• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.383-395
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• 2008

The grouting is one of the improved techniques which is aim to decrease the permeability and to strengthen the soft ground. But The grouting method has many problems about a suitability of grouting procedure and an effectiveness of grouting after grouting work because of a technical characteristic operated inside the soil. The grouting $p{\sim}q{\sim}t$ chart of a typical index about grouting rate and time alteration of grouting pressure is one method to estimate the suitability of grouting factor with monitoring during grouting procedure. This study is automatic grouting system (AGS) which can control the testing and grouting procedures. It can make the detailed $p{\sim}q{\sim}t$ chart and analyze the grouting characters of the ground by comparing the detailed pattern of $p{\sim}q{\sim}t$ chart with standard pattern. If using the $p{\sim}q{\sim}t$ chart derived from AGS in the grouting work, it is an objective standard estimating the suitability of grouting factor with grouting materials, grouting method, grouting rate and grouting pressure, as results it expects successfully to improve reliability of the grouting work.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.81-94
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to test the applicability of landscape metrics for quantifying and monitoring the landscape structure in the Geumho River watershed, which has undergone heavy environmental disturbances. Landscape metrics were computed from land cover maps(1985, 1999) for the forest patches. The number of variables were reduced from 12 metrics to 3 factors through factor analysis. These factors accounted for above 91% of the variation in the original metrics. We also determined the relative effects of land development on the changes of forest landscape structure using multiple linear regression analysis. At the forest patches, the conversion of forest to urban areas and agriculture resulted in increased fragmentation. Patch area and patch size decreased. and patch density increased as a result of the conversion of forest to agriculture($R^2=0.696$, p<0.01). The heterogeneity of patch size and complexity of patch shape mainly decreased as a result of the conversion of forest to urban areas($R^2=0.405$, p<0.01). The density of core area and edge showed the tendency increase, but there was no relationship with the conversion of forest to urban area and agriculture The future research will be needed to analyze correlations between landscape structures and specific environmental and socioeconomic landscape functions.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.123-130
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• 2012

거대세포바이러스(Cytomegalovirus; CMV) 감염은 동종조혈모세포이식 환자의 주요 사망원인 중 하나이다. 용량감소전처치(Reduced-intensity conditioning; RIC)를 이용한 조혈모세포이식은 골수억제전처치(Myeloablative conditioning; MAC)에 비해 골수억제 및 면역억제가 적으므로 CMV 감염 발생율을 감소시킬 것이라 예상되었으나 예방적 면역억제요법, T세포 제거 약제의 사용 등으로 서로 상이한 결과가 보고되고 있다. 2007년 1월부터 2009년 12월까지 총 141명의 환자(MAC 113명, RIC 28명)가 동종조혈모세포이식을 받았으며, CMV 감염은 MAC 62.8%, RIC 57.1% (p = 0.310), CMV 질환은 각각 12.4%, 14.3% (p = 0.785)에서 발생하였다. CMV 감염/질환 발생빈도와 CMV 항원 혈증검사 지속기간, 초기/최고치, 생존율은 두 군간 유의한 차이가 없었다. CMV 감염 위험인자에 대한 다변량분석 결과, 환자가 고령일수록(HR 1.024, 95% CI 1.002-1.045; p = 0.031) 또는 grade 2 이상의 급성 이식편대숙주병이 발생한 경우에(HR 1.849, 95% CI 1.031-3.315; p=0.039) CMV 감염 발생 위험율이 유의하게 높았다. 결론적으로, 전처치요법 강도에 따른 CMV 감염의 발생빈도와 발현양상의 차이는 없었으나, 고령이거나 grade 2 이상의 급성 이식편대숙주병이 발생한 환자의 경우 CMV 감염 발생과 유의한 연관성을 보였다. 이상과 같은 결과에 비춰 봐서 CMV 질환이 대부분 이식 100일 이후에 발생한 점을 고려할 때, 이식 후 CMV 감염 발생 시 ganciclovir 선제요법과 함께 이들 환자들에게 지속적인 모니터링을 실시하는 것이 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.32 no.1B
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• pp.71-78
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• 2012

The habitat suitability is an important factor to estimate the distribution and size of the physical habitat in river. This suitability is also a key factor to decide the ecological flow discharge for the fish. For the ecological analysis in river, accurate values of habitat suitability index for various fishes are necessary. In general, fish habitat is affected by the physical factor of the flow depth and velocity as well as the chemical and biological factors of nutrient and attached algae. Thus, the condition of the fish habitat is expected to be changed with each watershed and tributary. In this study, the habitat suitability indices for fishes were proposed by using the field monitoring data in the rivers of the Han and Geum river watersheds. The proposed indices for three fishes are compared: Zacco platypus, Zacco temminckii, and Coreoleuciscus splendidus. The results show that Zacco platypus has a similar distribution of habitat suitability index in two watersheds. Zacco temminckii and Coreoleuciscus splendidus, however, have different distributions with watersheds. Also, for Zacco platypus, the developed indices at three tributaries of the Han river are compared: Cheng-mi stream, Dal stream, and Hong-cheon stream. The comparision shows that the index in the Cheng-mi stream is different with those in the other rivers. This is expected to be because of a high nutrient concentration at the Cheong-mi stream.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.35-43
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• 2013

We analyzed the relationships between backscattering coefficients of wheat measured by COSMO-SkyMed SAR and biophysical measurements such as biomass, vegetation water content, and soil moisture over an entire wheat growth period. Backscattering coefficients increased until DOY 129 and then decreased along with fresh weight, dry weight, and vegetation water content. Correlation analysis between backscattering and wheat growth parameters revealed that backscatter correlated well with fresh weight (r=0.88), vegetation water content (r=0.87), and dry weight (r=0.80), while backscatter did not correlated with soil moisture (r=0.18). Prediction equations for estimation of wheat growth parameters from the backscattering coefficients were developed.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.215-222
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• 2013

In this study, the nutrient concentration changes along the hydrologic flow path of a free water surface flow constructed wetland (CW) treating agricultural stream runoff was investigated. Dry sampling was performed from April 2009 to November 2011 at five locations representing each treatment units of the CW. Grab water samples were analyzed for nitrogen forms such as total nitrogen (TN), total Kjeldahl nitrogen, nitrate, and ammonium; and phosphorus forms including total phosphorus (TP) and phosphate. Findings revealed that the physical properties such as temperature, dissolved oxygen and pH affected the TP retention in the CW. High nutrient reduction was observed after passing the first sedimentation zone indicating the importance of settling process in the retention of nutrients. However, it was until the 85% of the length of the CW where nutrient retention was greatest indicating the deposition of nutrients at the alternating shallow and deep marshes. TN and TP concentration seemed to increase at the final sedimentation zone (FSZ) suggesting a possible nutrient source in this segment of the CW. It was therefore recommended to reduce or possibly remove the FSZ in the CW for an optimum performance, smaller spatial allocation and lesser construction expenses for similar systems.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.8-16
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• 2018

This study examined the long-term behavior of a roadbed using high-speed railway concrete track and roadbed measurement data and evaluated the long-term performance of the track and roadbed. Recently, high-speed railway track type has been adopted as a concrete slab. On the other hand, the concrete track is vulnerable to roadbed settlement. In the case of gravel tracks, it is easy to restore the original state by maintenance even if the roadbed settles. On the other hand, in the case of the concrete track, if excessive settlement of the roadbed occurs, cracks are generated continuously on the slabs and sleepers, resulting in greatly reduced usability. For this reason, it is difficult to restore the original state only by partial maintenance. In this paper, a long-term performance evaluation was carried out on a concrete track during operation by monitoring the measurement data of sensors buried from the beginning of construction for approximately 3 years after the high-speed railway opened. Performance evaluation methods include a performance evaluation of track/roadbed when the train passes, long-term track and roadbed performance evaluation, analysis of the track/roadbed effect on long-term settlement and analysis of the factors influencing long-term settlement. The trail response of KTX-Sancheon was greatest in the track/roadbed performance evaluation by train. The results of the long-term track and roadbed performance evaluation were measured within the standard values. The track and roadbed performance impact assessment with long-term settlement was strongly related to TCL settlement. The influences of the water content and groundwater level were verified by analyzing the external factors of long-term settlement. Through such a method, the stability of a track/roadbed can be secured.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.36 no.3 s.104
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• pp.269-276
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• 2003

The study was performed to understand the relationships of cyanobacterial bloom and environmental factors in Lake Daechung. The samples were collected weekly from June to October in 2001. The cyanobacterial bloom was divided into the three phases of the early phase, the middle phase and the late phase by phytoplankton standing crops. For the early phase, the correlation coefficients between chl- a and TP, and chl- a and $PO_4$-P were 0.986 and 0.894 respectively. Therefore, phosphorus was a main environmental factor in the development of cyanobacterial bloom. Zeu/Zm ratio and chl-a showed negative correlation of r = -0.995. At the late phase, $PO_4$-P showed the highest relationship (r = 0.958), and TP and temperature showed relatively high relationships (r = 0.857 and r = 0.813). At the late phase, $NH_3$-N showed highly positive relationship (r = 0.921). It was confirmed that $PO_4$-P was the most important contribution factor for the bloom through the regression analysis on the environmental factors. As the result, the decrease of Zeu/Zm ratio and the increase of P concentration influenced cyanobacterial bloom developed rapidly in the early phase. Also the cyanobacterial bloom was decreased in proportion to decreasing of $NH_3$-N concentration in the late phase. It was expected that observation of $NH_3$-N may be a very useful factor on monitoring of the decreasing situation of the bloom.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.83-90
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• 2012

The objective of the study was to estimate the measurement uncertainty associated with determination of creatinine (Cr) in urine samples by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Centrifuged urine samples (10 ${\mu}L$) were diluted with 390 ${\mu}L$ of distilled water. To 20 ${\mu}L$ aliquots of diluted urine samples, 30 ${\mu}L$ of internal standard solution (Cr-$d_3$, 5 ${\mu}g/mL$) and 10 ${\mu}L$ of acetonitrile were added and filtered. The samples (1 ${\mu}L$) were introduced into LC-MS/MS with no further pretreatment. Cr was separated on a multi-mode ODS column (Scherzo SM-C18, 75 ${\times}$ 2.0 mm I.D., 3 ${\mu}m$) and quantified by LC-MS/MS operating in MRM mode (Cr, m/z 114.0${\rightarrow}$ 86.0; Cr-$d_3$, m/z 117.0${\rightarrow}$ 89.1). The four factors that contribute uncertainty to the final result were extracted and evaluated. The principal factors of contribution to combined standard uncertainty were sample dilution, calibration curve and repeatability, while the preparation of standard solution was only a minor factor. Relative extended uncertainty of the measured concentration was 14.2% in a real urine sample.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.61-67
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• 2020

ESS-based buildings are being widely studied as an effective methods for saving energy with ZEB, BEMS, and FEMS. However, in large scale buildings, there are many energy-consuming facilities, so it is necessary to identify important energy-consuming facilities to build a real-time measurement system. In addition, there are a myriad of factors that affect the dependent variable of energy use, therefore there is a limitation that effective energy management is difficult. Therefore, this study applied the measurement boundary setting methodology according to the energy supply status through due diligence for the demonstration ESS distribution logistics facility, and suggested the methodolgy for presenting priority for the construction of the measurement system. Afterwards, the impact variables that Acting as an independent variable affecting the energy consumption of the distribution and logistics facilities were categorized into intrinsic and meteorological variables. Lastly, all factors that could affect the energy consumption of the actual distribution and logistics facilities, were classified and presented as guidelines list. By applying the results of this study, it is possible to build a monitoring system at a low cost and high efficiency in a distribution and logistics facility with a complex structure. And by identifying the main independent variables for the measured energy consumption, effectively identifying trends in energy consumption and deriving saving points It is expected to be able to operate the ESS-based infrastructure.