• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.571-576
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• 2007

Manganese-Coated Sand(MCS) prepared with three different methods were applied in the treatment of soluble $Mn^{2+}$ in batch and column experiments. In the bench-scale MCS preparation, the coating efficiency of manganese on the surface of sand increased as the dosage of initial Mn(II) increased. The removed amount of the soluble $Mn^{2+}$ by MCS increased as the solution pH increased, following a typical anionic-type adsorption. The removed amounts of the soluble $Mn^{2+}$ through adsorption was quite similar over the entire pH range, without depending on the contents of Mn on the surface of sand as well as coating methods. When NaClO was used an oxidant, the removed amount of the soluble $Mn^{2+}$ by MCS increased as the concentration of NaClO increased, This trend might be explained by the increased removal efficiency through coating of manganese oxides produced from oxidation of the soluble $Mn^{2+}$ by NaClO on the surface of MCS. From the bench-scale column experiments, the breakthrough of $Mn^{2+}$ occurred after 4,100 bed volume without presence of NaClO while 1.6-times delayed breakthrough of $Mn^{2+}$ was observed in the presence of NaClO. This result also supports that the removal efficiency of the soluble $Mn^{2+}$ could be enhanced by using NaClO.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.54-60
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• 2006

[ $MnO_2$ ]-Coated Sand(MCS) was prepared with variation of coating temperature, coating time, and dosage of initial Fe(III) with two kinds of sands such as Joomoonjin and quartz sand. An optimum condition for the preparation MCS was determined from the coating efficiency as well as the oxidation efficiency of As(III). Coating efficiency of Mn was strongly dependent on the coating temperature but quite similar over the investigated coating time, showing an increased coating efficiency at higher coating temperature. In contrast to coating efficiency, the oxidation efficiency of As(III) by MCS was severely reduced as increase of coaling temperature. By considering these results, an optimum coating temperature and time for the preparation of MCS was selected as $150^{\circ}C$ and 1-hr, respectively. Coating efficiency increased as the dosage of initial Mn(II) increased, while As(III) oxidation was maximum at 0.8 Mn(II) mol/kg sand. The solution pH was identified as an important parameter affecting stability of MCS, and dissolution of Mn from MCS increased as pH decreased. Oxidation rate of As(III) increased as the dosage of MCS increased as well as solution pH decreased.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.31 no.7
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• pp.473-482
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• 2009

In this study, iron and manganese coated sand (IMCS) was prepared by mixing Joomoonjin sand with solutions having different molar ratio of manganese ($Mn^{2+}$) and iron ($Fe^{3+}$). Mineral type of IMCS was analyzed by X-ray diffraction spectroscopy. Removal efficiency of arsenic through As(III) oxidation and As(V) adsorption by IMCS having different ratio of Mn/Fe was evaluated. The coated amount of total Mn and Fe on all IMCS samples was less than that on sand coated with iron-oxide alone (ICS) or manganese-oxide alone (MCS). The mineral type of the manganese oxide on MCS and iron oxides on ICS were identified as ${\gamma}-MnO_2$ and mixture of goethite and magnetite, respectively. The same mineral type was appeared on IMCS. Removed amount As(V) by IMCS was greatly affected by the content of Fe rather than by the content of Mn. Adsorption of As(V) by IMCS was little affected by the presence of monovalent and divalent electrolytes. However a greatly reduced As(V) adsorption as observed in the presence of trivalent electrolyte such as $PO_4\;^{3-}$. As(III) oxidation efficiency by MCS in the presence of NaCl or $NaNO_3$ was two times greater than that in the presence of $PO_4\;^{3-}$. Meanwhile a greater As(III) oxidation efficiency was observed by IMCS in the presence of $PO_4\;^{3-}$. This was explained by the competitive adsorption between phosphate and arsenate on the surface of IMCS.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.62-69
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• 2008

In this study physicochemical characteristics and stability of various manganese coated sands (MCS) prepared with different methods were evaluated. In addition, removal efficiencies of As(III) by each MCS were compared. Four different MCSs were used; B-MCS prepared by baking method, W&D-MCS prepared by wetting and dry method, NMCS prepared during the water treatment process and Birm which is a commercial MCS widely used for the removal iron and manganese. The manganese content in each MCS was following order: Birm (63,120 mg/kg) > N-MCS (10,400 mg/kg) >W&D-MCS (5,080 mg/kg) > B-MCS (2,220 mg/kg). Birm showed the least solubility (% basis) in acidic conditions. As(III) oxidation efficiency of B-MCS was continuously increased as the solution pH decreased. While As(III) oxidation efficiency of N-MCS and Birm was minimum around neutral pH. The increased As(III) oxidation efficiency above neutral pH for N-MCS and Birm could be due to the competitive adsorption of $Mn^{2+}$, which was produced from reduction of $MnO_2$, onto the surface of aluminum and manganese oxides.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.31 no.8
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• pp.619-626
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• 2009

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of Fe and Mn oxides coated granular activated carbons (FMOCGs) for the removal of arsenite and arsenate by oxidation and adsorption mechanisms using surface characterization and batch adsorption experiments. Within four manufactured adsorbents, Fe and Mn contents of FMOCG-1 was the highest (178.12 mg Fe/g and 11.25 mg Mn/g). In kinetic results, As(III) was removed by oxidation and adsorption with FMOCGs. Removal of arsenic by FMOCGs increased as pH value of the solution decreased. The adsorption isotherm results were well fitted with Langmuir isotherm. Adsorption amount of As(V) onto FMOCGs was higher than that of As(III) and the maximum adsorption capacities of FMOCGs for As(III) and As(V) were 1.38~8.44 mg/g and 2.91~9.63 mg/g, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.85-92
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• 2011

Evaluation of the removal efficiencies of Fe(II) by reactive sand media coated with manganese (MCS), iron (ICS) and both of iron and manganese (IMCS) was investigated as functions of solution pH ranging from 2 to 9, reaction time and concentration of Fe(II) in a batch reactor using each reactive medium and additional oxidants such as $KMnO_4$ and NaOCl. When only Fe(II) was present in solution without any reactive medium, removal of Fe(II) was quite low below pH 5 due to a slow oxidation of Fe(II) and/or negligible precipitation but greatly increased above pH 5 due to a rapid oxidation of Fe(II) and subsequent precipitation of oxidized Fe species. ICS showed negligible efficiency on the removal of Fe(II) through adsorption. However, an efficient removal of Fe(II) was observed at low solution pH in the presence of IMCS or MCS through rapid oxidation and subsequent precipitation. Removal efficiency of Fe(II) by IMCS in the presence or absence of NaOCl was quite similar. Removal rate of Fe(II) by IMCS and additional oxidants gradually increased as the solution pH increased. From the kinetic experiments, removal pattern of Fe(II) was better described by pseudo-second-order equation than pseudo-first-order equation. A rapid removal of Fe(II) using IMCS in the presence of $KMnO_4$ was observed in the first 10 min. The initial removal rate of Fe(II) using $KMnO_4$ was 14,286 mg/kg hr. In case of using NaOCl, the removal of Fe(II) occurred rapidly in the first 6 hrs and then reached the near-equilibrium state. Removal of Fe(II) on IMCS was well expressed by Langmuir isotherm and the maximum removal capacity of Fe(II) was calculated as 1,088 mg/kg.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.28-33
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• 1988

$MoS_2$의 상용 고체 윤할제 코팅의 마찰 계수를 하중 100-1000g, Sliding 속도 분당 91-608m 의 범위에서 측정하여 고체윤활체(Sandsttrom 9A)의 하중과 Sliding 속도에 따른 마찰특성을 조사한 결, 하중이 증가함에 따라 또한 Sliding 속도가 증가함에 따른 마찰 계수가 감소함을 나타났다. 또한 고체윤할제 코팅의 전처리인 인삼염 피막처리의 열적특성을 망간계와 아연계 인삼염 피막에 대하여 TGA 와 DTA 방법으로 비교 분석하여 망간계 피막이 아연계 피막에 비하여 열적으로 안정하여 적합함을 밝혔다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Surface Engineering Conference
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• 2017.05a
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• pp.83-83
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• 2017

생체재료의 표면은 이식과 동시에 생체계면의 역할을 하게 되어, 일련의 생물학적 반응이 시작되고 진행되는 중요한 장소가 된다. 초기에 생체계면에서 일어나는 단백질 흡착이나 염증반응을 비롯한 생물학적 반응들은 궁극적으로 임플란트의 성패를 좌우할 만큼 중요하다. 골융합을 개선하기 위한 다른 방법으로 생체불활성의 타이타늄 (Ti)과 골조직의 능동적인 반응을 이루기 위해 생체활성 표면을 부여함으로서 계면에서의 골형성 반응을 증진시키는 방법이 이용된다. 생체불활성의 Ti과 Ti합금은 골조직과 직접적인 결합을 이루지 못하므로, 골조직과의 반응을 향상하기 위해 여러 종류의 생체활성 재료를 코팅하는 방법이 연구되어 왔고, 이 중 생체의 변화와 가장 유사한 하이드록시아파타이트 코팅이 가장 대중적인 방법으로 사용되었으며 이는 초기 골형성을 촉진하는 것으로 알려졌다. 치과용 임플란트의 표면형상과 화학조성이 골 융합에 영향을 미치는 가장 중요한 인자이므로 최근의 연구동향은 이들 두 가지 표면특성을 결합함으로서 결과적으로 최적의 골세포반응을 유도하고, 골융합 후 골조직과의 micromechanical interlocking에 의해 임플란트의 안정성에 중요한 역할을 하는 마이크론 단위의 표면조도와 표면 구조를 유지하면서, 부가적으로 골 조직 반응을 능동적으로 개선할 수 있는 생체활성 성분을 부여하여 골 융합에 상승효과를 이루기 위한 표면처리법에 관해 많은 연구가 요구되어지고 있다. 따라서 골을 구하는 원소인 망간과 실리콘으로 치환된 하이드록시아파타이트를 플라즈마 전해 산화법으로 코팅하여 세포와 잘 결합할 수 있는 표면을 제공함으로써 골 융합과 치유기간을 단축시킬 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. 실험방법은 시편은 치과 임플란트 제작 합금인 Ti-6Al-4V ELI disk (grade 5, Timet Co., USA; diameter, 10 mm, thickness, 3 mm)이며, calcium acetate monohydrate, calcium glycerophosphate, manganese(II) acetate tetrahydrate, sodium metasilicate을 설계조건에 따라 혼합 제조된 전해질 용액을 이용하여 플라즈마 전해 산화법으로 표면 코팅을 실시하였다. 각 시편의 플라즈마 전해시 전압은 280V로 인가하였고, 전류밀도는 70mA로 정전류를 공급하여 해당 인가전압 도달 후 3분 동안 정전압 방식을 유지하였다. 코팅된 피막 표면을 주사전자현미경과 X-선 회절분석을 통하여 미세구조 및 결정상을 관찰하였다. 또한 코팅된 표면의 생체활성 평가는 정량적으로 평가하기 위해 동전위시험과 AC 임피던스를 통하여 시행하였다. 분극거동을 확인하기 위해 potentiostat (Model PARSTAT 2273, EG&G, USA)을 이용하여 구강 내 환경과 유사한 $36.5{\pm}1^{\circ}C$의 0.9 wt.% NaCl에서 실시하였다. 전기화학적 부식 거동은 potentiodynamic 방법으로 조사하였고 인가전위는 -1500 mV에서 2000 mV까지 분당 1.67 mV/min 의 주사속도로 인가하여 시험을 수행하였다. 임피던스 측정은 potentiostat (Model PARSTAT 2273, EG&G, USA)을 이용하였으며, 측정에 사용한 주파수 영역은 10mHz ~ 100kHz 까지의 범위로 하여 조사하였고 ZSimWin(Princeton applied Research, USA) 소프트웨어를 사용하여 용액의 저항, 분극 저항 값을 산출하였다. 망간의 함량이 증가할수록 불규칙한 기공을 보였으며, 실리콘은 $TiO_2$ 산화막 형성을 저해하는 경향을 확인할 수 있었다. 단독으로 표면을 처리한 경우보다 두 가지 원소를 이용해 복합 표면처리를 시행한 경우가 내식성이 좋아 임플란트과의 골 유착에 긍정적인 영향을 미칠 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.454-459
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• 2010

This study investigated the applicability of manganese coated media such as manganese coated sand (MCS), manganese coated sericite (MCSe) and manganese coated starfish material calcined at $550^{\circ}C$ (MCSf) to remove Mn(II) in synthetic wastewater. Manganese coated media prepared at different pH was applied in the treatment of soluble Mn(II) in batch and column experiments at various Mn(II) concentrations. The amount of Mn coated on three different media was approximately 800~1100 mg/kg. From the stability test, negligible dissolution of Mn was observed above pH 3.0. In batch test, more than 40% of Mn(II) was removed by all sand media at various manganese concentrations. In order to see the effect of additional oxidant for the removal of Mn(II), 4 mg/L of hypochlorite was added in Mn(II) solution during column experiment. Breakthrough of Mn(II) was greatly retarded in the presence of hypochlorite in all column reactors packed with different media. Among the manganese coated media, MCSf prepared at pH 4 indicated the highest removal capacity. The removal efficiency of Mn(II) was also increased in the multi-layer system (0.5 g of MCS, MCSe, and MCSf each).

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers Conference
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.371-374
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• 2008

The performance of several catalysts to decompose the high test peroxide (HTP) was described in this paper. Manganese oxide, Platinum and Iridium were coated on the gamma alumina. The response time of various catalysts was measured with a 50 Newton class thruster. Ir/$Al_2O_3$ that showed the fastest response time at the thruster, failed the reaction when continuous mode test was carried out with the thruster. Pt/$Al_2O_3$ and MnO_2/Al_2O_3$ can be substitutes to decompose the HTP. In addition, for larger thruster, MnO_2/Al_2O_3$ can be a good catalyst because its cost is below 5 % of Pt/$Al_2O_3$.