• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.5-13
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• 2009

Mushrooms have become a largely untapped source of powerful new pharmaceutical products that poses anti-inflammatory, and antimutagenic, and antioxidant activities. The antioxidant effects of the mushroom may be partly explained by protecting cellular components against free radical. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of chaga mushroom against diabetes, via the mitigation of oxidative stress and reduction of blood glucose, in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Rats were rendered diabetic by intravenous administration of STZ through tail at a dose of 50 mg/kg. Animals were allocated into four groups with 8 rats each. The control and diabetic control group were fed with standard rat feed. The other diabeic groups, the low chaga extract group and the high chaga extract group were fed ad libitum using 0.5 g/kg and 5 g/kg of chaga mushroom extract, respectively, for 4 weeks. The blood glucose levels in the two chaga extract groups showed a tendency to decrease but did not reach statistical significance after the supplementation. Leukocyte DNA damage, expressed as tail length, was found to be significantly lower in the high chaga extract group than in the diabetic control group (p > 0.05). Plasma level of total radical-trapping antioxidant potential (TRAP) was tend to be higher in the high chaga extract group compared with the diabetic control group. Erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme activities of two groups did not differ. Although we did not obtain beneficial effect on lowering blood glucose levels in the STZ-induced diabetic rats, this results suggest that the chaga mushroom extracts may initially act on protecting endogenous DNA damage in the short-term experiment.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.1108-1118
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of aerobic and resistance exercise of different intensity on anti-diabetic and lipid profile improvement in type 2 diabetic mice. C57BL/6 mice were divided into six groups (n=8, in each group): normal group (Normal), type 2 diabetes (DM), type 2 diabetes+VO₂max 50% aerobic exercise group (DM50A), type 2 diabetes+VO₂max 75% aerobic exercise group (DM75A), type 2 diabetes+1RM 50% resistance exercise group (DM50R), and type 2 diabetes+1RM 75% resistance group (DM75R). DM50A and DM75A were subjected to treadmill exercise 40 min/day, 5 days/week, during 8 weeks (DM50A, at the speed of 8 m/min for 1-4 weeks and 8~10 m/min for 5-8 weeks; DM75A, 12 m/min for 1-4 weeks and 12~14 m/min for 5-8weeks). DM50R (1RM50%) and DM75R (1RM75%) were subjected to ladder-climbing exercise with weights secured to their tails, 8 set/day, 5 days/week, during 8 weeks. After 8 weeks of exercise, fasting blood glucose and HOMA-IR was significantly lower in DM group than in DM group. HbA1c showed significantly lower DM50R and DM75R groups than DM group. HDL-C showed the highest level in DM75A group and triglyceride was lowest in DM75R group. The cardiovascular risk index was lowest in the Normal and DM75A groups. Therefore, moderate intensity exercise in T2DM mice showed better improvement in blood glucose and insulin resistance control, and moderate intensity aerobic exercise was effective in reducing the cardiovascular risk index by increasing HDL-C levels.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.40 no.7 s.276
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• pp.467-472
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• 2007

Background: Lung transplantation is the definitive therapy for end stage lung disorders. The success of allogenic lung transplantation has led to an increasing shortage of donor lungs from humans, including cadavers, and attention has now turned to transplantation of lungs from other species. However, there are many biological hurdles when using organs from other species because of hyperacute rejection after discordant xenotransplantation. Material and Method: Pigs (n=6, weighing $20{\sim}30kg$ each) for the donors and mongrel dogs (n=6, weighing $20{\sim}28kg$ each) for the recipients were used in this experiment. The left kidney of a pig was perfused to a mongrel dog for 30 minutes through the femoral artery and vein of the dog, and the right kidney was perfused for 30 minutes sequentially. Then, both lungs of the pig were perfused to the dog through the pulmonary artery and left atrium with using the same time intervals. The levels of IgM and IgG were measured from the blood and specimens of the kidney and lung. Result: The average levels of serum IgM gradually decreased after the perfusion, but the average levels of serum IgG did not charge from before to after perfusion. The immunohistochemical findings revealed decreased deposition of IgG and IgM after the perfusion. Conclusion: We conclude that the levels of the serum natural antibodies would be decreased with pre-transplantation xenograft perfusion in the recipient and the occurrence rate of hyperacute rejection after transplantation would be decreased.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.66-74
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• 2003

Purpose : The matrix metalloprotelnases (MMPs) are a family of enzymes whose main function is the degradation of the extracellular matrix. Several studies have revealed that MMPs and TIMPS are related to the wound heating process and in photoaging caused by ultraviolet Irradiation. However, the expressions of MMP and TIMP after irradiation have not, to the best of our knowledge, been studied. This study investigates the expressions of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 in rat Intestinal mucosa following irradiation. Materials and Methods : The entire abdomen of Sprague-Dawley rats was irradiated using a single dose method. The rats were sacrificed on day 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 and 14 following irradiation. Histopathological observations were made using hematoxilin & eosin staining. The expressions of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 were examined using immunohistochemistry, Irnrnunoblotting and ELISA. Results : Radiation induced damage associated with atrophic villi, and infiltration of inflammatory cell was observed from the first postirradiation day, and severe tissue damage was observed on the second and the third postirradiation days. An increase in mitosis and the number of regenerating crypts, as evidence of regeneration, were most noticeable on the fifth postirradiation day. From the immunohistochemlstry, the MMP-2 expression was observed from the first postirradiation day, but was most conspicuous on the third and the fifth postirradiation days. The TIMP-2 expression was most conspicuous on the fifth postirradiation day. From the irnrnunoblotting, the MMP-2 expression was strongly positive on the third postirradlatlon day, and that of TIMP-2 showed a strong positive response on the fifth postirradiation day. In ELISA tests, the expressions of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 were increased in the postirradiation groups compared to those of the normal controls, and showed a maximum increase on the fifth postirradiatlon day. These results were statistically significant. Conclusion : The expressions of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 were increased in the intestinal mucosa of the rats following irradiation, and these results correlated with the histopathological findings, such as tissue damage and regeneration. Therefore, this study suggests that MMP-2 and TIMP-2 play roles in the mechanisms of radiation-induced damage and regeneration of intestinal mucosa of rats.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.29 no.1 s.72
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• pp.95-106
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• 1999

This study was performed to examine the effect of bisphosphonate, an inhibitor of bone resorption, on the formation of osteoclast and bone resorption during experimental tooth movement. Whether bisphosphonate has a cytotoxicity in high dose was also examined. Eighty-seven male Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 260-350g, were classified into normal (no appliance + $0.9\%$ NaCl), control (appliance + $0.9\%$ NaCl) and four bisphosphonate-treated (appliance + 0.8, 4, 20 or 100mg/kg) groups. The maxillary left first molar was moved mesially with the tipping movement using 50-70g of force. Bisphosphonate(etidronate disodium) was injected intraperitoneally with a dose of 0.8, 4, 20, or 100 mg/kg simultaneously with the application or the orthodontic force. They were killed at day 1, 3, or 7 after the application or the orthodontic force. The activities of serum acid phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were assayed, and osteoclasts and the degree of bone resorption were examined histologically. The results obtained were as follows: 1. Acid phosphatase activities were significantly higher in the appliance groups, both control and bisphosphonate-treated (4, 20, and 100 mg/kg) groups, at days 1 and 3 than these in normal. At day 1, bisphosphonate-treated(4, 20mg/kg) groups showed even higher acid phosphatase than control. However, at day 7, no significant difference was noted between the control and bisphosphonate-treated groups. 2. LDH activities in the 4, 20mg/kg bisphosphonate-treated groups were increased during the experimental Periods examined, but there were no significant differences in the 0.8, 100mg/kg bisphosphonate-treated groups. 3. There was no bone resolution at day 1, but severe bone resorption was observed at days 3 and 7 in the control. Bone resorption was reduced by bisphosphonate-treatment at day 3. Bone resolution observed at day 7 was similar between the control and bisphosphonate-treated groups. 4. Few osteoclasts were observed at the alveolar bone in the control and bisphosphonate-treated groups at day 1. At day 3, numerous osteoclasts were shown in the control, the degree of which was reduced in bisphosphonate-treated groups. These results suggest that the inhibition of the osteoclast formation was not the mechanism of bone resorption by the bisphosphonate-treatment during experimenal tooth movement. There was no distinct cytotoxicity with a high dose of bisphosphonate. And the drug should be administrated repeatedly to maintain the inhibitory effect of bone resolution.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.29 no.1 s.72
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• pp.83-94
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the changes of cancellous and cortical bone and the effect of estrogen in ovariectomized rats. Fifty female rats, 250gm in body weight, were divided into three groups : ovariectomized group(OVE), ovariectomized and estrogen-injected group(OVE-EST), and sham operated and estrogen-injected group(EST). Bilateral ovariectomy was performed at the onset of the experiment. In OVE-EST group and EST group, estrogen was injected $50{\mu}g/kg$ B.W. every other days from 3 weeks after surgery to sacrifice. Each five rats were sacrificed after 5, 6, 7 weeks. One side of mandibular body was radiographed with a soft x-ray apparatus(Hitex Co., Ltd., Japan). Thereafter the obtained microradiographs were used for the morphometric analysis using a Image analyzer. The morphometric analysis was perforrmed for parameters such as total bone area, cortex bone area and medullary bone area. The other side of the mandibular bone was decalcified and embedded in paraffin as using a general method. The specimens were sectioned and stained with Mallory's anilline blue and observed light microscopically. The results were as follows. 1 In all groups, the proportion of cortex to total bone area was not significantly different. 2. In ovariectomized(OVE) group, the proportion of marrow cavity to medullary bone area increased significantly from 5 to 7 weeks(p<0.05). In ovariectomized and estrogen-injected(OVE-EST) group, it decreased significantly at 7 weeks, and in estrogen-injected(EST) group, it decreased significantly from 6 weeks(p<0.05). 3. Microradiogram and histopathologic findings revealed that marrow cavity was enlarged and osteoclasts were observed around irregular bone surface in OVE group. In OVE-EST group, the size of marrow cavity at 7 weeks was similar to that of control group. In EST group, as dense trabecular bone increased from 5 to 7 weeks, marrow cavity decreased.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.28 no.4 s.69
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• pp.611-626
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• 1998

Cytokines are intercellular peptide mediators that regulate homeostasis and host defense reactions in living body. Of the diversity of cytokines in terms of biological accomplishment, interleukin $1-{\beta}$($IL-1{\beta}$) and tumor necrosis factor(TNF) are the most conspicuous cytokines with a wide variety of effects on cells involved in inflammatory and immune responses, and likely to be involved in the inflammatory pathogenesis of oral tissue as well. The present study was designed to explicate the role of $IL-1{\beta}$ on inflammatory revelation of oral tissues in mice biochemically. In the Induced arthritis by injection of 10${\mu}g$ LPS shown the relaese of 0.93 ${\mu}g$ $IL-1{\beta}$/joint with a peak at at 4-5 h. and diminished at 24t and the release of $TNF_{\alpha}$ of 1.25 ${\mu}g$/joint with a peak at 2-3h and diminished at 6h. After injection of th $IL-1{\beta}$ into the joint, the mumber of leucocytes proliferated with a peak at 4-5h and diminished at 36h and the loss of proteoglycan showed with maximum at 15-30h. After injection of $IL-1{\beta}$ into the oral tissue, cycloosygenase metabolites ($PGE_2$) accumulated in the oral tissue with dose dependant. These elucidated $IL-1{\beta}$ to be inflammatory mediator in the early phase of its pathogenesis. Intraoral injection of recombinant $IL-1{\beta}$ induced the proliferation of leukocytes in situ. $IL-1{\beta}$ took an pertinent part in the development of inflammation and the succession of cellular infiltration. The results exemplify that $IL-1{\beta}$ plays a significant role in mediating inflammatory response induced by LPS in oral tissue, the inflammatory response is regulated by $IL-1{\beta}$ at an acute phase of pathogenesis.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.24 no.1 s.62
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• pp.15-18
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• 1985

Studies were made on the morphology and life cycle of the mite, Pyemotes tritici $Lagr{\acute{e}}z$-Fossot & $Montagn{\acute{e}}$ (Trombidiformes; Pyemotidea) ,parasitic on larvae of cigarette beetle, Lasioderma serricorne F., which is one of the most serious pests of stored tobacco, cigar, and cigarette in Korea. One generation time was $20.9{\pm}0.7$ days out of which $9.5{\pm}0.3$ days were spent for feeding and $10.3{\pm}0.8$ days for reproduction of progenies. A female of this insect-parasitic mite produced $56.7{\pm}6.9$ progenies during her reproduction period. The body size of a newly-laid male or female was $280{\mu}m$ long and $85{\mu}m$ wide. As female of this mite sucked on, their abdomen grew larger and larger to reach $825{\mu}m$ in width and $0.346mm^3$ in volume after $9{\sim}10$ days. By sucking the humor of a host, the abdomen of a female mite became almost a global shape in two days. The increase rate of abdominal width was the biggest on the second or the third day of feeding while the volume of abdomen reached to the largest on $6{\sim}8$ days after feeding. The largest number of the daily young produced on 4-th day after a female began to reproduce.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.147-153
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• 2005

The objective of this study is to elucidate the growth pattern of dark-banded rockfish, Sebastes inermis Cuvier, produced by aquaculture in Korea. Larvae from 250 maternal full-sibs were reared until 1,350 days after parturition. During the rearing period, growth equations on days after parturition (X) to the total length (TL) and body weight (BW) were estimated as TL=0.0217X $(r^2=0.8867)$ and $BW=0.0001X^2+0.0713X\;(r^2=0.9858)$, respectively. The relationship between BW and TL was $BW=0.0072TL^{3.4373}\;(r^2=0.9945)$. An increases in the eye diameter (ED) of dark-banded rockfish larvae on days after parturition (X) could be expressed as $ED=-2E-5X^2+0.0326X\;(r^2=0.9886)$. Relative growth equations on TL to head length (HL), snout length (SL), ED and postorbital head length (PHL) were calculated as $HL=0.2652TL\;(r^2=0.9758),\;SL=0.0613TL\;(r^2=0.9602),\;ED=0.0752TL\;(r^2=0.9715)$ and $PHL=0.2652TL\;(r^2=0.9501)$, respectively. Since there were few reports on the long-term growth experiment of this species due to difficulties in rearing techniques, results of this study would give a useful information to the biology and commercial culture techniques of dark-banded rockfish.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.42-54
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• 1992

Background:It has been suggested that the cyclooxygenase metabolites play an important role in changes of early hemodynamic parameters in the endotoxin-induced acute lung injury. But there have been many debates about their role in the late increase of alveolar-capillary permeability, and it is not known whether they act directly or indirectly through oxygen free radicals which have been known to be produced during the metabolic process of cyclooxygenase pathway. So we performed this study to identify the pathogenetic role of cyclooxygenase metabolites in the endotoxin-induced acute lung injury in domestic pigs. Method: We infused endotoxin into 8 domestic pigs; endotoxin only (n=3), and pretreatment with indomethacin (n=5). We observed the sequential changes in hemodynamic parameters, the concentration of plasma oxidized glutathione (GSSG) in pulmonary arterial and venous blood, and albumin content in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Results: 1) While cardiac output decreased, mean pulmonary arterial pressure, pulmonary vascular resistance, and alveolar-arterial oxygen difference increased over phase 1 (0-2hr) and phase 2 (2-4.5hr) by endotoxin, indomethacin attenuated the decrease in cardiac output during phase 1 and increase in mean pulmonary arterial pressure, pulmonary vascular resistance, and alveolar-arterial oxygen difference during both phases. 2) The increase in plasma GSSG content during phase 2 was not attenuated by indomethacin. 3) The content of BALF albumin was significantly lower in indomethacin groups than that of endotoxin group. Conclusion: These results suggest that it is likely that cyclooxygenase metabolites have an effect on endotoxin-induced acute lung injury during both phases probably through direct action.