• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
• /
• v.30 no.1
• /
• pp.56-65
• /
• 2008

세포독성과 유전독성 측정법은 독성 평가에 있어서 통합요소이며, 잠재적인 생물학적 활성을 측정하는 방법으로서 규제 당국에 의해 인정되는 방법이다. 이들은 빠르고 경제적인 방법이고, 오랜 사용한 역사를 가지고 있으며, 양적인 독성을 평가 할 수 있는 방법이다. 담배의 안전성을 평가하기위해 널리 이용되는 3-battery 시험법은 다음과 같다. 1. 미생물을 이용한 복귀돌연변이 시험 2. 포유류 유래 세포주를 이용한 Neutral red 세포독성 3. 포유류 유래 세포주를 이용한 소핵시험

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
• /
• v.30 no.1
• /
• pp.66-76
• /
• 2008

생물학적으로 활성이 있는 물질들의 생체 내 대사를 이해하고 인체 독성 및 질환의 발현을 예측할 수 있는 가장 좋은 시험방법은 생체 내 독성 평가법이다. 담배연기의 생체 내 독성 평가법에는 14일 흡입독성시험, 90일 흡입독성 시험 및 피부도말 종양발생 시험 등이 있다. 90일 흡입독성 시험은 담배의 일반적인 독성 정보를 제공한다. 생체 내 독성평가는 담배 첨가물, 재료품 또는 제품 설계를 변경할 경우 담배연기 독성이 증가 또는 감소되었는 지를 평가할 수 있으며 이 결과는 제품보증에 활용될 수 있다. 캐나다의 독성평가자료 제출 및 EU 등의 담배첨가물에 대한 규제는 향 후 이런 생체 내 시험에 대한 지속적이고도 구체적인 요구를 할 것으로 사료된다.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
• /
• v.13 no.2
• /
• pp.112-120
• /
• 2008

A series of experiments were conducted to establish a marine ecotoxicological standard method using marine primary producers, Skeletonema costatum, Heterosigma akashiwo, Prorocentrum micans, Isochrysis galbana, Tetraselmis suecica as candidate test species. Marine diatom, S. costatum was selected as standard test species in terms of the ecological roles and international uses as test species. Test methods and test acceptability criteria are as follows; $72{\sim}96$ hr population growth inhibition $EC_{50}$ as endpoint. Static non-renewal method, and population growth rates over 0.04/hr in control as test acceptability criterium. S. costatum is widely distributed in the world ocean and used for standard species of marine toxicity test method by ISO (International Standardization Organization). Possible salinity ranges for this test method are $20{\sim}35\;psu$, and reproducibility and interlaboratory test results were consistent through the calibration tests. Sensitivity of the test method was comparable or better than other toxicity tests such as rotifer neonate mortality, bioluminescent bacterial inhibition, seaweed sporulation and sea urchin fertilization tests.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
• /
• v.13 no.2
• /
• pp.129-139
• /
• 2008

Marine ecotoxicological standard method was applicated using marine rotifer and benthic copepod as primary consumer of marine ecosystem. Marine rotifer, Brachionus plicatilis and benthic copepod, Tigriopus japonicus were designated as standard test species with the endpoints of 24hr neonate mortality (24hr $LC_{50}$) and 48hr population growth (48hr $EC_{50}$) for rotifer, and 48hr nauplius mortality (48hr $LC_{50}$) for benthic copepod. Tests method was referred to those of ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) with the replacement of test species which are widely distributed in Korean waters. The two species showed a wide tolerance on salinity ($5{\sim}35\;psu$) and can be easily cultured in small space even they were not as sensitive as in the mortality test using the nauplius of marine invertebrates. However, these species revealed the significant "concentrationresponse relationship" tested with ocean disposal wastes, and reproducibility using cadmium as standard reference material between laboratories. Accordingly, these two species have good potential as test species for marine ecotoxicological test species. Also, we strongly recommend that at least one of these species be included in the test species of "battery test" in marine bioassay.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
• /
• 1993.04a
• /
• pp.168-168
• /
• 1993

신의약품의 생식독성 평가를 위해서는 타독성시험의 경우와 마찬가지로 NOEL (no observed effect level) 의 범위를 확립하는 일이 매우 중요한데, 이것은 정상치(control values), 자연발생소견 (spontaneous findings)등과 비교함으로서 가능하다. SPF 동물을 이용한 독성실험은 선진국에 비해 역사가 짧을 뿐만 아니라 아직 풍부한 기초자료가 확립되지 않아 외국의 자료들을 인용하고 있는 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 랫트를 이용한 최기형 시험결과의 효율적인 평가를 위해 생식독성 검사항목의 기초 데이타를 확립하였다. 이를 위해 화학연구소 실험동물육종실에서 입수한 SPF: Sprague- Dawley 랫트를 이용해 1989년부터 1991년까지 실시한 생식독성 시험의 대조준 데이타 (체중, 사료소비량, 장기중량, 제왕절개성적, 외표, 내부장기 및 골격검사성적, 자연분만군 시험성적 등)를 분석하였다. 요늑의 발현율, 견인력 시험결과 및 피모발생 일평이 외국의 타 연구기판 데이타와 다소 차이를 나타냈을 뿐 기타 항목들은 거의 일치하는 정상치를 보였다. 아울러 기형, 변이, 골화지연 등으로 구분되는 골격소견의 합리적인 평가를 위해 랫트 골격소견 평가기준을 정했고 최기형 시험에서 얻어지는 데이터의 통계처리 방법을 보완, 체계화하였다. 본 연구결과는 Sprague-Dawley 계통 랫트외 생물학적 정외는 물론 효율적인 생식독성 평가를 위한 소중한 기초 자료가 될 것으로 사료된다.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
• /
• v.13 no.2
• /
• pp.106-111
• /
• 2008

Six standard methods for marine ecotoxicological tests were established(or applicated) using marine decomposer, primary producers and consumers. Development processes referred to the standard methods established by USEPA(United States Environmental Protection Agency), international organizations and European methods. However, the standard test species were selected among the domestic species generally found in the Korean waters and sediments. The test methods provide the culture/maintenance of test species, test methods, reproducibility and quality acceptance criteria etc. A total of nine test species were designated including bioluminescent bacteria(Vibrio fischeri), diatom(Skeletonema costatum), seaweed(Ulva pertusa), rotifer(Brachionus plicatilis), benthic copepod(Tigriopus japonicus), benthic amphipods(Mandibulophoxus mai, Monocorophium acherusicum), and fishes(Oryzias latipes, Paralichthys olivaceus). These test species represent the decomposer, primary producer and consumers in marine trophic system in Korean coastal ecosystems, and we recommend the "battery test" including at least one species from the each trophic level for marine ecotoxicological test.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
• /
• v.13 no.2
• /
• pp.140-146
• /
• 2008

Marine ecotoxicological standard method using fish larvae was established with the standard test species of Oryzias latipes(Japanese Medaka) and Paralichthys olivaceus(flounder) and with the 7 day $LC_{50}$ as endpoint. Test method referred to the USEPA(1994) with the replacement of test species found in the Korean water. Standard test species were selected in terms of the species supply and ecological importance in Korean waters. Japanese medaka can be reared with small tanks in the lab and has wide tolerance on salinity, and flounder eggs can be easily obtained from commercial fish hatcheries. General conditions for larval fish toxicity test are as follows. The possible salinity ranges for toxicity test were $0{\sim}35\;psu$ for medaka and >20 psu for flounder. Test type was designated as static non-renewal test if the dissolved oxygen in the test chamber does not fall below 4.0 mg/L. Ages of test species were selected as 7 days after hatched for medaka(about 5 mm TL) and 25 days for flounder(about 10 mm TL) because of the low natural mortality after these periods. Test can be accepted when the survival rates are over 80% in control. Also, species sensitivity on standard reference materials(copper, cadmium or zinc) must be provided with the toxicity test results.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• v.49 no.3
• /
• pp.228-235
• /
• 2016

Aquatic ecosystems are receiving various harmful effects due to anthropogenic chemical pollutions. To protect wildlife, risk assessments of the chemicals are conducted using reference indexes of toxicity estimated by species-level laboratory tests and/or micro-/mesocosm community-level studies. However, the existing micro-/mesocosm communities are structurally too complicated, and it is also difficult to compare the experimental results directly with those from species-level tests. Here, we developed a procedure of a simple bi-trophic microcosm experiment which contains the common species (a green algae, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and a cladoceran, Daphnia magna) for testing chemical toxicities. For the proper operation of bitrophic microcosm experiment, the minimum required concentration of primary producer (P. subcapitata) is $5{\times}10^5cells\;mL^{-1}$. The microcosm system showed higher stability when the initially introduced D. magna population was composed of neonates (<24-h old) than adults and those mixture. This simple microcosm system would be an applicable tool to estimate the disturbing impacts of pollutants on plant-herbivore interactions, and linking the species- and population-/community level risk assessments in the future studies.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Environmental Toocicology Conference
• /
• 2001.05a
• /
• pp.118-118
• /
• 2001

Lemna gibba에 대한 성장저해시험은 OECD Lemna Growth Inhibition Test(1998)와 EPA Auqatic Toxicity Test Using Lemna sp, (OPPTS 850.4400)에 제시된 시험 방법으로, 시험물질에 대한 수중식물의 독성값을 알기 위하여 광범위하게 사용되고 있다. 본 실험은 각각의 Guideline에서 제시된 endpoint를 서로 비교하여, 가장 효과적으로 시험의 결과를 표현 할 수 있는 endpoint를 찾고자 하였으며, 이때 사용된 endpoint로는 잎의 수, 잎 면적, 습중량, 건중량을 이용하였다. (중략)

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
• /
• v.27 no.2
• /
• pp.191-197
• /
• 2005

A new method, ToxTemp (TOXcity test based on TEMPerature control) using Ceridaphnia dubia was applied to evaluate the toxicity of insecticide materials and compared with the standard 48 hr acute bioassay. BPMC, diazinon and fenitrothion may cause the inhibition to the biological process in sewage treatment plant and need to detect toxicity within short contact time. The ToxTemp method showed sensitive detection with more shorter contact of 1-1.5 hr time than that of the standard 48 hr acute bioassay. To evaluate toxicity of real wastewater/sewage, the inhibition rate of nitrification and oxygen uptake rate (OUR) using activated sludge, the standard 48hr acute bioassay and ToxTemp method using C. dubia were compared, respectively. On the basis of the inhibition rate of nitrification, the OUR test showed the less sensitive results at the relatively strong toxic sewage. On the other hands, the standard 48hr acute bioassay and ToxTemp method using C. dubia represented the toxicity of each wastewater/sewage with high sensitivity. Even the slightly low (about 1.5%) sensitivity, the ToxTemp method showed the high applicability to the real site of sewage treatment plant.