• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.517-520
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• 2006

The leaching behaviors of zinc and manganese oxides of spent alkaline manganeses battery in sulfuric acid solution by using $H_{2}O_{2}$ as a reducing agent were investigated according to the concentration of $H_{2}SO_{4}$, temperature, reaction time, and the amount of $H_{2}O_{2}$. The experimental results of zinc and manganeses dissolution rates obtained without a reducing agent at 100 g/L solid/liquid ratio, 3.0 M $H_{2}SO_{4}$, $60^{\circ}C$ and 200 r.p.m. were 97.7% and 43.5%, respectively. On the other hand, zinc and manganeses dissolution rates obtained by adding 30 mL reducing agent at $60^{\circ}C$ were 99.6% and 97.1%, respectively. The addition of the reducing agent increased the leaching of manganese by two-fold compared to the absence of a reducing agent. In case of adding over 30 mL $H_{2}O_{2}$, however, the leaching rates of zinc and manganeses were independent of reducing agent amounts.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.331-339
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• 2008

In the upstream of Nakdong river in Bonghwa-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do, certain areas of riverside were found to be covered by weathered mine tailings which were assumed to be migrated and deposited by flood. This study was conducted to investigate the formation and characteristics of the secondary minerals from tailings and related leaching behavior of heavy metals in the severely weathered tailing deposits by river waters. Quartz, feldspar, micas, chlorite, hornblende, talc, pyroxene (johannsenite), pyrite, and calcite were identified as primary minerals by XRD. Kaolinite can be formed by the weathering of tailings, but considering the short period of weathering time, kaolinite in the deposits is considered to be from unweathered tailings or moved from soils. The secondary minerals such as goethite, gypsum, basanite, and jarosite were also identified. The formation of the secondary minerals was affected by the species of primary minerals and pH conditions. The weathering of pyrite produced sulfate minerals such as gypsum, basanite, jarosite, and also goethite. Mn oxide was also identified by SEM, coated on the primary minerals such as quartz. This Mn oxide was poorly crystalline and thought to be the weathering product of johannsenite (Mn-pyroxene). The Fe and Mn oxides are the main minerals determining the brown/red and black colors of weathered tailings. EDS results showed that those oxides contain high concentrations of Pb, Zn, and As, indicating that, in the river, the formation of Fe and Mn oxides can control the behavior and leaching of heavy metals by co-precipitation or adsorption.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.81-86
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• 2013

A series of birnessite was synthesized at 25, 40, 60, and $80^{\circ}C$, respectively. Intensities of XRD and the ratio of signal to noise of the peaks for samples increases with increasing temperature up to $60^{\circ}C$, whereas the intensity and ratio for a sample synthesized at $80^{\circ}C$ decrease, showing that crystallinity of the birnessite synthesized at $60^{\circ}C$ is better than that of the synthesized at $80^{\circ}C$. However, BET surface areas for these two samples show that the surface area increases 39.4 to 89.7 $m^2/g$ with increasing synthesizing temperature from 60 up to $80^{\circ}C$, indicating that a small surface area is shown in a well-crystallized birnessite rather than that of a poorly crystallized birnessite. SEM images show that morphologies for samples are seriously influenced by temperature. The morphology of the synthesized at 25 shows a round-shape, while a plate-like morphology is shown in the synthesized birnessite at $80^{\circ}C$. In addition, a porous layered structure is also shown in the synthesized birnessite at $80^{\circ}C$. These results suggest that physicochemical properties of the synthesized birnessite are sensitively affected by mechanical changes of parameters such as temperature during the synthesization.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.571-576
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• 2007

Manganese-Coated Sand(MCS) prepared with three different methods were applied in the treatment of soluble $Mn^{2+}$ in batch and column experiments. In the bench-scale MCS preparation, the coating efficiency of manganese on the surface of sand increased as the dosage of initial Mn(II) increased. The removed amount of the soluble $Mn^{2+}$ by MCS increased as the solution pH increased, following a typical anionic-type adsorption. The removed amounts of the soluble $Mn^{2+}$ through adsorption was quite similar over the entire pH range, without depending on the contents of Mn on the surface of sand as well as coating methods. When NaClO was used an oxidant, the removed amount of the soluble $Mn^{2+}$ by MCS increased as the concentration of NaClO increased, This trend might be explained by the increased removal efficiency through coating of manganese oxides produced from oxidation of the soluble $Mn^{2+}$ by NaClO on the surface of MCS. From the bench-scale column experiments, the breakthrough of $Mn^{2+}$ occurred after 4,100 bed volume without presence of NaClO while 1.6-times delayed breakthrough of $Mn^{2+}$ was observed in the presence of NaClO. This result also supports that the removal efficiency of the soluble $Mn^{2+}$ could be enhanced by using NaClO.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.92-111
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• 2011

This study focus on the restoration stone selection of break-out part based on material characteristics analysis and the conservational safety diagnosis using various nondestructive techniques for Jungdong and Banjukdong Stone Auariums. As a result, the original rocks of the stone aquariums body are porphyritic granodiorite with magnetite-series having igneous lineation, microcline phenocryst, veinlet and basic xenolith. As a result of the provenance presumption of the host rock, a rock around Gamgokri area in Nonsan City was identified the genetically same rock. Therefore, the rock is appropriate for restoration materials of the break-out part. The deterioration assessment showed that the stone aquariums were highly serious scaling, scale off and blackening. Particularly, the front face of Banjukdong stone aquarium needs reinforcement of structural crack (760mm) caused from igneous lineation of biotite. Blackening contaminants on the stone aquariums surface occurred by combining iron oxide, manganese oxide and clay mineral. Also, major factors of efflorescence contaminants were identified as calcite (Jungdong stone aquariums) and gypsum (Banjukdong stone aquariums). The physical characteristics of stone aquariums appeared that the original and new stone is third (moderately weathered) and second grade (slightly weathered), respectively. This study sets up an integrated conservation system from material analysis to restoration stone selection and conservational safety diagnosis of Jungdong and Banjukdong stone aquariums.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.15 no.1 s.68
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• pp.94-99
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• 2005

Sixty four bacterial colonies which were able to oxidize the manganese were isolated from soil samples in Mokcheon and Ochang area. Among them, one bacterial strain was selected for this study based on its higher manganese oxidation, and this selected bacterial strain was identified as Aeromonas sp. MN44 through physiological-biochemical test and analysis of its 16s rRNA sequence. Aeromonas sp. MN44 was able to utilize lactose but did not utilize various carbohydrates as a sole carbon source. Aeromonas sp. MN44 showed a very sensitive to antibiotics such as kanamycin, chloramphenicol, ampicillin, tetracycline and spectinomycin, and heavy metal such as cadmium. But this strain showed a high resistance up to mg/ml unit to heavy metals such as lithium and manganese. Optimal manganese oxidation condition of Aeromonas sp. MN44 was pH 7.4 and manganese oxidation activity was inhibited by proteinase K and boiling treatment. So, we concluded that this factor was protein. The manganese oxidizing factor produced by Aeromonas sp. MN44 was partial purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, DEAE-Toyopearl 650M ion exchange chromatography and Sephadex gel filtration chromatography. Its molecular mass was about 113 kDa.

• Clean Technology
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.277-282
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• 2014

In this study, PU-LMO was made by immobilization of LMO on urethane foam (PU) with using an EVA as a binder. PU-LMO was characterized by using X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The optimal ratio of EVA/LMO for preparation of PU-LMO was 0.26 gEVA/gLMO. The adsorption of lithium ions by PU-LMO was found to follow the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The equilibrium data fitted well with Langmuir isotherm model and the maximum removal capacity of lithium ions was 17.09 mg/g. The PU-LMO was found to have a remarkably high selectivity of lithium ions and high adsorption capacity because the distribution coefficient ($K_d$) of lithium ion was higher than those of other metal ions.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.38 no.11
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• pp.603-610
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• 2016

This work studies the synthesis of birnessite (${\delta}-MnO_2$), a catalyst of oxidative-coupling reactions, from the powder of spent alkaline manganese batteries (SABP, <8 mesh) and evaluate its reactivity for 1-naphthol (1-NP) removals. Manganese oxides using commercial reagents ($MnSO_4$, $MnCl_2$) and the acid birnessite (A-Bir) by McKenzie method were also synthesized, and their crystallinity and reactivity for 1-NP were compared with one another. 96% Mn and 98% Zn were extracted from SABP by acid leaching at the condition of solid/liquid (S/L) ratio 1:10 in $1.0M\;H_2SO_4+10.5%\;H_2O_2$ at $60^{\circ}C$. From the acid leaching solution, 69% (at pH 8) and 94.3% (pH>13) of Mn were separated by hydroxide precipitation. Optimal OH/Mn mixing ratio (mol/mol) for the manganese oxide (MO) synthesis by alkaline (NaOH) hydrothermal techniques was 6.0. Under this condition, the best 1-NP removal efficiency was observed and XRD analysis confirmed that the MOs are corresponding to birnessite. Kinetic constants (k, at pH 6) for the 1-NP removals of the birnessites obtained from Mn recovered at pH 8 (${Mn^{2+}}_{(aq)}$) and pH>13 ($Mn(OH)_{2(s)}$) are 0.112 and $0.106min^{-1}$, respectively, which are similar to that from $MnSO_4$ reagent ($0.117min^{-1}$). The results indicated that the birnessite prepared from the SABP as a raw material could be used as an oxidative-coupling catalyst for removals of trace phenolic compounds in soil and water, and propose the recycle scheme of SAB for the birnessite synthesis.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.38 no.6 s.175
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• pp.675-687
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• 2005

The rocks of the five storied stone pagoda in the Jeongrimsaji temple site are 149 materials in total with porphyritic biotite granodiorite. They include pegmatite veinlet, basic xenolith and evenly developed plagioclase porphyry. This stone pagoda has comparably small fracture and cracks which are farmed in the times of rock properties, but surface exfoliation and granular decomposition are in process actively since the rocks are generally weakened from the influence of air contaminants and acid rain. Structural instability of constituting rocks in the 4th roof materials are observed to occur from distortion and tilt. Such instability is judged to threat stability of the upper part of the stone pagoda. Also, chemical weathering is operating even more as the contaminants, ferro-manganese hydroxides eluted from water-rock interaction on the rock surface. Most of the rock surface is covered with yellowish brown, dark black and light gray contaminants, and especially occur in the lower part of the roof rocks on each floor. The roof underpinning rocks are severe in surface pigmentation from manganese hydroxides and light gray contaminants. The surface of rocks lives bacteria. algae, lichen, or moss and diverse productions in colors of light gray, dark Bray and dark green. Grayish white crustose lichen grows thick on the surface with darkly discolored by fungi and algae in the first stage on basement rocks, and weeds grows wild on the upper part of each roof rocks. This stone pagoda must closely observe the movements of the upper part rock materials through minute safety diagnosis and long term monitoring for structural stability. Especially since the surface discoloration of rocks and pigmentation of secondary contaminants are severe, establishment of general restoration and scientific conservation treatment are necessary through more detailed study for this stone pagoda.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.109-122
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• 1986

Mn-Pb-Zn-Ag deposits of the Janggun mine are hosted in the Cambro-Ordovician Janggun limestone mostly along the contacts of the Jurassic Chunyang granite. The deposits are represented by several ore pipes and steeply dipping lenticular bodies consisting of lower Pb-Zn-Ag sulfide ores and upper manganese carbonate and oxide ores. The former consists mainly of arsenic, antimony, silver, manganese, and tin-bearing sulfides, whereas the latter are characterized by hypogene rhodochrosite, and superficial manganese oxides including todorokite, nsutite, pyrolusite, cryptomelane, birnesite and janggunite. Origin of the upper manganese ore deposits has been a controversial subject among geologists for this mine: hydrothermal metasomatic vs. syngenetic sedimentary origin. Syngenetic advocators have proposed a new sedimentary rock, rhodochrostone, which is composed mainly of rhodochrosite in mineralogy. In the present study, carbon, oxygen and sulfur isotopic compositions were analayzed obtaining results as follows: Rhodochrosite minerals, (Mn, Ca, Mg, Fe) $CO_3$, from hydrothermal veins, massive sulfide ores and replacement ores in dolomitic limestone range in isotopic value from -4.2 to -6.3‰ in ${\delta}^{13}C$(PDB) and +7.6 to +12.9‰ in ${\delta}^{18}O$(SMOW) with a mean value of -5.3‰ in ${\delta}^{13}C$ and +10.7‰ in ${\delta}^{18}O$. The rhodochrosite bearing limestone and dolomitic limestone show average isotopic values of -1.5‰ in ${\delta}^{13}C$ and +17.5‰ in ${\delta}^{18}O$, which differ from those of the rhodochrosite mentioned above. This implies that the carbon and oxygen in ore fluids and host limestone were not derived from an identical source. ${\delta}^{34}S$ values of sulfide minerals exhibit a narrow range, +2.0 to +5.0‰ and isotopic temperature appeared to be about $288{\sim}343^{\circ}C$. Calculated initial isotopic values of rhodochrosite minerals, ${\delta}^{18}O_{H_2O}=+6.6$ to +10.6‰ and ${\delta}^{13}C_{CO_2}=-4.0$ to -5.1 ‰, strongly suggest that carbonate waters should be deep seated in origin. Isotopic data of manganese oxide ores derived from hypogene rhodochrosites suggest that the oxygen of the limestone host rock rather than those of meteoric waters contribute to form manganese oxide ores above the water table.