• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.243-258
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• 2021

By using the trade in value-added(TiVA) database and employing social network analysis, this paper analyzes changes in global trade to be triggered by the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and the US-China trade war. The main results are summarized as follows. First, the BRI will help maintain China's core position as the world's manufacturing hub, and will strengthen Europe's service industry capabilities within the global value chain(GVC) network. Second, the US R&D industry, US wholesale and retail industries, and Germany's automobile industry were considered the most influential industries in the GVC network during the 1995-2011 period, and will retain their status until 2049, when the US-China trade war and the BRI are reflected. Third, the increase of the number of communities shows that the BRI might spur fragmentation of the production process. Finally, community structures of inter-industry trade relations, including China's electronics industry, Germany's automobile industry, and US R&D, show important features that are related to the competiveness of each country's service industries.

• Journal of Venture Innovation
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.49-65
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• 2018

For a long time the German economy was primarily defined by large corporations and thriving small and medium-sized enterprises. Since about 2005 a second strand has started to emerge and it is one which is becoming increasingly important and is creating jobs - start-ups in the digital sector. This start-up activity is taking an important role in Germany's economic development: Start-up companies spawn innovations and create jobs, thus promoting the concept of competition. In general "start-up" refers to digitally-driven companies that are not more than five years old. Germany's start-up policy consists of three main parts. First of all, Germany has the characteristics of technology-based start-ups. The Hartz reform since 2002 has shown its focus on technology-based start-ups. In particular, it is the most appropriate for a start-up company to take the role of a new technology company to respond to changes in the global industrial structure. Second, it is approaching from a long-term perspective. In this regard, the small business policy, including Germany's new business policy, is seen as a tradition that can be consistent and can make policy decisions based on the basics rather than following the times. Third, the government is implementing policies centered on demand. Germany's start-up policy is summarized as a technology-based policy and new job creation. The policy response is that the government seeks the best combination of policies by adapting them to the times from the broad trend of employment market policies. What is important here is that policies are made based on consumers, not suppliers, in the process of policy making and implementation. With the Digital Agenda 2020 the Federal government has likewise committed itself to preparing the digital economy for international competition and making Germany the "No. 1 digital growth country in Europe". Ever since 1998 the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi) has awarded the "EXIST" start-up scholarship to students and graduates. The Ministry also invests in the High Tech start-up fund. Together with Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau (KfW) and 18 other investors from the world of business the seed investor promotes young technology companies. Germany offers start-ups a good infrastructure and lots of funding opportunities. Berlin is regarded as Europe's start-up capital and also attracts lots of international young entrepreneurs.

• 월간낙농육우
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.126-136
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• 2016

세계 최대의 원유생산을 자랑하는 유럽의 낙농산업이 갈림길에 섰다. 지난 30년간 지탱해 온 유럽연합(EU) 국가별 우유 생산량 할당제(쿼터제)가 '15년 4월부터 폐지되면서 전환기를 맞이했다. 우유 생산량 제한정책의 폐지를 맞아 유럽의 낙농업계에는 희비가 갈리고 있다. EU는 세계 낙농시장에서 주요 역할을 하고 있으며 치즈 등 많은 낙농제품을 수출하는 선진 수출국으로 EU 유제품 수급 동향이 국제가격에도 영향을 미치고 있어 전세계 낙농종사자의 이목이 집중되고 있다. 유럽의 선진 낙농국들을 중심으로 쿼터 폐지에 따른 생산량 증가를 해소하기 위해 해외 시장 개척에 집중하는 등 국가별로 쿼터제 폐지라는 거대한 산을 넘기 위해 제 각기의 노력을 펼치고 있다. 우리나라 낙농업 또한 EU 수급 상황의 영향권에 있기 때문에 이들의 움직임을 주목할 필요가 있다. 네덜란드는 국가경제에서 중요한 위치를 차지하고 있는 낙농업의 지속가능한 성장을 위해 단기적인 성장이 아닌 중장기적인 관점으로 환경문제에 적극 대응하고 있다. 역사와 전통이 갚은 치즈의 대표 본고장 스위스는 쿼터제 폐지로 낮은 가격의 원유가 범람하면서 위기를 맞은 가운데 이를 타개하기 위한 방안 마련에 초점을 맞추고 있다. EU 내에서도 많은 원유를 생산해 내고 있는 독일 낙농업계도 운영비용을 절감할 수 있는 낙농 장비로 교체하는 등 생산비 절감 방안 마련에 집중하고 있다. 여성낙농인들과 함께 작지만 강한 나라 네덜란드와, 역사와 전통을 지난 스위스, 기술집약적 낙농 강국 독일을 방문해 그들이 낙농 강국으로 성장할 수 있었던 주요 성공요인과 사례를 중심으로 둘러보고 앞으로 우리나라 낙농이 나아갈 방향을 가늠해본다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2000.10a
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• pp.81-86
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• 2000

Exchange-cooperation between south and north Korea using the Information can say that it breaks down a physical barrier and recoverys quickly national homogeneity between them. As a case of a unified Germany, Excange-cooperation in the information and communication field has an important influnence on making a decision over the progress speed and quantity of friendly relations between Seoul and Pyong-yang, which ranges over a wide field like economy and society. This paper examines a unified German's precedent and the present condition of Excange-cooperation between the South and the North of Korea so that Excang-cooperation scheme in the information and communication field presents.

• Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.118-134
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• 1999

기계기술과 산업은 한국의 미래기술과 산업에 있어서 두 가지 의미의 중요성을 갖는다 하나는 미래성장분야의 하나로서 세계 어느 나라를 막론하고 전략육성 산업의 선정 시 반드시 포함되는 분야의 하나이다. 지능형기계, 초정밀기계, 광학응용기계 등 미래 급성장이 예상되는 기술들이 많은 분야이다. 또 하나는 다른 분야의 기술혁신을 뒷받침 해주는 역할을 하는 분야로서 한국이 선진국으로 진입하기 위해서 반드시 갖추어야 하는 분야로서의 중요성이다. 본 논문에서는 우리나라 기계기술과 산업의 현황을 진단해보고, 선진국 수준으로 발전시키기 위한 전략을 제시한다. 한 분야의 발전전략의 수립을 위해서는 먼저 그 분야의 기술적, 경제적 특성을 이해하고, 그 나라에서 현재까지 발전되어온 역사적 상황을 파악해야 한다. 본 고에서는 기계분야의 특성에 있어서 경제에서의 위치, 기술혁신의 실현체로서의 특성, 기술연계효과, 사용자주도 혁신의 중요성 및 기타 다른 기술적 경제적 특성에 대해서 논한다. 기계기술발전의 역사적 특성을 파악하고자 미국, 일본, 독일 등 선진국에서의 기계기술과 산업의 발전과정을 정리한다 이어서 우리나라 기계기술의 발전 과정에 대해서 살펴보면서 현황과 문제점에 대해 논한다. 이러한 분석을 바탕으로 우리나라 기계기술과 산업의 발전을 위한 전략을 제시한다. 기술혁신 체제의 개선, 중장기적 추진과 기술개발사업들의 개편 등 기술개발사업의 개선, 기술인력 양성제도의 개선, 시험평가 기능의 확충 등을 위한 방안을 제시하였다.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.163-174
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• 2016

The object of this study identifies the weights of SWOT factors in hidden champion. And the other purpose of the study is to test the differences of weight between Korea hidden champion group and Germany theirs group. The survey research is employed for the hidden champion CEOs of two countries. This research is employed the AHP(Analytic Hierarchy Process) for the weight of SWOT factors in hidden champion based on an empirical survey done to 61 firms which are to be fostered as Korean type hidden champion and 40 firms which are to be fostered as Germany type hidden champion. And then the t-test assesses whether the weight means of two groups are statistically different from each other. The weights of SWOT factors of hidden champion have been identified. There are the differences of weight between Korea group and Germany group. The order of Korea group's weight is following by the strength (0.3062), the opportunities (0.2344), the threat (0.1804), and the weakness (0.1157). The order of Germany group's weight is following by the strength (0.2603), the opportunities (0.2286), the threat (0.1604), and the weakness (0.1432). The technology capability of strength, the lack of knowledge on overseas market of weakness and the market uncertainty of thereat have statistically differences between two groups. However, the sub-factors of opportunities statistically have no differences.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.87 no.2
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• pp.286-299
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• 1998

This study was conducted to do a comparative analysis of hunting system in 16 OECD(Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) countries. Hunting is one of the most advanced types for developing natural resources, esp. wildlife, which is one of major products from forest. There are two types of hunting system ; Revier and/or License System, around most countries which have traditional advanced hunting and higher hunter population. Licence system, which is chosen in Korea, is less efficient ways of hunting for maximizing economical value and wildlife management than Revier system does. Adopting better system for much more efficient economical condition from hunting in Korea in a future is a ultimate goal in this study. The first step for the goal is an analysis of these two system among 16 OECD countries ; United State, Japan, Germany, France, etc. Comparative researches in hunting regulations such as number of hunters, hunter ratio to population, hunting bags, game species, seasons, ammunition and hunting permit are a next step for adopting developed hunting system in Korea. Korea has a smallest hunter ratio to population (1/2,463) among 16 OECD centuries and economical value lead by hunting is estimated still very low. Revier system is a popular one in most OECD countries except United State, Japan, etc, which is useful for wildlife management and maximizing economical value of hunting. And usually rifles are permitted for big game hunting. Hunting examination and/or insurance are compulsory for achieving hunting permit. Depend on game species, yearly hunting bag and season are constructed in most OECD countries.

• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.13-38
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• 2001

The question about whether a shorter workweek may increase employment has been a serious issue and been furiously debated among collective bargainers. The advocators recommend publicly that a reduction in standard working hours will provide benefits to the unemployed through the provision of new jobs, and also can improve the quality of life workers. The opponents argue that a shorter workweek will increase labor costs and induce firms to reduce their production levels, and consequently cut back their demand for labor. Although the debate is still continuing, considerable has been made toward achieving the goal workweek reduction. The analytical framework of this paper is a Putty-clay-model, in which the short-and long-term impacts of changes in working time on the employment associated with the interrelations of wages, prices, hourly labour productivity, the firm's labor demand, business cycle and economic growth etc. must be analyzed.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.63-86
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• 2009

With increasing uncertainty of energy market in the world, the policies for the energy resource security have become crucial Several countries with poor energy resource like Netherlands and Singapore have pursued the policy for becoming an oil hub in the region. Singapore has been an oil hub in East Asia for a long time not only because it is well located with a large number of countries exporting and importing oil but it has also pursued strong policies to become an oil hub while establishing favourable institutional, regulatory and business environment for accommodating major refineries and petro-chemical companies. However with growing trading volume of petroleum products in Northeast Asia and a record high price of oil in these days, the necessities of another oil hub in the region are considered in order to reap benefits of the security of economical and stable oil. South Korea is situated astride the main North Pacific shipping route, with deep water ports and proximity to Chinese and Japanese industrial centres that make tank terminal operators Ideal choices for the oil hub in Northeast Asia although it has several disadvantages such as lack of independent storage facilities, underdeveloped oil trading market and unfavourable business friendly climates etc. This study is focused on examining the globalization strategies of tank terminal operators such as Vopak, Oiltanking and Odfjell in order to suggest the policy implications for becoming an oil tub in Northeast Asia.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.121-146
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• 2008

The purpose of this paper IS to estimate efficiency and loss of productivity under environmental regulation, and analyze the environmental efficiency index empirically. Using the panel data for 20 member countries of OECD during 1985~1999, environmental efficiency index can be constructed by comparing the production processes under alternative assumptions of disposability, by using a hyperbolic measure of productive efficiency. As a result of estimation for the environmental efficiency index, EE of OECD countries gradually shows a downward trend. In terms of the treatment of pollutants, Japan, Germany and France are countries that have a considerable burden in getting rid of the pollutants. In case of EE, Korea displayed high environment efficiency, but in the latter half of the 1990's, the environmental efficiency of Korea became slightly worse. During the same period, Korea had a burden in dealing with NOx just like the other OECD countries.