentrated on the Kyunggi-Do and L-L Clusters showed the regional extent of lagging behind. However, in case of H-H, L-H Clusters they had been spread out in the Newtown as population increase.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.111-120
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• 2012

Purpose: The aim of this study is to investigate the colonization rate of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in neonates by different clinical characteristics, to presume the origin of MRSA acquisition, and to identify the risk factors associated with MRSA colonization. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 1,733 neonates admitted to Seoul Eulji hospital Neonatal Intensive Care Unit between January 2008 and December 2011. Nasal, inguinal and rectal swab specimens were obtained upon admission and each week until discharge. We classified the route of MRSA acquisition as; hospital associated (HA-MRSA) and community associated (CA-MRSA) according to the case definition. Results: Among 1,733 neonates, 415 (23.9%) were colonized with MRSA. Gestational age, birth weight, delivery type, maternal antibiotics usage before delivery, birth place and care place before admission were influencing factors in colonization of MRSA. The colonization rate was significantly high in neonates without maternal prophylactic antibiotics use before delivery than in the other group (relative risk 2.77, 95% CI 1.88-4.07; P<0.01), and outborns showed higher MRSA colonization rate compared to inborns (relative risk 2.28, 95% CI 1.17-4.42; P=0.015). Conclusion: We identified the neonatal MRSA colonization rate to be 23.9%. We estimated HA-MRSA colonization rate to be 10% (51/511) and CA-MRSA colonization rate to be 36% (309/858). We ascertained that risk factors in MRSA colonization in neonates were prophylactic use of antibiotics in mothers and the birth place.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.34-41
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• 2001

Passive samplers have been used for personal, indoor, and outdoor air monitoring of VOCs at ppb concentrations in community and office environments. The path length of modified passive sampler was shortened, so it was intended to increase an uptake rate. The performance of the modified 3M 3500 organic vapor monitor(OVM) as a tool for assessing exposures to toxic air pollutants in nonoccupational community environments was evaluated using combined controlled test atmospheres of six selected target volatile organic compounds(VOCs): benzene, methyl tert-butyl ether(MTBE), chloroform, 1,4-dichlorobenzene, tetrachloroethylene, and toluene. The experiments were conducted by exposing the dosimeters to concentrations of $50{\sim}100{\mu}g/m^3$ on six face velocity(0.00, 0.02, 0.06, 0.12, 0.20, 0.30 m/sec) for 24 hours. If the uptake rate was increased, that means that we could use the passive sampler more effectively. The uptake rates were increased linearly according to reduce the path length. Although the diffusion path length was shortened, the change of uptake rate was within ${\pm}25%$ of theoretical value, indicating that the modified passive sampler(TM) can be effectively used over the range of concentrations and environmental conditions tested with a 24-h sampling period if the face velocities were over 0.12 m/s for 6 components of VOCs. But when the face velocities were less than 0.12 m/s, uptake rates were reduced more than expected values. So, the passive sampler with the shortened path length should be used at indoor or outdoor environment where the face velocity should be over about 0.10 m/s. If the path length was shortened more, the uptake rate was more effected by starvation.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.25-32
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• 2010

The yellowing is always occurred phenomena in epoxy restoration material of antic-ceramics. For re-restoration of remains with epoxy restoration material, the epoxy elimination step is the first one in all course of restoration In this paper, the chemically elimination treatments methods of epoxy in various antic-ceramics were discussed. We fabricated the epoxy elimination material for antic-ceramics restoration which were made up Dichloromethane and Dichlormethane based Dimethylformamide solution. Dichloromethane and Dichloromethane + Dimethylformamide mixture were applied to epoxy in various antic-ceramic sample. Particularly, Dichloromethane + Dimethylformamide solution had the best result in variation of color change, gloss, vending strength, weight, exfoliation time test after deposition in this solution. Dichloromrthane had the volume increase characteristics for epoxy material and Dimethylformamide had the mollification ones. So, Dichloromathane increased exfoliation in approximal surface of the epoxy material and antic ceramic, and Dimethylformamide decreased the surface hardness of epoxy. In this result, epoxy material even inside of ceramic that have very weak inside bonding is adaptable and stable eliminated. And in order to show the perfect elimination of this material, we successfully dissolve the epoxy restoration material in one antic pottery that is in one university museum's possession using this mixture. So, there is guarantee in the eternity and stabilization of restoration for antic-ceramics.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.253-262
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• 2016

As a basic research to investigate geographical variations of diseases, this study analyzes and compares spatial patterns of 24 different diseases in South Korea using prevalence rate data provided by Community Health Survey in 2012. Descriptive statistical analysis, global Moran’s I computation, and disease mapping were conducted to examine spatial associations and patterns of each disease. After the unique spatial patterns and distinctive spatial associations of each disease were observed, we concluded that 12 diseases displayed statistically significant spatial autocorrelation while the other 12 showed no spatial associations. This study suggests that diseases are caused by different risk factors and possess different etiological mechanisms. Furthermore, the study may lay foundation for future studies of geographical variations of disease prevalence in South Korea.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.318-340
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• 2006

In the last decade, there has been a widespread interest in knowledge production activities as a new engine of endogeneous growth. In the knowledge-based economy, there has been a growing importance of the patent as the index of knowledge production. Much literature suggests that knowledge production activities tend to be spatially concentrated and formed the clusters in the advanced economies. The purpose of this paper is to analyze spatial-temporal patterns of knowledge production activities in Korea based on a data set of patents from 1981-2000. This paper uses spatial statistical methods and GIS to explore the spatial dimensions of knowledge production activities in Korea. Through this research, it was found that knowledge production activities were unevenly distributed. The knowledge production activity measured by patent counts is highly concentrated in a limited number of cities. The top 10 cities accounted for 68.5% of the total number of patents in the period of 1981-2000, suggesting the existence of a strong concentration of knowledge production activities in Korea. The locations of knowledge production activities by themselves represented a strong spatial autocorrelation. The concentration of knowledge production activities in Korea is spatially correlated to the concentration of adjacent neighboring cities. The location of knowledge production activities is not free from a spatial context and spillover of knowledge production activities are heavily bounded within geographic limits, forming a spatial cluster. There appear some quite a large spatial cluster around the seoul metropolitan area.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.961-987
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• 2012

The present study is to investigate the characteristics and determinants of spatial distribution of strong small farm by defining the term, strong small farm (SSF) extracting the SSF households data dealing with apples, from 2010 Census of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Korea. Spatial distribution and concentration of SSF are analyzed based on spatial clustering techniques. We construct discrete dependent variables on strong and non-strong small farms and then analyze the determinants of the SSFs using probit model, with independent variables including population and economic characteristics and management characteristics. As of 2010, the apple SSFs, 1,529 households in total, are geographically concentrated in Gyeonsangbuk-do according to the analysis results. The determinants of SSF are similar to those of farms' earnings. When located in the apple producing area, and participating in producers organization while selling products directly, the farm is highly likely an SSF. The findings and results of the present study are expected to provide fundamental information helpful for preparing and implementing policies for SSFs in that the present study investigates the characteristics of SSF, which is a prerequisite step for SSF-related policies.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.73-84
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• 2014

This research has conducted historical data analysis and on-site investigation on Chungam Pavilion and Seokchun Valley in Bonghwa. Based on the results, the original planting form was identified, and the vegetation management were drawn up. The results of this study can be summarized as follows. First of all, The Book of Seokchun states that there used to be forest trees such as pine tree, saw-leaf zelkova and maple tree, and flowering trees such as peony, royal azalea, rose, chrysanthemum, and lotus, planted around Chungamjeong. Around Seokchunjeongsa, there used to be boxwood, bamboo, maple, peach, gooseberry and peony planted in the area. Through this discovery it can be realized that the vicinity of Chungam Pavilion and Seokchunjeongsa provided not only the grand aesthetics of four clear seasons, but also planting landscapes with various symbolistic significance and meanings. The description of the planting situation in the historical records offers a useful reference for future vegetation management in Chungam Pavilion, Seokchunjeongsa and surrounding valleys. Furthermore, it holds critical value in the identification of planting pattern in late Chosun dynasty. Second, the planting landscape in and around Chungam Pavilion and Seokchunjeongsa will have to be maintained as described in the historical records The Book of Seokchun. Also, the once famous colony of pine trees in the area is gradually reducing in its scale, which calls for active management measures such as elimination of broadleaf trees.