• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.147-152
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• 2016

Purpose: This study was designed to be used as the basic visual function data after analyzing and investigating the refractive errors variation between city and rural elementary school children. Methods: To compare with city and rural areas, 2501 elementary school children who lived in Mokpo, Yeongam, Muan, Hampyeong were participated. Objective refraction, Subjective refraction and binocular function examinations were measured. Results: Mean of refractive error of rural areas was -1.47 D in 2012 years, -1.52 D in 2013 years, and -1.40 D in 2014 years. However average of refractive error was -1.65 D in 2012 years, -1.76 D in 2013 years and -1.75 D in 2014 years who lives in city areas. Average myopia was showed higher who lives in rural areas elementary school children than city areas elementary school children. There were significant differences between rural areas and city areas elementary school children (p = 0.03), but there were no significant differences by averagre hyperopia (p = 0.32). Average myopia was showed the tendency of increase as the students get older by analysis compare with rural and city areas elementary school children. It also showed high prevalence of myopia who lives in city areas elementary school children compare with lives in rural areas elementary school children. Conclusions: It is the very important to performed regular visual acuity test and correction during the largest refractive change period and it is necessary to have experts in the visual acuity test.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.114-122
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• 1995

본 연구의 목적은 농산물 수입개방에 대한 소비자 의식과 농산물을 구매할 때의 평가기준, 구매 이유 등의 구매태도가 농촌과 도시 소비자간에 어떤 차이를 보이는가를 조사함으로써 급속히 변화된 국제시장환경에 대처하기 위한 소비자측면의 기초자료를 제공하는데 있다. 조사대상은 서울, 인천, 김포 지역에 거주하는 20세 이상의 남녀 214명이었으며 조사도구는 설문지를 사용하였고, 분석방법은 SPSS PC 프로그램을 이용하여 지역간의 차이를 $X^2로$ 검정하였다. 농촌 소비자가 도시 소비자보다 농산물 시장개방에 대하여 더 큰 피해 의식을 가지고 있었으며 이에 대한 대응방안에 대하여도 도시소비자는 재래품종개발, 공산품위주의 산업구조 편성, 유통절차의 간소화로 응답한 반면 농촌소비자는 식량안정지급에 필요한 주곡류 육성, 정부지원 등으로 응답하였다. 또한 구매 태도에서는 우리 농산물의 품질을 인정하면서도 도시와 농촌이 모두 가격이 싼 수입 농산물을 선호하는 양상을 보였으며 구매장소, 평가기준 등에는 도시와 농촌간에 차이를 보였다.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.10
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• pp.1634-1640
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• 2004

This study was designed to compare the nutritional intake and iron nutritional status between urban and rural middle school girls. Along with a questionnaire, blood samples were obtained from 311 middle school girls (urban 129 girls, rural 182 girls). Nutrient intakes were measured with a convenient method, and clinical symptoms relating anemia was investigated by 4-point Likert scale. For the nutrient intake, the total energy intake was 1722.2 kcal (82.0% of RDA) for the urban group and 1649.5 kcal (78.6% of RDA) for rural group. The rural group showed significantly lower level than the urban group in all nutrients except fat, carbohydrate and total energy intake. Regarding the food frequency, students from the rural group marked significantly lower intake of milk (p<0.00l), kimchi (p<0.05), fruit (p<0.05), tofu, bean (p<0.00l) than the urban group. For every clinical finding regarding anemia, the rural group marked higher value than the urban group but the difference was not significant. The hemoglobin concentration of urban group was 13.28 g/dL, and rural group showed 12.51 g/dL which was significantly lower than urban group (p<0.00l). The hematocrit rate was 37.82% for the urban group and 38.13% for the rural group and there was no significant difference between two groups. The red blood cell (RBC) count of the rural group was significantly lower than the urban group (p<0.00l). Evaluating with the iron deficiency standard which is less than 12 g/dL, the urban group was 6.2% and the rural group was 34.6% thus the deficiency rate was significantly higher in the rural group. This study showed that nutrient and iron status of the girls of rural group is not as good as the urban group. As middle school girls require high level of iron absorption due to blood loss which occurs during abrupt physical growth and menstruation, dietary counselling is required to enhance the iron status. When iron deficiency is serious, they need to take more positive action such as iron supplement in addition to food-iron fortification.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.113-127
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• 1985

This paper was carried out for comparison of respiratory symptoms between urban and rural residents that is somewhat related to air pollution. And as urban residents, 470 persons of Daegu (Taegu) and 364 of Pohang were selected and 472 rural residents were also, in Eusong-Gun, those who were responded to questionnaire distributed from April 10, 1984 to April 30 through students of middle or high school. The subjects were families of the student. The questionnaire was appropriately modified the item B of Cornell Medical Index by author. Looking into the rate of complaints about each part, generally, the rate in urban is higher than that in rural. Particulary it is higher to 'feeling a choking lump or swelling of throat', 'the sputum' and 'the asthma' in the city (p<0.05). On the contrary, women in the farm village, to 'caught a severe cold' as compared with the city. In men under nineteen yearn of age, it is higher than the farm village to 'feeling a choking lump or swelling of throat' of Pohang (p<0.05). But in men forties, it is higher than the city that farm people are 'soaking sweat at night' and 'foreign body sensation on throat'. Students hardly differ between the two areas, while the group having occupation in Pohang felt more in 'feeling a choking lump or swelling of throat' than the farm residents. As the result, I consider that the rural residents were much affected by physical fatigue and pestisides, and the urban, by some problems of industrial fuel, traffic gas and various dusts.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2017.05a
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• pp.25-25
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• 2017

국지 혹은 지역적인 기후의 특성은 지구규모 또는 종관규모에서의 온실가스 증가로 인한 온난화와 동시에 도시화 (urbanization)에 따른 열섬 현상 (heat island effect)을 포함한 인위적인 요소들이 복합적으로 작용하여 나타날 수 있다. 도시화에 따른 지면피복의 변화는 관측된 온난화 신호에 일정부분 기여하며, 도시 지역은 농촌 및 산림 지역과 비교하여 수문 및 기후학적 측면에서 지역 내 에너지수지 및 물수지의 특성이 상이하기 때문에, 지구온난화에 의한 전 지구적 현상과 도시화에 의한 국소적 현상을 구분하여 파악하는 것은 중요하다. 또한 향후 도시/비도시에 따른 도시화 편향 영향으로 인한 기후변화 예측의 편이를 분석하는데 필수적으로 요구된다. 본 연구에서는 급격한 도시화로 인한 인위적인 기후변화 (anthropogenic climate change)와 종관규모에서의 자연적 기후변화 (natural climate change or climate change)에 기인한 부분을 정량적으로 구분하고자 한다. 이를 위해 도시화의 정도가 서로 다른 도시 지역 및 농촌, 산림 지역을 선정하여 최근 50년간 (1966~2015년) 기상청 관측소의 기상자료와 각 관측지점별 인구수 및 인구증가/감소 추세를 비교함으로써 도시화율의 변화가 기상요소에 미치는 영향의 지역별 차이를 정량적으로 분석하였다.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.35-44
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• 1995

본연구의 목적은 아동의 환경의식과 처분행동을 조사하여 환경문제에 대한 아동의 역할을 조명하고 조기환경교육의 기초자료를 제공하는데 있다 조사도구는 질문지를 이용하 였고 분석방법은 SAS통계프로그램을 이용하였다 환경의시과 처분행동의 차이는 ANOVA와 Tukey test를 지역간(도시, 농촌)의 차이는 t-test 와 $\chi$2 검정을 사용하였다 분석에 이용된 자료는 도시 311부 농촌 299부로 총 610부였다 본연구의 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다 1) 도시와 농촌간의 환경의식은 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 없이 모두 높게 나타났다 2) 인구통 계변수에 따른 환경의식은 생활수준과어머니의 교육수준이 높을수록 높았으며 주거형태별로 는 아파트 거주자가 높게 나타났다 3) 도시와 농촌간의 처분행동은 유의적인 차이를 보였는 데 도시 지역이 높게 나타났다 4) 인구통계변수에 따른 처분행동은 환경의식과 마찬가지로 소득과 어머니의 교육수준이 높을수록 높았으며 아파트 거주자와 종교가 있느 아동이 높게 나타났다 이러한 결과는 환경을 고려하는 행동양식의선행변수가 교육임을 재확인해주었다

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.633-641
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• 2017

This study explores how the digital divide caused by personal SES(Socio-Economic Status) eventually affect personal life satisfaction. The study also investigates the differences between living in urban and rural areas, as well as the differences among generations, with respect to the digital divide and personal life satisfaction. Based on the Korean Media Panel data produced by KISDI, this study used 9,647 national samples to obtain variables such as digital divide, and life satisfaction. Results show that personal SES is a key factor that significantly influences digital divide and life satisfaction in various degrees. Also, the study finds that the degree of the digital divide have an effect on people's life satisfaction. The findings imply that people living in urban areas are more highly used to digital media than those in rural areas regardless of their SES. The study has an implication, in terms of digital equity among generations as well as urban and rural residents.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.111-124
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• 2016

Purpose: The current study was conducted for evaluation and comparison of dietary behavior and food intake in different regions of Lao PDR. Methods: The survey was conducted on 979 people aged 40~59 years old living in 25 urban provinces and 25 rural provinces in four districts (VTE Capital-Chanthabuly, Xaysetha, VTE Province-Phonhong, and Thoulakhom) of Laos. General demographic information, health status, and dietary behavior were surveyed using a questionnaire. Results: The literacy ratio (p = 0.000), education level (p = 0.000), asset ownership level (p = 0.000), and government and private employee ratio (p = 0.000) were higher in urban subjects compared with rural subjects. The mean value of weight (p = 0.000), waist circumference (p = 0.000), and diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.009) and alcohol consumption (p = 0.000), self-rated health status (p = 0.001), and the rate of obesity (p = 0.000) were significantly higher in urban subjects compared with rural subjects. However, the rate of current smoker was significantly higher in the rural group (p = 0.023). Meals are becoming more westernized by higher frequency of eating out, consumption of fatty meat and fried or stir-fried food in urban areas compared to rural areas. Urban subjects had relatively better balanced meals compared to rural subjects whereas they consumed insufficient meals per day and consumed meals irregularly compared to rural subjects. Intake of fruit and milk was significantly higher in urban subjects compared with rural subjects. However, the intake of vegetables was significantly higher in rural areas than urban areas. Conclusion: The result of this study showed that the traditional Lao diet is being replaced by an unhealthy western dietary pattern, which may be a risk factor for increasing development of non-communicable disease (NCD) in Lao PDR. Planning of proper personalized nutritional intervention and education in each area is needed to decrease the health risks of NCD.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.104-121
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• 2016

This study was conducted in order to investigate the factors affecting the elderly employment and especially focused on the factor of their residential areas. This paper performs binary logistic regression analysis with the micro data of 2014 Survey of Living Conditions and Welfare Needs of Older Koreans. To reveal the influence on the elderly employment, various dependent variables was used such as demographical, health, household, economic, lifelong job, living environment, and residential area characteristics. The elderly in rural areas have higher possibility of currently working than those in urban areas. Based on the results, more various and complex factors affected on the employment of the urban elderly. This suggested that differentiated policy supports were needed in the urban and rural areas.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.113-121
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• 1995

본 연구에서는 도시, 농촌, 어촌지역 주민들의 주거만족도와 지역사회 및 생활환경 만족도를 비교 측정하고자 하였다. 이 연구의 특성은 지역을 하나의 통제변인으로 분석에 포함시켜 제변인들의 영향력의 방향과 정도를 파악하고자 하였다는 점이다. 자료는 1993년 6월 부터 1994년 6월 동안 488명의 주부를 대상으로 수집하였으며, 대구에 거주하는 주부 254명과 경북권내의 영천과 청도 등의 농촌지역에 거주하는 주부 124명, 그리고 한산도 섬내에 거주하는 주부 110명을 대상으로 각 가정을 방문하여 면접법을 실행하였다. 회귀분석을 실행한 결과, 주거만족도에 영향을 미치는 변인은 주거비와 주거소유형태였으며, 거주하고 있는 지역사회와 생활환경에 대한 만족도가 증가할수록 주거만족도도 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 지역을 고려할 때, 도시거주자의 주거만족도가 농촌이나 어촌거주자의 주거만족도 보다 높은 반면 지역사회에 대한 만족도와 생활환경 만족도는 농촌거주자와 어촌거주자가 도시거주자보다 더 높은 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과는 지역을 고려한 주거정책 관련 프로그램 개발을 위한 기초자료로 이용될 수 있으리라 사료된다.