• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.263-271
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• 1988

Fatty acid composition and electrophoretic patterns of protein of Korean soybeans were studied, The protein content showed an inverse relation with the lipid content, The content of lipid types of total lipid was in the order of neutral lipid, glycolipid and phospholipid, Cultivar 102-B had higher content of neutral lipid but lower content of phospholipid compared with others. The main component of neutral lipid was triglyceride followed by sterol. The main fatty acids of total lipid were linoleic, oleic and palmitic acids, which comprised over 85% of total fatty acids. The main fatty acid of neutral lipid, glycolipid and phospholipid were linoleic acid. The polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic pattern of protein showed seven bands. The cultivar 102-B had the highest content of IIS globulin. Sodium-dodecyl sulfate PAG electrophoresis demonstrated that all soybeans had similar composition of subunit.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.290-294
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• 1987

The chemical composition of pearled, cutted and pressed barleys showed that there were no significant differences in calorie and proximate composition between pearled and pressed barley. Cutted barley had lower contents in protein, fat and ash but the same calorie value compared with other barleys. The average ratios of calcium to phophorus and essential amino acid to total nitrogen were 0.143 and 1.66, respectively. The amino acid score was the highest in cutted barley followed by pressed barley. The first limiting amino acid for pearled and cutted barley was lysine. while that for pressed barley being threonine. The major fatty acids were linoleic, palmitic and oleic acids, which comprised of about 92% of the total fatty acids. The ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acid was lower in pressed barley.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.132-138
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• 2019

In this study, we demonstrate the effects of the acidic properties of montmorillonite (MMT), which is commonly used as a catalyst, on the conversion and selectivity of the dimer acid methyl ester (DAME) synthesis. We synthesize DAME by the dimerization of conjugated linoleic acid methyl ester (CLAME) and oleic acid methyl ester using MMT KSF. Incidentally, trimer acid methyl ester was formed as a by-product during the DAME synthesis. There is a necessity to adequately adjust the strength and quantity of the acid site to control the selectivity of DAME. Therefore, we vary the pH of the MMT acid by using various metal hydroxides. The purpose of this study is to increase the yield of monocyclic dimer acid methyl ester, which is a substance with adequate physical properties for industrial applications (e.g., lubricant and adhesive, etc.), using a heterogeneous catalyst. We report the dimerization of fatty acid methyl ester by using base treated-KSF, and apply it to conjugated soybean oil methyl ester. Then, we transmute the acid site properties of KSF, such as pH of 5 wt.% slurry KSF and various alkali metals (Li, Na, K, Ca). Characterization of base treated-KSF using a pH meter, x-ray diffraction, inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometer, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface analysis, and temperature-programmed desorption. We conduct an analysis of CLAME and DAME using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, gas chromatography, and gel permeation chromatography. Through these experiments, we demonstrate the effects of the acidic properties of KSF on the conversion and selectivity of the DAME synthesis, and evaluate its industrial potential by application to waste vegetable oil.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2022.10a
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• pp.324-324
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• 2022

식생활이 풍요로워진 우리나라는 국민의 포화지방산 섭취량이 빠르게 증가하고 있는데 섭취량을 줄일 필요성이 있다. 최근 우리나라의 콩가루, 두유 시장규모는 건강과 국산 열풍으로 2016년부터 연평균 13%씩 성장 중이며 국산콩 사용량이 두부 다음으로 많다. 콩은 풍부한 단백질과 더불어 건강에 좋은 불포화 지방산함량이 높다. 하지만 높은 불포화지방산 함량은 저장성을 떨어뜨리는 역할을 한다. 본 연구에서는 불포화지방산함량이 상이한 3가지 콩을 3종류의 포장재에 밀봉 포장하여 상온과 저온에서 3개월간 저장실험을 하였다. 저장안정성 평가는 유지를 추출하여 산가측정을 하고 가스크로마토그래피(GC)를 이용하여 지방산함량 변화를 확인하였다. 산가는 저장기 간에 따라서 매달 산가가 유의적으로 증가하는 경향을 보였으며, 저장 온도에 따라 초기, 상온, 저온모두 각각 유의적인 차이를 보였다. 콩 종류에 따라서도 유의적인 차이를 보였는데 포장재에 따라서는 차이를 보이지 않았다. 저장기간에 따라 콩가루의 지방산 변화는 대찬콩은 저온에서 올레산이 감소하는 경향을 보였고, 호심콩은 상온, 저온 처리구 모두에서 올레산과 리놀레닉산이 감소하는 경향을 보였으며, 49-3-1-8 콩은 상온, 저온 처리구 모두에서 올레산, 리놀레산, 리놀레닉산이 감소하는 경향을 보였지만 호심 상온처리구에서 리놀레닉산이 감소한 것을 제외하고는 유의미한 결과값을 얻지 못하였다. 저장 3개월차에 산가는 상온, 저온 처리구 모두에서 호심콩가루가 가장 낮게 나왔는데 이것은 이중결합이 하나라 비교적 안정성이 높은 올레산함량(~80%) 때문으로 보인다. 반면에 49-3-1-8 콩은 이중결합 3개로 가장 산화되기 쉬운 리놀렌산 함량이 비교적 많아 가장 산가가 높게 나왔다. 결과적으로 올레인산 함량이 높은 호심 콩 가루가 가장 저장안정성이 좋을 것으로 보인다.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.46-50
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• 1983

In order to find out the possibility of utilizing red pepper seed as food resources of fats and proteins, a series of studies were conducted. The red pepper seed contained 27.6% of crude fat and 22.2% of crude protein. The lipid fractions obtained by silicic acid column chromatography were mainly composed of 95.4% neutral lipid, where as compound lipid were 4.6%. Among the neutral lipid separated by thin layer chromatography, triglyceride was 85.6%, sterol ester 4.9%, free fatty acids 3.4%, diglyceride 2.5%, sterol 2.2% and monoglyceride 1.1%, respectively. The predominant fatty acids of red pepper seed oil were linoleic acid (57.1-75.4%), palmitic acid (13.9-21.3%) and oleic acid (8.0-15.1%), especially glycolipid contained 1.7% of linolenic acid and small amount of myristic acid and arachidic acid. The salt soluble protein of red pepper seed was highly dispersible in 0.02M sodium phosphate buffer containing 1.0M $MgSO_4$, and the extractability of seed protein was about 25.0%. Glutamic acid and arginine were major amino acids of red pepper seed protein. The electrophoretic analysis showed 6 bands in seed protein, and the collection rate of the main protein fraction purified by sephadex G-100 and G-200 was about 62.2%. Glutamic acid (19.9%) was major amino acid of the main protein, followed by glycine and alanine. The molecular weight of the main protein was estimated to be 93,000.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.55 no.3
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• pp.245-252
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• 2010

The objective of this study was to obtain the basic informations on variability of germplasm and cultivation practice for the production of biodiesel in sunflower. A total of 275 accessions obtained from the National Agrobiodiversity Center (34 landraces from Korea, 219 and 22 introductions from America and other countries, respectively) were screened to evaluate variations of seed characteristics, oil content and fatty acid composition. Seed types were classified into 4 types (broad ovoid, narrow ovoid, rounded and elongated). The broad ovoid type was the highest proportion of 40.4%, while the elongated type was the lowest proportion of 5.0% among accessions. Also, the seed colors were classified into 4 colors (gray, brown, black and white). Gray and brown seed color showed the highest distribution and white seed color showed the lowest among accessions, respectively. Hundred and one liter seed weight ranged 2.9~15.5g and 178~439g with averages of 6.3g and 322.0g, respectively. Oil content ranged from 11.7% to 45.6% with an average of 25.5%. The frequency distribution of oil content showed the highest in range of 22~28% and the lowest in range of over 40%. Three promising accessions with higher oil content than 40.0% were IT031967, IT031970 and IT031965 introduced from America. Palmitic and stearic acid contents, saturated fatty acid, ranged 3.1~7.6% and 1.3~4.1% with averages of 4.7% and 2.2%, respectively, and a total content of saturated fatty acid ranged 5.4~9.4% with an average of 6.9%. Oleic and linoleic acid contents, unsaturated fatty acid, ranged 18.1~75.7% and 18.1~74.1% with averages of 55.2% and 38.0%, respectively. Five accessions, IT031831, IT031669, IT031895, IT031938 and IT031694, showed higher oleic acid content than 70%. A total content of unsaturated fatty acid ranged 89.6~94.8% with an average of 93.0%.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.139-147
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• 2005

The efficacy of extraction from Inonotus obliquus was examined from the points of antioxidative characteristics and some antioxidative compounds. To enhance the efficient extraction for the effective components from Inonotus obliquus, temperature-stepwise water extraction method was applied. Temperature-stepwise water extracts were prepared for 8 hrs as follows: the first extract at 8$0^{\circ}C$, the second extract from the residue of the first extract at 10$0^{\circ}C$, and the third extract from the residue of the second extract at 12$0^{\circ}C$. Antioxidativeactivities were determined by electron-donating ability of DPPR - free radical, scavenging ability of ABTS$.$$^{+}$radical cation, and by inhibiting ability of linoleic acid autoxidation. In results, the first extract showed the least antioxidant capacity, and the third extract showed the highest antioxidant capacity. The third extract also had the greatest amounts of phenolic compounds and flavonoids. Amounts of phenolic compound from each extract were almost proportional to the radical scavenging activities and linoleic acid autoxidation inhibiting ability (r=0.960∼0.980, regression analysis). Furthermore, the effect of the pooled extract of all three extractions of Inonotus obliquus on the lipid peroxidation reacted with active oxygen species (KO$_2$, $H_2O$$_2$, $.$OH) and metals (Fe$^{2+}$, CU$^{2+}$) was evaluated by measuring the formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). The pooled Inonotus obliquus extracts lowered the amounts of TBARS formed by all of the active oxygen species and metals. Especially, these lowering effects were pronounced in the reaction with $.$OH and Fe$^{2+}$. These results suggest that the pooled temperature-stepwise extract from Inonotus obliquus could be potential functional materials to reduce the oxidation of lipids and other compounds induced by free radicals.adicals.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.375-381
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• 1982

The studies are conducted on the changes of soybean lipids in terms of physicochemical characteristics, lipid classess and fatty acid composition during the fermentation process of soybean Koji preparation for daenjang (soybean paste) in a model system using cooked soybean inoculated by Aspergillus oryzae. The total lipids contents were increased during soybean Koji preparation, generally iodine values decreased but acid values increased. Total lipids of soybean Koji consisted of about 90.6% neutral lipids, 7.6% phospholipids and 1.8%, glycolipids indicating that phospholipids contents of soybean Koji was increased when compared to those of cooked soybean. The major components of nonpolar lipids in soybean Koji were free fatty acids(39.6%) and triglycerids(29.2%). Free fatty acids increased as the triglycerides decreased during soybean Koji preparation by the hydrolysis of lipase action. The major components of polar lipids in soybean Koji were phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl ethanolamine. Differences were observed in the composition of the polar lipids of cooked soybean and soybean Koji. A little changes also occurred in fatty acid compositions of total lipids, triglycerides and free fatty acids fractions in soybean Koji preparation. Especially a considerable increase of linoleic acid in free fatty acid fraction was observed in soybean Koji.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.63-71
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• 2011

This study was conducted to determine the effects of increasing the dietary levels of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) which is produced from bio diesel by-products, on milk yield, milk composition, and blood metabolites of mid-lactating dairy cows. A total of 20 mid-lactating dairy cows ($631{\pm}25.0kg$) were assigned to one of four treatment groups and fed twice daily an equal amount of a basal diet ($NE_L$ 32 Mcal/d, CP 17%) contained 12kg/d of concentrate, 15kg/d of corn silage and 4kg/d of the hay mixture (tall fescue+orchard grass). Conjugated linoleic acid were fed for 2 weeks of adaptation periods and 4 weeks of collection periods at 0 (Control), 50 (T1), 100 (T2) and 150g/d (T3), respectively. By the increases of dietary CLA supplementation, milk yield and 4% fat corrected milk increased, whereas milk fat content decreased (p<0.05). The concentrations of stearic acid and oleic acid decreased with increasing dietary CLA supplementation, while the concentrations of total CLA increased (p<0.05). In conclusion, this study shown that the supplementation of dietary CLA manufactured from bio diesel by-products could improve milk yield and CLA concentrations of milk in mid-lactating dairy cows.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.47-57
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• 2019

Purpose: This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between atopic dermatitis and dietary fat and fatty acid (FA) intakes in 9 ~ 11 year old children. Methods: We analyzed data from the combined 2013 ~ 2015 KNHANES (Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey). Subjects were divided into two groups according to atopic dermatitis (AD); with AD and without AD. Data pertaining to macronutrients and FA intakes were obtained by a single 24-h dietary recall. Food sources were identified based on the amounts of total fat and FA consumption according to each food. The associations between each FA intake and atopic dermatitis were analyzed using simple and multiple logistic regression analyses. Age, sex, body mass index (BMI) and income levels were adjusted as covariates. Results: Of the participants, 17.69% suffered from atopic dermatitis. Children with AD had significantly lower fat percentages of total energy and higher carbohydrate percentages of total energy than normal children. Percentages of energy and intakes of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), n-3 FA and n-6 FA in children with AD were significantly lower than those in normal children. In the FA, linoleic acid, ${\gamma}$-linoleic acid and ${\alpha}$-linolenic acid levels of children with AD were significantly lower than those of normal children. However, the P/S ratio and n-6/n-3 ratio did not differ significantly between children with AD and normal children. Soybean oil was the main contributor to PUFA, n-3 FA and n-6 FA in both groups, while perilla seed oil and mackerel were the major food sources of n-3 FA in children with atopic dermatitis. Atopic dermatitis was significantly correlated with low-fat and high-carbohydrate diets. The adjusted odds ratios were 0.966, 0.776 and 0.963 for PUFA, n-3 FA, and n-6 FA intakes, respectively. Conclusion: The present study provides reliable evidence regarding the relationship between fat and FA intakes and AD in Korean children 9 ~ 11 years of age.